Brain Bee Boot Camp 2013 Rae Nishi, PhD Professor, Neurological Sciences Member, Dana Alliance for the Brain IniBaBve
Brain Bee Boot Camp 2013
Rae Nishi, PhD Professor, Neurological Sciences
Member, Dana Alliance for the Brain IniBaBve
Resources for You
• This presentaBon (will post on VBB website) • Brain Facts Website:
– h"p://www.brainfacts.org
• Brain Facts 2012 booklet (can be downloaded as a pdf from the brainfacts.org website)
• Neuroscience for Kids website – h"p://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html
Compare Brain Structures
Human
Mou
se
Brain Anatomy
cerebral cortex
cerebellum corpus callosum
brain stem
thalamus
spinal cord
Brain Anatomy: Cerebral Cortex
h"p://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg5/CNS014.jpg
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
What does the brain look like inside?�Sagittal Plane�
The sagi)al plane divides the brain into le3 and right halves.
MagneBc Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Coronal (frontal) Plane
Horizontal Plane�
The Brainstem
© 2005 Pearson EducaBon
pons
medulla
midbrain
Cranial Nerves • Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very green vegetables…. Ah, Heaven �• Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
I Olfactory Sensory Smell II Op<c Sensory Sight III Oculomotor Motor Eye movement IV Trochlear Motor Eye movement V Trigeminal Both Face sense, chew VI Abducens Motor Eye movement VII Facial Both Face movement, taste VIII Ves<bulocochlear Sensory Balance/hearing IX Glossopharyngeal Both Taste, swallow X Vagus Both Taste, heart rate XI Accessory Motor Swallow, turn head XII Hypoglossal Motor S<ck out tongue
Cranial Nerves
Figure 13-2
Spinal Cord
© 2005 Pearson EducaBon
The spinal nerves form the cauda equina (“horse’s tail”)
Gray MaWer vs White MaWer
Nissl Stain
reGna.umh.es/Webvision/ VisualCortex.html
Silver (Golgi) Stain
h"p://www.madrimasd.org/cienciaysociedad/patrimonio/personajes/sanGago_ramon_ycajal/Default.asp
Santiago Ramon y Cajal 1854-‐1934
Josh Sanes
Jeff Lichtman h"p://golgi.harvard.edu/NewsEvents/News/SanesLichtman.html
Neurons
Dendrite – receives input
Soma (cell body) – cell organelles
Axon – conducts electrical impulse (ac<on poten<al)
Myelin: “insula<on” for axon
Node of Ranvier = gap in myelin
Nerve terminal – contains neurotransmi)er vesicles
Synapse – communica<on with next neuron
Gray MaWer vs White MaWer
Gray = neuronal cell bodies White = axons (with myelin)
Neurons Look different based on where they are and what they do
Spinal cord
Motor neuron
Cerebellum�
Purkinje� neuron �
Cerebral Cortex
Pyramidal neuron
Non-neuronal Cells
Schwann cells/Oligodendrocytes (myelin)
Astrocytes �
Microglia� Ependymal cells�
Neuron connecBons
hWp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/synapse.html SYNAPSE
Many Synapses per Neurons
NeurotransmiWers • Small molecules
– Acetylcholine – Catecholamines
• Norepinephrine • Dopamine
– Serotonin – Amino acids
• Glycine • GABA (gamma amino butyric acid)
• Glutamate • Aspartate
– Nitric oxide (gas) – ATP, adenosine
• PepBdes – Substance P – Opioid pepBdes
• Enkephalin • Endorphin • Dynorphin
– Many others!
Drugs of Abuse Interfere with Normal Neurotransmission
• Cocaine: blocks reuptake of dopamine so there is too much dopamine in the brain
• NicoBne: acts like acetylcholine • Morphine: acts like opioid pepBdes • Methamphetamine: acts on many transmiWer systems: more dopamine, more sBmulaBon
Neuromodulators
• Trophic factors – Nerve growth factor (NGF) – Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
• Hormones – Steroid hormones (estrogen, androgen (testosterone)) – Thyroid hormone – Metabolic hormones (insulin, ghrelin, lepBn)
Brain Development
Brain Development
Brain Development MigraBon
Growth cones
The human brain doesn’t stop developing unBl you are in your 20’s!
• Egg -‐> divides -‐> many cells -‐> nervous system • Neurons migrate and differenBate • Axons grow out • Synapses form • Important synapses are kept and unimportant ones are lost
Senses and PercepBon
• Visual system: hWp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajnsDVsP0Uk
• Auditory system: hWp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahCbGjasm_E
• Taste and smell: hWp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N42c52lCQNc&playnext=1&list=PL5CF6B36F5BFD5DB6&feature=results_main
• Sensory system: • hWp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=TAzTFgPSPiU&playnext=1&list=PL21176A6D4AA873DC&feature=results_main
Childhood Disorders
• AuBsm spectrum disorders – Inability to interact and communicate effecBvely
• AWenBon deficit hyperacBvity disorder – Impulsivity; inability to focus; lack of aWenBon
• Down syndrome – Learning disability (3 copies of chromosome 21)
• Dyslexia – Inability to read; lack of phonology (can’t recognize phonemes from wriWen words)
NeurodegeneraBve Disorders
• Alzheimer’s Disease – age related loss of short term memory followed by demenBa; neurons
die in hippocampus and cortex
• Parkinson’s Disease – Loss of iniBaBon of voluntary movement; dopamine containing
neurons in midbrain die
• Lou Gehrig’s Disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) – Paralysis; lack of movement, atrophy of muscles; motor neurons die
• HunBngton’s Disease – Unwanted movements; neurons in caudate-‐putamen (basal ganglia)
die
Keys to Success
• Have fun • Be curious • Ask quesBons, then seek answers • Always want to learn!!