7/28/2019 Brazilian Armed Forces http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/brazilian-armed-forces 1/18 Brazilian Armed Forces 1 Brazilian Armed Forces Brazilian Armed Forces Forças Armadas Brasileiras Parade of cadets of Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras in ceremony of the Marlins to new graduates. Service branches Brazilian Air Force Brazilian Army Brazilian Navy Headquarters Ministry of Defense Leadership Commander-in-Chief PresidentDilma Rousseff Minister of Defense Celso Amorim Manpower Military age 18 –45 years of age for compulsory military service Conscription 9 to 12 months Available for military service 53,350,703 males, age 10-19 (2010 est.), 53,433,919 females, age 10-19 (2010 est.) Fit for military service 38,993,989 males, age 10-19 (2010 est.), 44,841,661 females, age 10-19 (2010 est.) Reaching military age annually 1,733,168 males (2010 est.), 1,672,477 females (2010 est.) Active personnel 327,710 [1] (ranked 13th) Reserve personnel 1,340,000 (2006) Expenditures Budget US$28.07 billion (2010) [2] (ranked 11th) Percent of GDP 1.6% (2009) [2] Industry
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The President of the Republic still intended to create a Ministry in his
first term. The idea was to optimize the system of national defense, to
legalize one politics of sustainable defense and to integrate the three
Forces, rationalizing their activities. But only on 10 June 1999, the
Ministry of the Defense was officially servant, the General staff of the
Armed Forces extinct and the Aeronautics and Army, Navy departmenthad been transformed into Commands. During the years of 1995/96 the
EMFA, responsible for the studies on the Ministry of Defense,
evidenced that, amongst 179 countries, only 23 did not have integrated
Armed Forces. Of these 23, only three, amongst them Brazil, had
dimensions politics to justify its creation, as for example, territorial
extension and trained and structuralized Armed Forces. The Ministries
of Defense of Germany, Argentina, Chile, Spain, USA, France, the
United Kingdom, Italy and Portugal had been chosen for deepened
analysis because they had some type of identification with Brazil, as
territorial extension, population, cash of the Armed Forces, amongstothers.
To give continuity to the creation studies, President Fernando Henrique
created the Inter-ministerial Work group that defined the lines of
direction for implantation of the Ministry of Defense. Reelected, he
nominated senator Élcio Álvares, Extraordinary minister of the
Defense, on 1 January 1999. The senator was the responsible one for
the implementation of the agency. The three services are separate from each other, except in three areas: the Armed
Forces General Staff (Estado-Maior das Forças Armadas-EMFA), the National Defense Council (Conselho de
Defesa Nacional-CDN), and the Armed Forces High Command (Alto Comando das Forças Armadas-ACFA). The
EMFA, which is involved in planning and coordination, interprets interservice views about policy and comes the
closest to functioning as a ministry of defense. It is headed by a four-star general, and the chair rotates among the
services. The ACFA is involved with more immediate, day-to-day problems. It is composed of the ministers of the
three services, their chiefs of staff, and the EMFA chief.
According to Article 91 of the constitution, the CDN is "the consultative body of the president of the republic in
matters related to national sovereignty and the defense of the democratic state." The members of the CDN are the
president, the vice president, the president of the Chamber of Deputies, the president of the Senate, the minister of
justice, military ministers, the minister of foreign affairs, and the minister of planning. The CDN has authority to
"express an opinion in instances of declaration of war and the celebration of peace" and to "express an opinion on the
decreeing of a state of emergency, state of siege, or federal intervention." In addition, the CDN is authorized to"propose the criteria and conditions for the use of areas that are vital to the security of the national territory and
express an opinion on their continued use, especially in the strip along the borders, and on matters related to the
conservation and exploitation of natural resources of any kind." The CDN also may "study, propose, and monitor the
progress of initiatives necessary to guarantee national independence and the defense of the democratic state."
