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Brain&Waves& - Otago · Driving&fast

Dec 27, 2019

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Page 1: Brain&Waves& - Otago · Driving&fast

Brain  Waves  

Glenn  Blanche/e  

Page 2: Brain&Waves& - Otago · Driving&fast

CNS  Oscilla4on  Frequencies  

Theta  4-­‐8Hz      prefrontal  cortex  &  hippocampus,                                                  memory  &  awareness    

Alpha  8-­‐12Hz      sensory  cortex  &  thalamus,                                                        percep4on  &  a/en4on  

Beta  12-­‐30Hz      subthalamic  n.,  basal  ganglia  &  motor  cortex,                                                        motor  control  

Gamma  30  -­‐    Hz      all  structures,  synchronisa4on  &  co-­‐ordina4on  

Page 3: Brain&Waves& - Otago · Driving&fast

Spiking  Neuron  Model  

•  Why  should  phase  have  any  influence  on  ERP?  

•  ui(t)    =    ΣjΣf  Jijeij  (t  –  tj  –  Δij)    +  urest  

Page 4: Brain&Waves& - Otago · Driving&fast

Measuring  Phase  Rela4onships  

•  How  to  determine  phase  in  an  EEG?  

•  How  to  quan4fy  the  rela4onship  with  ERP?          PLV    =    1/n  Σ  e2πiφ  

Page 5: Brain&Waves& - Otago · Driving&fast

The  phase  of  ongoing  EGG  oscilla4ons  predicts  visual  percep4on.  Busch  NA  2009    J  Neuroscience    29:  7869  -­‐  76  

•  First  paper  looking  at  wave  phase  preceding  event  

•  Method      –  12  subjects  –  Luminescence  calibrated  threshold  s4mulus  –  Scalp  EEG  32  track  -­‐    whole  spectrum  4  –  200  Hz  

–  Repor4ng    •  PLVs  •  Bifurca4on  index  

Page 6: Brain&Waves& - Otago · Driving&fast

•  Results  –  ERPs  strongly  correlate  with  percep4on  (p  <  0.001)  –  Confirms  other  work:  power  associated  with  12%  diff  

–   Main  result:  phase  associated  with  16%  of  difference.  

•  Cri4que  – Method  too  simple  –  guessed  events  

–  Difficulty  with  measuring  phase  &  PLV  –  Difficult  to  read,  complicated  discussion  of  measurement  

–  Poor  result  

Page 7: Brain&Waves& - Otago · Driving&fast

Synchroniza4on  of  neural  ac4vity  across  cor4cal  areas  correlates  with  conscious  percep4on.  Melloni  L  2007    J  Neuroscience    27:  2858  -­‐  65  

•  First  paper  suppor4ng  global  synchronisa4on  as  a  basis  for  conscious  percep4on  

•  Method  –  20  subjects  – Masked  second  word,  4me  threshold  

–  Two  language  based  tasks:  word  &  congruence  matching  

–  Scalp  EEG  64  track  –  gamma  band  –  Reports  phase  synchron.  between  paired  electrodes  –  See  topographical  maps  

Page 8: Brain&Waves& - Otago · Driving&fast

•  Results  –  Confirms  Busch:  higher  ERP  related  to  gamma  phase  –  Objec4ve  processing  of  visible  &  ‘invisible’  words  –  Global  processing  –  synchronised  gamma  phase  (p  <  0.04)  –  Short  dura4on  100ms  

•  Cri4que  –  Very  clever  method  –  Interes4ng  discussion  of  cause  or  effect  –  Significance  of  main  result?  

Page 9: Brain&Waves& - Otago · Driving&fast

Driving  fast-­‐spiking  cells  induces  gamma  rhythm  and  controls  sensory  responses.  Deisseroth  K  2009    Nature    459:  663  -­‐  67  

•  Ground  breaking  experimental  model  –  Gene4cally  engineered  mice  

–  Light  sensi4ve  bacteriorhodopsin  gene  (ChR2)    –  Introduced  by  viral  vector  into  PV  interneurons  in  barrel  cortex  –  Labelled  with  fluorescent  an4body  –  Direct  driving  of  inhibitory  GABA  interneurons      by  blue/yellow  light  

•  Method  –  5  mice,  implanted  CNS  electrodes,  direct  applica4on  light  sorce  

–  Descrip4ve  study  (sample  phases)  

Page 10: Brain&Waves& - Otago · Driving&fast

•  Results  –  Showed  inhibitory  driving    produced  gamma  oscilla4on  

–  Ga4ng,  refractory  period  –  Confirmed  sensory  awareness  

 related  to  gamma  phase  

•  Cri4que  –  Very  interes4ng  paper,  founda4on  for  future  inves4ga4ons    –  Invasive  procedure  –  Descrip4ve  vs  hypothesis  tes4ng  

Page 11: Brain&Waves& - Otago · Driving&fast

Frequency  of  gamma  oscilla4ons  routes  flow  of  informa4on  in  the  hippocampus.  Colgin  LL      2009    Nature    462:  353  -­‐  57  

•  Inves4gates  co-­‐ordina4on  between  mul4ple  regions  via  different  frequencies    

•  Method  –  16  LE  rats,  implanted  CNS  electrodes  –  Sampled  EEG  in  three  regions:  MEC,  CA3,  CA1  

– Measured  synchronisa4on  of  frequency  oscilla4on  between  regions.      

Page 12: Brain&Waves& - Otago · Driving&fast

•  Results  – MEC  –  CA1    PLV  associa4on  40%  fast  gamma  (0%  slow)    transfer  of  current  posi4onal  informa4on  

–  CA3  –  CA1    associa4on  53%  slow  gamma  (32%  fast)    fast  gamma  –  storage,  slow  gamma  retrieval  

•  Cri4que  –  Associa4on  doesn’t  prove  conjecture  –  Difficult  to  read  

Page 13: Brain&Waves& - Otago · Driving&fast

Clinical  Correla4on  

•  Schizophrenia  –  Impairment  in  cogni4ve  func4on  &  working  memory  –  Reduced  GABA  synthesis  in  PV  inhibitory  interneurons    in  pre-­‐frontal  cortex  –  Reduced  gamma  frequency  synchronisa4on  

–  Inherited  condi4on  in  up  to  60%    –  Pharmacological  treatment  using  selec4ve  GABA  agonists  

•  Review:  Cor4cal  Inhibitory  Neurons  and  Schizophrenia    Lewis  DA      2005    Nature  Reviews  Neuroscience    6:312  -­‐  324