Brain Drain and the Brain Drain and the Academic and Academic and Intellectual Labour Intellectual Labour Market in Croatia Market in Croatia Greta Pifat-Mrzljak Luka Juroš Vlasta Vizek Vidović Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb UNESCO Chair in Governance and Management of Higher Education, University of Zagreb
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Brain Drain and the Academic and Intellectual Labour Market in Croatia Greta Pifat-Mrzljak Luka Juroš Vlasta Vizek Vidović Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb.
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Brain Drain and the Academic and Brain Drain and the Academic and Intellectual Labour Market in CroatiaIntellectual Labour Market in Croatia
Greta Pifat-MrzljakLuka Juroš
Vlasta Vizek Vidović
Ruđer Bošković Institute, ZagrebUNESCO Chair in Governance and Management of Higher Education, University of Zagreb
Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004
Croatia – Facts and FiguresCroatia – Facts and Figures
Population: 4,37 million 6 universities, 7 polytechnics 17 independent post-secondary schools (11 of
them private) 28 public research institutes System of higher education employs 9,570
people Public research institutes employ 1,475 people Higher education graduates make 7.3% of the
PProspective students inrospective students inacademic year 2004/2005academic year 2004/2005
University and professional studies at Total
University of Zagreb 13,551
University of Osijek 4,879
University of Rijeka 5,830
University of Split 8,136
University of Zadar 1,005
University of Dubrovnik 900
TOTAL 34,301
Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004
NNumber of undergraduate studentsumber of undergraduate studentsat University of Zagrebat University of Zagreb
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
ART
BIOMEDICINE
BIOTECHNICAL
SCIENCES
ENGINEERING
HUMANITIES
NATURE
SCIENCES
SOCIAL
SCIENCES
INTERFACULTY
PROGRAMMES
Field of study
Num
ber o
f stu
dent
s
2001 1996 1991
Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004
Number of full-time employed staffNumber of full-time employed staffat University of Zagrebat University of Zagreb
0
500
1000
1500
2000ART
BIOMEDICINE
BIOTECHNICAL
SCIENCES
ENGINEERING
HUMANITIES
NATURE
SCIENCES
SOCIAL
SCIENCES
2001 1996 1991
Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004
Potential migrations of youngPotential migrations of youngscientists 1990-2000scientists 1990-2000 Young
scientists 1990
Young scientists 1998
Young scientists 2000
Young scientists with offers to go abroad
Potential base for brain drain
78.7% 56.0% 66.7% 21.7%
Decided to go abroad
11.7% 7.3% 2.4% 2.4%
TOTAL 24.1%
Source: M. Adamović, 2003
Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004
Brain drain of Croatian scientistsBrain drain of Croatian scientistsby disciplines and titles 1990-2000by disciplines and titles 1990-2000
Source: "Večernji list" January 19, 2001; M. Adamović, 2003
Natural sciences
244
Technical sciences
249
Biomedicine 139
Others 217
TOTAL 849
PhD 346 40.75%
MSc 319 37.57%
Young scientists
184 21.67%
Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004
Statistical estimation on number ofStatistical estimation on number ofpersons with high education leaving Croatiapersons with high education leaving Croatia
Estimation conducted by Ministry of Science and Technology– The difference between number of graduates and the
actual increase in number of HE persons is 30,000– Number of brain drain was estimated by calculating
proportion in total mortality in the period– Proportions taken: 5%, 4%, 3% in total mortality– Possible brain drain rates: 4.5% (min), 8.9%, 13.2% (max)
Established in 1990 at University of Zagreb 16 AMAC societies throughout the world today
(AMAC Mundus) and 16 in Croatia (AMAC Domus) 9 societies in the process of formation AMAC bulletin published in 10,000 copies Convention of all AMAC societies is due in Zagreb
June 30 – July 3 http://www.unizg.hr/amac/prob.htm
Geographical distribution ofGeographical distribution ofCroatian scientists abroadCroatian scientists abroad
Country Number of scientists
Country Number of scientists
USA 466 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7Germany 143 Chile 7Canada 84 Slovenia 6Switzerland 75 Norway 4France 50 Denmark 4UK 39 Belgium 4Austria 37 Mexico 3Australia 34 Israel 3Argentina 16 Hungary 2Italy 16 Venezuela 2Sweden 15 Peru 2Netherlands 12 Greece, Iceland, Brasil, Kenya, Nepal,
Liechtenstein, Taiwan, Monaco, Japan, Hong Kong, Serbia, Malta
12
Total 1033
Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004
Congress of Croatian scientistsCongress of Croatian scientistsfrom homeland and abroad from homeland and abroad Due in November 2004 in Zagreb and Vukovar,
organised by Ministry of Science, Education and Sport Bringing together Croatian scientists across the world Promoting individual networking and institutional
cooperation Workshops and discussions http://www.mzos.hr/pkhz/
Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004
Measures and strategies forMeasures and strategies forsolving the brain drain problemsolving the brain drain problem Significantly increase investment in science Define and employ measures and procedures to transform brain
drain into brain gain and brain circulation Encourage international cooperation in science and higher
education Emphasize the importance of science for the development of
Croatia Establish the economic and social measures to be implemented
for improvement of the role of knowledge in Croatian society Involve alumni into Alma Mater activities Use the potential of the scientific diaspora
Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004
ConclusionConclusion
Case study of brain drain in Croatia determined three facts:– There currently exists no systematic monitoring of brain drain and
labour migration market. This could escalate into a significant problem as seen in the case of molecular biologists.
– Academic labour market is influenced by the quality of environment for scientific work and the opportunity for scientific development
– interest expressed by Croatian scientists abroad and AMAC societies shows significant potential for reinvestment of human scientific resources
Policy proposal: “to use the EHEA and ERA trends, diaspora and AMAC potentials to build a sustainable and effective system of brain drain monitoring and management in Croatia.”
Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004
Web sitesWeb sites
Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb
www.irb.hrUNESCO Chair in Governance and
Management of Higher Education, University of Zagreb