Interestingly, the highest level consultative body available to the president is the Council of the Republic (Conselho
da República). This body does not include any military minister or officer, although the president may call on a
military minister to participate if the matter is related to the respective ministry's agenda. According to Article 89 of
the constitution, the Council of the Republic has authority to make declarations of federal intervention, a state of
emergency, and a state of siege (all security-related issues).[20]
The Army General Staff (Estado-Maior do Exército-EME) directs
training and operations. The EME has expanded from four sections in
1968 to 15 sections in 1994. It is headed by the EME chief, except in
the event of a war. From 1946 through 1985, the army was divided into
four numbered armies: the First Army was centered in Rio de Janeiro,
the Second Army in São Paulo, the Third Army in Porto Alegre, andthe Fourth Army in Recife. Historically, the First Army was the most
politically significant because of Rio de Janeiro's position as the
nation's capital through the 1950s. The Third Army was also important
because of its shared border with Argentina (Brazil's traditional rival in
Latin America) and Uruguay. In 1964, for example, close to two-thirds
of the Brazilian troops were in the Third Army, and somewhat fewer
than one-third were in the First Army. The rest were sprinkled
throughout the Second and Fourth Armies. The Planalto Military
Command (Comando Militar do Planalto-CMP), comprising the
Federal District and Goiás State, and the Amazon Military Command(Comando Militar da Amazônia-CMA) supplemented the four armies.
On January 1, 1986, the army was restructured from four numbered
armies and two military commands into seven military commands. The
major addition was the Western Military Command (Comando Militar
do Oeste-CMO), whose territory encompasses the states of Mato
Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul (previously under the Second Army
territory), and Rondônia (previously under the CMA). Each of the
seven military commands has its headquarters in a major city: Eastern
Military Command (Comando Militar do Leste-CML), Rio de Janeiro;
Southeastern Military Command (Comando Militar do
Sudeste-CMSE), São Paulo; Southern Military Command (Comando
Militar do Sul-CMS), Porto Alegre; Northeastern Military Command
(Comando Militar do Nordeste-CMN), Recife; CMO, Campo Grande; CMP, Brasília; and CMA, Manaus. The CMP
and CMO are led by major generals (three-star); the other five are headed by full generals (four-star). The army is
divided further into 11 military regions. The CMSE is made up of only one state, São Paulo, and is in charge of
protecting the industrial base of the country.
The changes were instituted as part of a modernisation campaign to make the army better prepared for rapid
mobilisation. The reorganization reflected Brazil's geopolitical drive to "occupy the frontier" and the growing
importance of Brasília, the Amazon, and western Brazil. In 1997 there were major units around Brasília, four junglebrigades, and five jungle battalions extending from Amapá to Mato Grosso do Sul. A tour with jungle units is a
coveted assignment and is considered career-enhancing. The move to occupy the Amazon and the short-term
political implications of the army's reorganisation should not be overstated. The army's geographic organization and
distribution have continued to reflect a concern with internal rather than external defense. In what is perhaps an
anachronism, the CML in Rio de Janeiro continues to have some of the best troop units and the most modern
equipment. Command of the CML is still a coveted assignment, and the Military Village (Vila Militar), Rio de
Janeiro's garrison or military community, is still considered one of the most important centers of military influence in
the entire country. Principal army schools are located there or nearby. The CML is also important in countering the
The biggest, and most important, program of the FAB in the last years
is the SIPAM (Sistema de Proteção da Amazônia - Amazonian
Protection System), the operational part of the SIPAM is known by
SIVAM (Sistema de Vigilância da Amazônia - Amazon Vigilance
System). The SIVAM is a huge network of radars, sensors and
personnel integrated to guard and protect the Amazon Rainforest andits resources. In 2002 the Embraer R-99A AEW&C equipped with the
Ericsson Erieye Airborne Radar and the R-99B SR (Electronic
Intelligence Gathering version) entered service. The R-99 fleet is one
of the principal components of the system, the aircraft are based at
Anápolis AB near Brasília and fly 24 hours a day over the Amazonian
region.
The backbone of the Brazilian combat aviation made up of three types,
the Northrop F-5E/F, the Embraer/Aermacchi A-1A/B (AMX) and the
Embraer A/T-29 Super Tucano. The F-5s are under a modernisation
program called F-5BR program, the aircraft official designation is
F-5M. The upgrade is being carried out by Embraer and Elbit; it
includes a new avionics suite, a full glass cockpit with three MFDs,
HOTAS configuration and a new multimode radar, the Italian Grifo F.
The first F-5EM was handed over on September 21, 2005, and it is
scheduled at a rate of two aircraft being delivered each month from
that date onwards.
The A-1s are the main attack/ bomber aircraft of the FAB. There are
three squadrons operating the A-1, one of them equipped with the
RA-1 variant having a reconnaissance function as its primary role, butretaining all attack capabilities of the A-1. The RA-1s are equipped
with RAFAEL's RecceLite reconnaissance system. Like the F-5, the
A-1 is under a MLU (Mid Life Upgrade) program as well, this upgrade
giving a high commonality between the avionics of the A-1M (MLU
aircraft designation), the F-5M and the newly introduced Embraer A/T-29.
