Brass ppt

BRASSPRESENTED BY:AAQUIB MAHFOOZMOHD KHALID RAZASHAHBAZ KHANMAAZ AKBAR MD AAMIR KHANMD HASHIM

• Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.• The proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range

of brasses with varying properties.• It is used for decoration for its bright gold-like appearance• for applications where low friction is required such as locks, gears,

bearings,• Brass is often used in situations where it is important that sparks not

be struck, as in fittings and tools around explosive gases.

INTRODUCTION

• First produced by ancient metalworkers in the area now known as Syria or eastern Turkey as early as 3000 B.C.

• They knew how to melt copper with tin to make a metal called bronze but sometimes they also made brass without knowing it

• By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid-19th century

• It wasn't until 1746 that a German scientist named Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1709-1782) identified zinc and determined its properties.

• The process for combining metallic copper and zinc to make brass was patented in England in 1781.

HISTORCAL DEVELOPMENT

CLASSIFICATION

• Alloys - (up to 35% Zn) - single phase– Cold working alloys

• + Alloys - (35 - 40% Zn) - two phase (duplex brasses)

– Hot working alloysNB Copper alloys containing 5% zinc, tin and lead are known in the USA as “red brass” but in the UK are classified as leaded gunmetal

TYPES OF BRASS

Alloys

• Brasses containing a minimum of 63% copper are termed alpha brasses or cold working brasses .

• They are highly ductile at room temperature, and are readily deformed by cold rolling, deep drawing, bending, spinning cold heading, thread rolling etc.

• Alloys with a higher copper content (80%-90%) and which are gold in colour are used extensively for decorative metalwork, costume jewellery, badges and buttons

+ Alloys

• Brasses containing 35%-45% zinc are known as alpha-beta or duplex brasses because they contain a mixture of the original solid solution (alpha phase) and a new solid solution of higher zinc content (beta phase)

• Their ability to be deformed at room temperature (cold worked) is limited.

• They and are ideal for extruding into complex solid and hollow shapes and hot forging.

ELEMENT MATERIAL PROPERTY IMPROVED

Lead

1.0 to 4.0%

High-speed Machining Brass

Machinability

Manganese Aluminium Silicon Nickel Iron

0.75 to 2.5%

High Tensile Brasses

Yield strength up to 500MN/m²

Aluminium Arsenic Tin

0.4 to 1.5%

Aluminium Brasses Dezincification-resistant Brass Naval Brasses

Corrosion resistance especially in sea water

Other Alloying Elements Added

PROPERTIES

• Excellent Machinability– Sets the standard by which other materials are judged– Slight reduction in ductility when lead is present

• Good Strength– Yield Strength 250 to 500 MPa

• Corrosion Resistance– No plating or painting required

PROPERTIES OF BRASS

• Conductivity– Electrical– Thermal

• Non sparking• Attractive colours• Strength at cryogenic temperatures• Wear Resistance• Recyclable• No loss of properties at temperatures up to 200°C• Good impact resistance (toughness)

CuZn5 4-6 % ZnCuZn10 9-11% Zn

CuZn15 14-16% ZnCuZn20 19-20% Zn

CuZn30 29-31% ZnCuZn33 32-34% Zn

CuZn36 34.5-36.5% ZnCuZn37 36-38% ZnCuZn40 39.5-41.5% Zn

COLOURS

MANUFACTURING

Hot Forging During hot forging, the temperature reaches above the recrystallization point of the metal. This kind of extreme heat is necessary in avoiding strain hardening of the metal during deformation. In order to prevent the oxidation of certain metals, like super alloys, a type of hot forging called isothermal forging is a good choice. In isothermal forging, the metal deformation occurs within a highly controlled atmosphere, similar to that of a vacuum

Advantages

Production of discrete parts Scale Formation Low stresses or low work hardening Homogenized grain structure Increased ductility Elimination of chemical incongruities

Disadvantages

Less precise tolerancesPossible warping of the material during the cooling processVarying metal grain structurePossible reactions between the surrounding atmosphere and the metal

Hot Forging

• Extrusion• Hot stamping/forging

• Hot rolling

Hot Stamping

Open Die Stamping

Closed Die Stamping

Cold Forming - Cold forming is a process in the manufacture of industrial products. This provides for tool life, high quality, lower per piece cost, service, accuracy and prototype capabilities.

Advantages

Improved reproducibility

Increased dimensional control

Handles high stress and high die loads

Produces net shape or near-net shape parts

Disadvantages

The metal is less ductile

Residual stress may occur

Heavier and more powerful equipment is needed

Stronger tooling is required

Cold Forming

• Drawing (Sections, Wire, Tube)• Heading• Rolling• Stamping/Pressing• Deep Drawing• Spinning• Machining

FABRICATION

• Brass can easily be joined to itself and all other copper alloys, by soft soldering and brazing.

• This makes the fabrication of intricate brasswork much easier than with some other metals and

• also contributes to cleaner lines due to the omission of rivets, straps and brackets.

APPLICATIONS

SECURITY HARDWARE AND IRONMONGERY

• Brass offers freedom from corrosion, • Fine tolerances in machining,• Smooth operation of moving Parts • And a general requirement for a long,

trouble free life without maintenance or replacement.

ORNAMENTAL DOOR FURNITURE

• Finger plates, escutcheon plates, lever handle and ball handle

door sets, are typical of the many items which can be manufactured in architectural brass, using a variety of different processes.

HANDRAILS AND BALUSTRADES

The ease with which brass can be extruded to almost any profile makes it the ideal metal for handrails.

whereas intricate balustrade designs can be cast, formed or fabricated using brazing and soft soldering techniques.

ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

Brass is well suited to the manufacture of the numerous components in plugs, switches and

industrial fuse gear, where good electrical conductivity is essential.

It can also be used decoratively in the

manufacture of domestic light switches, socket outlet plates and light

fittings

DECORATIVE AND PROTECTIVE FINISHES

• Brass is one of the few metals that can be successfully polished to either a high gloss or mirror finish.

• any desired colour from a gold-like yellow, through dull yellows and amber browns, to chocolate brown and black.

PLUMBING

T MEMBERUNIONS

FACADE TREATMENT

Aberdeen Square: Brass BuildingArchitect: Alison Brooks

Medway Building at University of Kent

Parish Church in La vez

MAJOR PRODUCTS

• Brass Door Hardware

Brass Door KnockersBrass Door KnobsBrass Door HingesBrass Door Pull

• Brass Fittings

Brass RodsBrass InsertsBrass TubesBrass Elbow

• Brass Builder Hardware

Brass Cabinet Brass SpringBrass BoltsBrass Anchors

• Brass Electrical Accessories

Brass Cable GlandsBrass CoilsBrass WiresBrass Neutral Links

• Brass Crafts

Brass AshtrayBrass CoasterBrass FiguresBrass Key Chain

• Antiques & Nautical Instruments

Brass ArtifactsBrass CollectiblesBrass TelescopeBrass Trumpet

- BRASS HINGES - BRASS TOWER BOLTS

- BRASS LATCHES - BRASS GLASS FITTINGS

- BRASS WINDOW FITTINGS - BRASS DOOR FITTINGS

BRASS PRODUCTS

BRASS HINGES

BRASS BUTT HINGES : THICKNESS 1/16" (1.5 MM-2.7 MM

BRASS RAILWAY HINGES : THICKNESS 3/32" (2 MM-4.6MM

THICKNESS 5/32" (3.6 MM-4.6MM)

THICKNESS 1/8 " (2.7 MM-3.6)

Thickness (3mm-5MM)

BRASS BOLTS

BRASS GLASS FITTINGS

BRASS WINDOW FITTINGS

SIZE IN INCH6”-9”

SIZE IN INCH 6”SIZE IN INCH 6.5”-8”

SIZE IN INCH 2”-8”

BRASS DOOR FITTINGS• Brass Aldrops• Brass Door Stopper• Brass Door Eye• Brass Door Chain

ROD DIMETER 1/2" (12 MM-25MM)

SIZE IN MM85-100

175 mm

OTHER BRASS FITTINGS

BRASS LATCHES

SIZE IN INCH 2-4”

SIZE IN INCH 6-12”

SIZE IN INCH 4-24”

SIZE IN INCH 2-4”

Duct Covers

• Contemporary

Classic

FORMS IN WHICH BRASS IS AVAILABLE

StripsFoils

PipesSheets

Bars Wires

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Brass Bronze COPPER STEEL

Composition: Brass is any alloy of copper and zinc

Brass is any alloy of copper and tin

Copper is a base metal

STEELis any alloy

Properties

Higher malleability than zinc or copper.

Low melting point (900 c)

corrosion resistant.

Good conductor

Not as hard as steel.

Melts at 950 centigrade.

Melts at 950 c

Bronze resists corrosiona better conductor of heat and electricity

Hard and brittle

high level of electrical and thermal conductivity

1083c

corrosion resistant.

Good conductor

Copper is softer and easier to mold

Steel structures have more fatigue life and strength.

1050c

resists corrosion

Conductor

Hard and brittle

Color: Muted yellow, somewhat similar to gold, but duller.

Reddish brown. reddish-orange greyish

Rates 380-450/kg 400-450/kg 45-60/kg

• Superb colour and texture• Will accept a mirror-like polish• Will not corrode• Can be manufactured as rod, profile, tube, plate, sheet, foil and wire• Good strength and ductility• Easily processed by casting, extruding, rolling, drawing and hot

stamping• Excellent machining qualities• No degradation in sunlight• Will not soften in high temperatures (up to 200oC)• Will not embrittle in sub-zero temperatures (down to -100 oC)

ADVANTAGES

• Brass is cost-effective• No plating or painting required• Brass also has excellent thermal conductivity making it a first choice for

heat exchangers (radiators).• Brasses have a range of attractive colours ranging from red to yellow to

gold to silver.• Pathogens, which can be spread by touch, die in a few hours on brass

surfaces.• It is a metal ideally suited to the production of almost every item of

architectural hardwareincluding mortice locks, lever handle and ball handle sets, finger plates, escutcheon plates,window furniture and many other products• Brass is recyclable

– Without loss of properties– The recycling infrastructure is already in place

DISADVANTAGES• Brass requires a good deal of maintenance since it is

prone to a blackish tarnish.

Disadvantages of Brass Doors• These doors can be scratched or dented which gives

bad look.• Brass doors are suitable for only interiors as they fade

away in harsh weather conditions.• They require polishing to protect their surface.• Color of brass doors fades with the passage of time.• These doors have warm feeling in summer and cold in

winter when they are touched.

• http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=product%20of%20brass%20ppt&source=web&

• http://www.starmfg.com• http://www.copperinfo.co.uk/alloys/brass• http://www.kme.com/en/arkita_brass_and_bronze_for_architecture• http://www.venus-ind.com/• http://dominobrass.com.au/• Wikipedia

BOOKS• Materials hand book• Engineering materials• W.c.mackay

BIBLIOGRAPHY