Brazil Sample Chapter-Sml

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MacMillan cultural readers

ELEMENTARY LEVEL

susan HOlden and alberta WHite

Brazil

MACMILLAN


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ContentsTe Places In Te Book 4

Welcome o Brazil 6

1 Geography 8

2 Brazil: Past, Present, and Future 16

3 Ethnic Mix 23

4 Education and Work 28

5 Nature 33

6 raditions and Celebrations 40

7 Food 46

8 Te Arts 51

9 Sports 57

10 Te World Cup Cities 62

Points For Understanding 72

Glossary 76Useful Phrases 84

Exercises 85


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The Places In The Book

4

A photograph of Brazil and its neighbors taken from above. The Amazon River caneasily be seen.


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5

B O L I V I A

V E N E Z U E L A

COLOMBIA

Negro

Amazon

AMAZONAS

ACRE

RONDNIA

PAR

RORAIMAL

AMAP

MATO GROSSO

REGIONS

North

Northeast

Central-West

Southeast

South

MATO GROSSODO SUL

RIO GRANDE

DO SUL

PARAN

SO PAULO

SANTACATARINA

GOIS

CEAR

PERNAMBUCO

ALAGOAS

SERGIPE

BAHIA

MINAS GERAIS

ESPRITOSANTO

RIO DE JANEIRO

PIAU

RIO GRANDEDO NORTE

PARIBA

TOCANTINS

MARANHO

Tocantin

s

So

Franc

isco

BeberibeCapiberibe

RiodelaPlata

GUYANA

SURINAME

FRENCH GUIANA

A R G E N T I N A

C H I L E

P E R U

PARAGUAY

B R A Z I L

URUGUAY

N

Rio de Janeiro

Curitiba

Porto Alegre

Florianpolis

Braslia

Boa Vista

Manaus

Porto VelhoRioBranco

Macap

Belm So Lus

Palmas

Cuiab

So Paulo

Goiania

Teresina

Fortaleza

Natal

Recife

Aracaju

Salvador

Belo HorizonteCampo Grande

Vitria

Macei

Joo Pessoa

AT L A N T I C

O C E A N

AT L A N T I C O C E A N

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6

Welcome To Brazil

Brazil the country o soccer, samba, Carnival, and what? What dopeople think o when they hear the word Brazil? O course, they know

about the 2014 World Cup, and the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.So, or many people, Brazil is the place or soccer and sport.

Many other people only think o the Amazon Rainorest1 and Amazon

River when they think about this South American country.However, Brazil is much more interesting than this. It is a country that

is changing: it is a country with a uture. Its economy2 is growing. It has

modern industries3, and natural resources4 like water and oil5. ourism isimportant in every region6.

Tere are very big cities, like So Paulo, and historic ones, like Recie

and Salvador. Te country has exciting artists and a rich tradition o music:dierent styles in dierent regions, but always Brazilian!

o visit allo Brazil would be verydicult. It is a very big country

over 8.5 million square kilometers. It

is so big that many Brazilians do notknow all o the dierent parts o theirown7 country. Brazil is a country that

everyone can learn something newabout.

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Size of Brazil: 8,515,000 qkomPopulation9: 196,665,014 (Wo bk2011)Capital10: bNumber of regions: 5Number of states: 26Longest river: th amzo rv(w 6,250 6,800 komom h a o h a)Highest mountain: 2,994 m (Po n, amzo)

i


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77

Warm-up Quiz

How much do you know about Brazil? ry these quiz questions, and then

read on to check your answers.

1 What was the rst capital oBrazil?

a Olinda

b Rio de Janeiroc Salvador

2 What is the capital o Braziltoday?

a Brasliab Rio de Janeiroc So Paulo

3 What industry is important nowin all parts o Brazil?

a electronics11

b oilc tourism

4 Where is the second biggestecosystem12 in Brazil?

a Amazoniab the Cerradoc the Pantanal

5 What language did the rstcolonists13 speak?

a Frenchb Portuguesec Spanish

6 Which o these is one o themost popular subjects atuniversity today?

a business managementb English

c technology

7 Which Brazilian animal is also a

sports star now?a armadillob crocodilec parrot

8 What vegetable is one o themain ingredients in eijoada?

a beansb onions

c potatoes

9 What type o arts estival14 takesplaceP in Paraty every year?

a booksb moviesc music

10 Which Formula One driver gavehis name to a motorway and abridge?

a Ayrton Sennab Emerson Fittipaldic Felipe Massa


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1 Geography

Brazil is in South America. It is next to Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, French

Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Over196 million people live there. Tey speak Portuguese. Many people can

also speak other languages, like Spanish, German, English, Japanese, andindigenous15 languages.

It is a very big country. It is 8,514,215 square kilometers and covers16

about hal o South America.

Some parts o the country are high. Tere are many mountains in theeast, south, and north. Tese are called the Brazilian Highlands. Tey cover

4,500,000 square kilometers o Brazil. Te highest mountain is Pico daNeblina. It is 3,014 meters high.

Other parts o Brazil are low. Te country has about 8,000 kilometerso Atlantic Ocean coast. It also has many rivers. Te most amous are the

Amazon, the ocantins, the Rio Paran, and the So Francisco.

The Amazon River


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Tis big country has a lot o dierent ecosystems, too. Tese includeAmazonia, the Cerrado, the Pampas, the Atlantic Forest, the Caatinga,the Pantanal, and the coast. Each ecosystem is dierent, and it has its own

plants, animals, and climate20. North Brazil is very hot all year; the south ishot in the summer and cold in the winter.