With the Mirage III withdrawn, the air defence of Brasília and region is done temporarily by a mix of F-5s from 1st
GAv and 1st/14th GAv until 10 Mirage 2000Cs and two Mirage 2000B bought from French Air Force surplus stocks
arrive at Anápolis. The Mirage 2000s are meant to be in service until at least 2015, when the Brazilian Air Force
foresee the (postponed) F-X entering in service.
To replace the Embraer P-95 Bandeirulha in the maritime patrol duties, 12 Lockheed P-3A Orions have been bought
from US Navy surplus and eight (with an option for a ninth) o f them are being upgraded by EADS CASA in Spain,
the remainder are to be used as spare parts source. On the same day of contract signature for the P-3BR work, 29
April 2005, EADS CASA was also awarded a contract to supply 12 C-295M medium transport aircraft. Deliveries
started in 2006 with the first aircraft arriving in October 2006. The first three C-295s, designated C-105A Amazonas
in Brazilian service, were commissioned into service in a formal ceremony at Base Aérea de Manaus on March 31,
2007. The C-105 replaces the FAB's C-115 Buffalo fleet and will supplement the C-130 Hercules.
The main heavy transport aircraft is the Lockheed C-130H Hercules and it will not change soon. The "Herks" are
receiving major upgrades, receiving a full glass cockpit besides many other modifications. The first upgraded C-130
entering operational service recently. There are four Boeing KC-137 used as transport and tankers roles. In 2005FAB received one Airbus ACJ, callsign "Air Force One" and dubbed as "Santos Dumont." The ACJ is now the main
presidential transport and it is assisted by two Boeing 737-200 and one AS-332 Super Puma, with the KC-137 still
boats, navy patrol planes, turboprop trainers, tanks, and subsonic jet
fighters. In the early 1980s, Brazil emerged as one of the leading
armaments exporters in the developing world. From 1985 to 1989, it
was the 11th largest exporter of arms. Brazil exported arms to at least
forty-two countries, in all regions of the world. By far the largestregional market was the Middle East, to which Brazil sold
approximately 50% of its arms from 1977 through 1988. According to
an estimate by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(SIPRI), 40% of all Brazilian arms transfers from 1985 to 1989 went to
Iraq.
Brazil's arms industry nearly collapsed after 1988, as a result of the termination of the Iran-Iraq War (1980 –88), a
reduction in world demand for armaments, and the decline in state support for the industry. In early 1990, the two
major manufacturers, Engesa and Avibrás, filed for bankruptcy. By late 1994, it appeared that Brazil's arms industry
would not disappear completely. It was unlikely, however, that it would return to the robust form of the mid-1980s.
Avibrás had paid off a substantial portion of its debt and was seeking ways to convert much of its production to
civilian products. Engesa had been dismembered; some of its companies were sold to private interests, and its
ordnance-related companies were taken over by the state and integrated with Imbel. Embraer was privatized in
December 1994, and despite significant financial difficulties, it rolled out the new jet commuter plane prototype
EMB-145 in 1995.[23]
Extensive modernization program
Brazilian Army headquarters in Brasília.
In 2008 the Brazilian minister of defense has formulated the
"Estratégia Nacional de Defesa" (National Defense Strategy), that
claims to build a strong national industry and make strategic
partnerships with allied nations to develop technology together.[24]
In 2008, Brazil has signed a strategic partnership with France and
Russia to trade military technology. Brazil has also begun negotiations
with France to have Brazil build 120 Rafale aircraft locally by
Embraer.[25] Also in 2008 the Brazilian company Embraer showcased
the Brazilian military transport aircraft, Embraer KC-390, and some
countries already have shown interest in the aircraft, with France even
placing orders.[26][27]
In 2009 Brazil purchased 4 Scorpène submarines for US$ 9.9 billion with a massive technology transfer agreement.In a second agreement, France will provide technical assistance to Brazil so that Brazil can design and produce
indigenous nuclear-powered submarines, to be completely built in Brazil.[28]
The Brazilian government has announced that a Helibras factory in the city of Itajubá, Minas Gerais, will initially
produce 50 units of the EC 725 and up to 150 new helicopters for the Brazilian military. Helibras will now also
produce Eurocopter's full line of products, with the first units to be operational in 2010. [29]
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