braindrain

BRAIN DRAIN FROM PAKISTAN

HIRA NOORZOHA NAEEMSAMEER AHAD HAQ

CONTENTS• What is Brain Drain• History of brain drain• Reasons for brain drain• Brain drain in Pakistan• Reasons of brain drain from Pakistan• Effects of brain drain

Positive effects

Negative effects• Measures to stop brain drain • Conclusion

WHAT IS BRAIN DRAIN?• The loss of skilled, intellectual and technical labor through

their movement to more favorable geographic, economic, or professional environments.

• It can be simply defined as the mass emigration of technically skilled people from one country to another country.

• Brain-drain is also termed as “human capital flight” because it resembles the case of capital flight.

HISTORY OF BRAIN DRAIN

• The term originated about 1960.

• In 1960, many British scientists and intellectuals emigrated to the United States for a better working climate.

• Its meaning has broadened into: the departure of educated or professional people from one country.

Neil Bohr

Albert Einstein

WHY BRAIN DRAINS?

• Lack of better opportunity • Political instability• Health risks• Personal conflicts • Poor Conditions of Service• Disregard for Local Talent• Economic under development.

WHY BRAIN DRAINS?

• Lack of research and other facilities

• Lack of freedom

• Poor working facilities

• Unsuitable institution.

• Desire for a better urban life

• Desire for higher qualification and recognition

• Lack of satisfactory working conditions.

• Europe as “GREEN PASTURES” for doctors• Lack of variety in specializations• Disregard for local degrees• Lack of job opportunities• Merit systems• Lack of infrastructure• High corporate tax rate

REASONS FOR BRAIN DRAIN

• Lack of scientific tradition and culture

• Over production and under utilization of HQM.

• Discrimination in appointment and promotion.

• Lack of research and other facilities

• Income inequalities

• Ten times more earning than home country.

REASONS FOR BRAIN DRAIN

• Receiving of millions of dollars in shape of remittance sent back to Pakistan every year.

• Creating space for freshmen here.

• Population decrease.

• People bring technology, skills and new ideas from abroad.

• Higher rate of people starting capital intensive enterprises.

POSITIVE EFFECTS

• Money remittance has reduced the severity of poverty to some extent.

• Money sent are invested in education, housing and health.

• Improved quality of education by insuring international standards and training.

• Improved competitiveness in home country as international degrees are held in higher esteem.

POSITIVE EFFECTS

NEGATIVE EFFECTS

• The loss of high quality manpower.

• Huge loss of foreign exchange due to hiring of foreign experts.

• Government spends billions of rupees for education of experts.

• Rampant corruption, poor administrations, lack of motivation and fast diminishing nationalism.

• Loss of Health Services.

MEASURES TAKEN

• National Research Program for Universities (NRPU)

• TTU performance based pay system by HEC

• Foreign faculty members of Pakistani origin are encouraged to come and transfer their expertise

• Transfer of knowledge through expatriate nationals (TOKTEN) (UNDP)

• Initiative for 11 foreign universities

• Delaying emigration For example : Doctors may be asked to stay on for two years.

• Tax proposals For example :

Native professionals pay a percent of income earning abroad.

• Fix govt. policies

MEASURES TO STOP BRAIN

DRAIN

MEASURES TO STOP BRAIN

DRAIN• Revive HEC

Build new universities

Conduct evening classes in campuses.

• PIA should allow a 50% discount for all students of Pakistani origin on international routes.

• Entering into international agreements

For not to recruit skilled people from

less-developed countries.

• Our leaders often deliver lengthy speeches but no worthy positive steps have been taken.

• Our government has not even asked Pakistani professionals to return back and serve their country.

“Reversing the brain drain is a key priority for us.”

CONCLUSION