Regions

Tere are ve regions in Brazil: North, Northeast, Southeast, South, and

Central-West. In these regions there are 26 states.

North

Size: 3,853,327 square kilometers

Population in 2010: 15.8 million

States: Rondnia, Acre, Amazonas, Roraima, Par, Amap, ocantins

Largest city: Manaus

Main industries: metal, energy21, electronics, tourism, extractivism22

Ecosystems: Amazonia, the CerradoNortheast



States: Alagoas, Bahia, Cear, Maranho, Paraba, Pernambuco, Piau, RioGrande do Norte, Sergipe

Largest city: Salvador

Main industries: tourism, arming (cocoa23), machinery24, textiles25

Ecosystems: theAtlantic Forest, the Caatinga, the Cerrado

Geography

9

Facts about the Amazon River

i w 6,250 6,800 kom og, ho-og v h wo.

th v go hogh P bz. i 17 h coom,Vz, eo, bov, Gy.

3,615 kom o h amzo rv bz. 3,000 p18 o fh v h v. th 19 ph. Ph

m, hy go. bg o go o h v. th amzo b h g h wo. 20% o h wo h w h .

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10

Central-West



States: Gois, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do SulLargest city: Braslia

Main industries: arming (animals and soybeans26), tourism

Ecosystems: the Pantanal, the Cerrado

Southeast

Size: 924,511 square kilometers


States: Esprito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, So Paulo

Largest city: So Paulo

Main industries: machinery, electronics, cars and airplanes, arming(coee and sugar), tourism, gasoline27, textiles, energy

Ecosystems: the Atlantic Forest, the Cerrado

South

Size: 576,409 square kilometers


States: Paran, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa CatarinaLargest city: Curitiba

Main industries: machinery, cars, textiles, tourism, energy, inormationtechnology, arming (ruit)

Ecosystems: the Atlantic Forest, the Pampas Iguau Falls

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Iguau Falls


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Geography

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Ecosystems

Amazonia

Amazonia is also called the Amazon Rainorest. It is the biggest ecosystem

in Brazil, and it is the biggest rainorest in the world. Amazonia is vemillion square kilometers. Sixty percent o the orest is in Brazil. Te other

40% is in Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname,and French Guiana.

Amazonia has more species o plant and animal than any other rainorest.en percent o all animal species live in it. Te Amazon River goes through

the rainorest, which has thousands o trees, owers, mammals30, birds,amphibians31, reptiles32, insects, and sh. Some o the trees are very tall

over 50 metersand this makes the rainorest dark. Te Amazon regionis also very hot and wet all year. Te temperature is about 27oC, and it gets

about 2.7 meters o rain.Amazonia is beautiul and colorul. It is also very important. It gives its

people ood and medicine. It also makes about 20% o the worlds oxygen33.

But many trees have been cut down34. More than 20% o the rainorest has

gone. Tis is a problem.

Amazonia (the Amazon Rainforest)


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12

The Cerrado and the Pampas

Te Cerrado is the second biggest

ecosystem in Brazil. It is about two

million square kilometers, and itcovers over 20% o Brazil. It hasthick woodland, with ewer, lower

trees towards the grassland. TeCerrado looks very dry, but it is a rich

ecosystem. It has more than 10,000plant species, 300 animal species, and

935 bird species.

Te Pampas, also called the elds,are in Southern Brazil, Argentina, andUruguay, and covers about 750,000

square kilometers. Te Pampashave grasses that can be rom ten

centimeters to 50 centimeters high. Te Pampas is home to about 3,000plant species, 100 mammal species, and 400 bird species. Some animals,like the Great Rhea and Georey's Cat, only live in the Pampas. Te Great

Rhea is a big bird, and Georey's Cat is a type o wild cat.But there is too much arming in the Cerrado and the Pampas. In the

Cerrado, trees are cut down to make space, and almost 50% o the Cerradois gone. Te Pampas had very good soil or growing things, but the result o

too much arming here is desertication o the soil; it is becoming like adesert. Te Pampas are thought to be one o the most endangered35 places.

The Atlantic Forest

Te Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlntica) is a very rich ecosystem along theBrazilian coast. It is hot and wet, and reaches into Paraguay and Argentina.

It is long and thin. Te north is hotter than the south.It also has a lot o dierent plants, animals, and insects. Tere are about

10,000 plant species, and there are more birds in the Atlantic Forest than inEurope.

Like Amazonia, the Atlantic Forest used to be bigger. Ninety-threepercent o it is gone. It is only 100,000 square kilometers now.

A wolf in the Cerrado


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Geography

13

The Caatinga

The Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlntica)

Te Caatinga covers most o the Northeast region. It is also in the north oMinas Gerais, in the Southeast region. Te Caatinga can be very dry. Ofen,

there is no water. Te plants in this region can live without water. Tey

The Caatinga


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Geography

You can also see mammals in the Pantanal. It is amous or many species,like jaguars, which are big cats. Te Pantanal has more jaguars than any

other area.

The coast

Brazil has over 2,000 beaches. Te sand38 is white, and the ocean is blue. Tebeaches are very beautiul, and people like to go to them. But there are other

types o ecosystems on Brazils 8,000 kilometer coast. One is mangroveswamps. Tey grow between rivers and the ocean.

Coral rees39 are another type o ecosystem. Tey are in the ocean. Teyhave colorul coral and sh. Tey can also have mammals, like dolphins and

whales. Most coral rees are in the Northeast region.

A mangrove swamp

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