Brain and Consciousness Class • This presentation contains two classes: • Brain-machine interface • Brain micro-stimulations
Dec 20, 2015
Brain and Consciousness Class
• This presentation contains two classes:
• Brain-machine interface
• Brain micro-stimulations
BMI Control of a Robotic Arm
Nicolelis et al PLoS 2003
Large number (thousands) of electrodes in multiple areas (M1, Pre-motor, supplementary motor)
Leigh R. Hochberg, Mijail D. Serruya, Gerhard M. Friehs, Jon A. Mukand, Maryam Saleh, Abraham H. Caplan, Almut Branner, David Chen, Richard D. Penn and John P. Donoghue
Nature 442, July 2006
EEG-Controlled Action
EEG Electrodes
Walpaw, PNAS 2004
Localized brain activation usingreal-time fMRI
Gabrieli et al, NeuroImage 2004
Elevated activity in a selected voxel in somato-motor cortex (primary motor and somatosensory with surrounding region)
Elevation depended on the fMRI feedback (no feedback, sham)
Voluntary Control of a Brain Region
Larger activity after training
No muscle movement during the activation
Subjective report ?
Which brain areas are under ‘will’ control ?
Brain Micro-stimulation
Micro Stimulation
• General strategy: BA (Brain Activity) under similar conditions, with or without awareness.
• Stimulate an area such as MT, test minimal activation for awareness.
• avoids indirect routs such as via the S.C. and pulvinar. • Test qualia generated by stimulating different areas. • In animals: combined with response about guessing?
Micro-stimulation
Head position, 1 sec
Reward delivered
L or R signal Somato-sensory cortex for navigation
Medial forebrain bundle for reward Chapin et al, Nature 2002
Phosphenes in V1
• Stimulation of V1 in volunteer epileptic patients. • usually a single phosphene, sometimes multiple, • could be small as ‘star in the sky’, or larger, ‘a coin at
arm’s length’. • Some are colored, • fade after 10-15 secs.
• For some reason they are not oriented, not edges and bars?
• Could be interesting, fMRI, minimal activation for perception?
Motion Perception by MT Stimulation
Shadlen et al, Nature Neuroscience 6, 891 - 898 (2003)
Stimulation of humans in medial parieto-occipital cortex evoked visual motion perception Exp Brain Res. Richter et al 1991
Face Microstimulation
Face and non-faces with noise .
Face with no noise is 100% face-signal
Non-face with no noise is -100% face-signal
80%
Microstimulation of Face Regions in Monkey
Bailey CJ, Karmu J, Ilmoniemi, RJ. 2001. Scand J Psych 42: 297–306.
TMS: Blocking Motion Awareness
Pascual-Leone, Walsh. Fast backprojections from the motion to the primary visual area necessary for visual awareness. Science 2001
Stimulation of V5, then sub-threshold to V1
V1 stimulation blocked the perception of moving phosphenes
Where is motion perception generated? TMS study: MT/V5 together with V1 necessary for moving phosphenes
G.Y. patient without V1 – motion perception with sufficient V5 stimulation
Different qualia associated with different brain regions
(general motion in MT, point-wise phosphenes it V1)
fMRI from G.Y: stronger activation of MT with fast (perceived) motion
Brain Stimulation and Perception
• Different brain regions supply different qualia• From simple sensations to complex percpets • (V1 – bright spots, MT – motion, STS – faces)• In humans: can test for qualia• Stimulation of the dorsal stream:
– Do some regions create sensations, others not? – A combination of ‘quale area’ plus ‘enabling’?
• Wilder Penfield (1975): The Mystery of the Mind:– Never elicited ‘free will’
• Monkeys with report on guessing?
• Combined with fMRI, minimal activation