Brain Based Brain Based Pathology of Autism Pathology of Autism Spectrum Disorders Spectrum Disorders Asynchronous Webinar Asynchronous Webinar 877.551 Survey of Autism 877.551 Survey of Autism Graduate Certificate in the Graduate Certificate in the Education of Students with Education of Students with Autism: Hybrid Model Autism: Hybrid Model Chris Swanson Chris Swanson Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University
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Brain Based Pathology of Brain Based Pathology of Autism Spectrum DisordersAutism Spectrum Disorders
Asynchronous Webinar Asynchronous Webinar
877.551 Survey of Autism 877.551 Survey of Autism
Graduate Certificate in the Graduate Certificate in the Education of Students with Autism: Education of Students with Autism:
Hybrid ModelHybrid Model
Chris SwansonChris Swanson
Johns Hopkins UniversityJohns Hopkins University
Everyday AutismEveryday Autism
You Tube: http://www.youtube.com/v/AGmXuSY4gx0You Tube: http://www.youtube.com/v/AGmXuSY4gx0
Brain Structures Implicated in Brain Structures Implicated in AutismAutism
http://kamisjourney.com/autism/brain.php
Brain DevelopmentBrain Development
Abnormally large growth Abnormally large growth spurt at 6 months.spurt at 6 months.
Average weight by Average weight by adolescenceadolescence
Larger head circumferenceLarger head circumference Under Under
connectivity/formation of connectivity/formation of neocortical neural systemsneocortical neural systems
Lack of typical symmetry Lack of typical symmetry
Brain DevelopmentBrain Development
Over development of white matterOver development of white matter Truncation of dendritic treeTruncation of dendritic tree Decreased neuronal connections in Decreased neuronal connections in
cerebellumcerebellum Increased cell density in hippocampus & Increased cell density in hippocampus &
amygdala among other regionsamygdala among other regions Impacts the limbic system – learning, Impacts the limbic system – learning,
Right Brain vs. Left BrainRight Brain vs. Left Brain
ResearchResearch
Gains since the 1980sGains since the 1980s Focused on High-Functioning ASDFocused on High-Functioning ASD Greatly improved by fMRI and PETGreatly improved by fMRI and PET Evoked Potentials (EPs) – scalp electrodes Evoked Potentials (EPs) – scalp electrodes
measuring response to stimulimeasuring response to stimuli Exogenous Potentials – Reflex reaction to a Exogenous Potentials – Reflex reaction to a
visual stimulivisual stimuli Endogenous Potentials – Mental tasksEndogenous Potentials – Mental tasks EP research not focused on social, language, EP research not focused on social, language,
and reasoning deficitsand reasoning deficits MRI and CT measure topographyMRI and CT measure topography
Less lateralization (MLess lateralization (Müüller et al., ller et al., 1999; Boddaert at al, 2003; Just et 1999; Boddaert at al, 2003; Just et al., 2004)al., 2004)
Reversed asymmetry (Herbert et al., Reversed asymmetry (Herbert et al., 2002; Just et al, 2004)2002; Just et al, 2004)
Suggest left temporal impairmentsSuggest left temporal impairments Significantly longer communication Significantly longer communication
between spheresbetween spheres
Temporal LobeTemporal Lobe•Speech•Memory•Hearing
Wernicke and Broca’s AreaWernicke and Broca’s Area
Part of Brodmann’s AreaPart of Brodmann’s Area
Broca’s AreaBroca’s Area
Production of speechProduction of speech Sends information for oral-motor Sends information for oral-motor
activitiesactivities Typical impairments seen in Typical impairments seen in
stutterersstutterers
Wernicke’s AreaWernicke’s Area
Receptive Language CenterReceptive Language Center Language is recognized and Language is recognized and
understoodunderstood
Geschwind’s TerritoryGeschwind’s Territory
HippocampusHippocampus
Associative Associative memory and memory and chainingchaining
findings, but findings, but altered sizealtered size
Frontal LobeFrontal Lobe
Executive Functioning Executive Functioning • Behavior InhibitionBehavior Inhibition• Linked causal relationshipsLinked causal relationships• Similarities and differencesSimilarities and differences• Long-term memory Long-term memory • Organization and planningOrganization and planning• Information retrievalInformation retrieval• Emotional regulation/motivationEmotional regulation/motivation• Higher-level abstract reasoningHigher-level abstract reasoning
Parietal LobeParietal Lobe
Integrates sensory informationIntegrates sensory information Knowledge of numbers and relationsKnowledge of numbers and relations Manipulation of objectsManipulation of objects Contributes to visuospatial Contributes to visuospatial
processingprocessing
Occipital LobeOccipital Lobe
Processes visual information and Processes visual information and sends to the visual cortexsends to the visual cortex
Dysgraphia seen in occipital Dysgraphia seen in occipital impairments impairments
Cingulate CortexCingulate Cortex
Ridge in the medial part of the brainRidge in the medial part of the brain Connects to the thalamus, neocortex, Connects to the thalamus, neocortex,
and the cerebral cortexand the cerebral cortex Works with the limbic system to Works with the limbic system to
control emotion, learning, and control emotion, learning, and memorymemory
•Reading facial expressions•Social cognition/Theory of Mind•Social Motivatoin
Fusiform GyrusFusiform Gyrus
Small ridge on the underside of the Small ridge on the underside of the temporal lobetemporal lobe
Designed to discriminate faces from Designed to discriminate faces from other objectsother objects
Fusiform Face Area (FFA) – recognition of Fusiform Face Area (FFA) – recognition of facesfaces
Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS) – Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS) – recognition of human speech and other recognition of human speech and other non-verbal social cues from other soundsnon-verbal social cues from other sounds
Fusiform Gyrus Fusiform Gyrus
Waiter et al (2004) found enlargement in ASDWaiter et al (2004) found enlargement in ASD Specific enlargements seen in the FFA regionSpecific enlargements seen in the FFA region
Sensory perception and motor controlSensory perception and motor control Increased size/ white matterIncreased size/ white matter Lack of vermis originally theorizedLack of vermis originally theorized
AmygdalaAmygdala
Social behavior, Social behavior, emotion, cognitionemotion, cognition
Inconsistent Inconsistent findingsfindings
Range in sizesRange in sizes Asperger’s shows Asperger’s shows
larger left side larger left side amygdala than amygdala than infantile autisminfantile autism
Associated with Associated with motor and learning motor and learning (group of (group of structures)structures)
Speculated cause Speculated cause of repetitive of repetitive behaviorsbehaviors
Larger the caudate, Larger the caudate, the more repetitionthe more repetition
ThalamusThalamus
Kind of connector – Kind of connector – arousal, alertness, arousal, alertness, sleep, sleep, consciousness, consciousness, information information processingprocessing