Brachial plexus

BRACHIAL PLEXUS

THE KNEE PSE4U

BONES

Femur Tibia Fibula Patella

LIGAMENTS

Medial Collateral Lateral Collateral

LIGAMENTS

Anterior Cruciate Posterior Cruciate

MENISCUS

Medial meniscus Lateral meniscus

BURSA(E)

A bursa is a fluid-filled sac that functions as a gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body.

MUSCLES

Quadriceps Function is knee

extension.

Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris

MUSCLES Hamstrings

function is knee flexion.

Semitendinosus Semimemranosus Biceps femoris

TENDONS

Quadriceps tendon Patellar ligament Hamstring tendons

KNEE INJURIES Quadricep strain Hamstring strain Contusion Patellar/Quadriceps tendonitis Patellar/Quadriceps tendon rupture Osgood-Slatter disease Bursitis Meniscal tear MCL/LCL sprain ACL/PCL sprain

QUADRICEPS STRAIN

Grade 1: Tightness in the thigh, Unable to walk properly. Probably not much swelling. Grade 2: Probably cannot walk properly. The athlete may notice swelling. Straightening the knee against resistance causes

pain. Unable to fully bend the knee. Grade 3: Unable to walk properly without the aid of crutches. In severe pain. Bad swelling appearing immediately. Expect to be out of competition for 3 to twelve

weeks.

HAMSTRING STRAIN

Grade 1: Might have tightness in the thigh. May be able to walk properly. Probably won't have much swelling. Grade 2: Bending the knee against resistance causes pain. Might be unable to fully straighten the knee. Some swelling

Grade 3: Unable to walk properly without the aid of

crutches. In severe pain. Bad swelling appear immediately.

CONTUSION

Caused by a direct blow to the muscle. Most likely to occur in the quadriceps.

HYPEREXTENDED KNEE

In this injury, your knee extends beyond its normally straightened position so that it bends back on itself.

QUADRICEPS TENDONITIS

A person experiencing quadriceps tendonitis will have particular pain straightening the lower leg, or decelerating when walking. The major point of pain coming from above the kneecap.

PATELLAR TENDONITIS

What is patellar tendonitis? Patellar tendonitis, also called jumper's knee, is

inflammation in the band of tissue (the patellar tendon) that connects the kneecap (patella) to the shinbone (tibia).

How does it occur? The most common activity causing patellar

tendonitis is too much jumping. Other repeated activities such as running, walking, or bicycling may lead to patellar tendonitis. All of these activities put repeated stress on the patellar tendon, causing it to be inflamed.

PATELLOFEMORAL SYNDROME

Gradual onset of anterior knee pain or pain around the patella

More common in adolescents, young adults and females are more prone than males

Often aggravated by sports such as running, volleyball and basketball

There is quite a bit of disagreement in the sport medicine community as to its cause

“JUMPER’S KNEE”

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO PFS Overuse/Overload:

repeated weight bearing impact, landing from jumps Biomechanical Instability:

flat feet (pronation) causes internal rotation of tibia and femur which stresses the PF joint

high arches puts undue stress on PF joint Q-angle?

Muscles Muscle weakness or imbalance (especially quadriceps

and hamstrings)

PATELLAR TENDON RUPTURE

PATELLAR DISLOCATION

What is a dislocated patella?

A dislocated patella occurs when the kneecap (patella) pops out from its normal position. This can occur as the result of force or, is more often related to a developmental condition that leads to an improper alignment of the kneecap with the thighbone (femur). This is sometimes called "unstable kneecap."

PATELLAR FRACTURE

DISLOCATED KNEE

OSGOOD-SLATTER DISEASE Osgood-Schlatter (OS) disease is one of the most

common causes of knee pain in the adolescent.

During periods of rapid growth, stress from contraction of the quadriceps is transmitted through the patellar tendon onto a small portion of the partially developed tibial tuberosity.

OSGOOD-SLATTER DISEASE

BURSITIS “Housemaid”

or “Carpet layers” knee. This is caused by direct trauma.

MENISCAL TEAR

One may tear the meniscus by twisting the knee, pivoting, cutting or decelerating. In athletes, meniscal tears often happen in combination with other injuries such as a torn ACL (anterior cruciate ligament).

MENISCAL TEAR

Signs and Symptoms Pain and “clicking” while walking or bending

knee. Pain and clicking while going upstairs. Remedies: RICE with medication, or surgery.

MENISCAL TEARS

MENISCAL INJURY TESTS

MEDIAL COLLATERAL INJURY What causes Medial Collateral

Ligament Sprain?By far the most common cause of medial collateral ligament sprain is a blow or sudden impact to the outside (lateral) of the knee joint. This causes the outside of the knee to collapse inward toward the midline of the body and the inside of the knee (where the medial collateral ligament is located) to widen and open up. This opening up stretches the ligament, which results in the injury.

MEDIAL COLLATERAL INJURY

What are the Signs & Symptoms of Medial Collateral Ligament Sprain?

The most common symptom of a MCL injury is pain around the inside of the knee joint. Also common is bruising and swelling.

COLLATERAL LIGAMENT TESTS

LATERAL COLLATERAL SPRAIN

Apply everything from an MCL injury, except the mechanism of injury is a direct blow from the medial side of the knee.

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE SPRAIN

How is the anterior cruciate ligament injured?

The ACL or anterior cruciate ligament is injured either through twisting the knee or through an impact to the side of the knee - often the outside.

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE SPRAIN

Signs and Symptoms

Pain at time of the injury.Athlete and/or people in the area will hear a “pop”.Swelling. In the later stages when the swelling has decreased there may be instability in the joint. For a partial rupture pain may be felt on the Anterior Drawer test where the tibia is pulled.

THE Q-ANGLE

Q-angle stands for the quadriceps angle The Q angle is formed by two lines drawn:

1. From the Anterior Superior Illiac Spine (ASIS) through the centre of the patella

2. From the tibial tuberosity through the centre of the patella

Research indicates that a Q-angle greater than 20 increases the risk of knee injuries

MEASURING YOUR Q-ANGLE Find a friend Locate the ASIS, tibial

tuberosity and the centre of the patella

Create two lines to form your Q-angle

Use a protractor to measure your Q angle

Report your results on the board

Q ANGLE

UNHAPPY TRIAD

Medial Meniscus tear Medial Collateral ligament tear Anterior Cruciate ligament tear

FEMALE ANTERIOR CRUCIATE INJURY

NCAA study showed that women suffered ACL injuries four times more often in basketball; three times more often in gymnastics; and two-and-a-half times more often in soccer.

POSTERIOR CRUCIATE SPRAIN

Mechanism of injury PCL tears can occur when a football or

soccer player falls on a bent knee. Motor vehicle accidents are another common cause of injury to the PCL. When the driver or passenger strikes the bent knee just below the kneecap (patella) against the dashboard, the force can tear the PCL and damage other ligaments, bones and muscles.

PCL INJURY

POSTERIOR CRUCIATE SPRAIN

Signs and symptoms Marked, immediate swelling (within three

hours of the injury) Difficulty walking after the injury Painful to move the knee Occasionally, a feeling of instability, or the

knee "giving way"