“FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF DENTAL GEL CONTAINING CLOVE OIL FOR THE TREATMENT OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES” A Dissertation submitted to the JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTHAPUR In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF PHARMACY Submitted by SK. SANA BANU (12P21R0050) K.CHANDANA (12P21R0014) Y.CHARAN KUMAR (12P21R0015) P.SATHEESH (12P21R0052) P.SUBRAMANYAM (12P21R0062) G.MANIKANTA (12P21R0035) Under the Guidance of V.VIJAY KUMAR M.Pharm., (Ph.D) Associate Professor, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS. RAO’S COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Chemudugunta (P.O.), Venkatachalam (M), Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. 2012 – 2016.
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“FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF DENTAL GEL CONTAINING CLOVE OIL FOR THE TREATMENT OF
PERIODONTAL DISEASES”
A Dissertation submitted to the
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTHAPUR
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Mr. Deepak kumar For general information: 9652275737
Mr.SK Afsar For scientific session: 98855398761
Introduction Herbal gels:
• Medicinal plants have been used as traditional treatments for numerous human diseases for thousands of years and in many parts of the world. In rural areas of the developing countries, they continue to be used as the primary source of medicine. About 80% of the people in developing countries use traditional medicines for their health care [1]
Benefits of herbal drugs:
• Herbal drugs have long era of use and better patient tolerance as well as public acceptance.
• Herbal drugs acts as a renewable source, which is our only hope for sustainable supplies of cheaper medicines for the worlds growing population.
• The cultivation and processing of medicinal herbs and herbal products is environment-friendly.
• Throughout the world, herbal medicine has provided many of the most useful and vast variety of drugs to the modern medical science[2].
Pharmaceutical Gels
• Defintion:Gels are semisolid organic or inorganic colloids rich in liquid,
consisting of hydrated threads or granules of the dispersed phase intimately associated with the dispersion medium
• Some gelling agents (carbomers) require a "neutralizer" or a pH adjusting chemical to create the gel after the gelling agent has been wetted in the dispersing medium[3].
• Gelling agents are used concentrations of 0.5% to 10%, depending on the agent.
• It is easier to add the active drug before the gel is formed if the drug doesn't interfere with the gel formation[4].
• Only Carbopol® 934P, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose are recommended for oral administration.
Periodontal diseases
• Periodontal disease is one of the most important concerns for dentists and patients[5]. It is recognized as a major public health problem throughout the world and is the most common cause of tooth loss in
• The periodontium is the specialized tissues that both surround and support the teeth, maintaining them in the maxillary and mandibular bones. A variety of triggering factors like bacterial causes, dyscrasias, avitaminosisetc cause inflamed gums leading to gingivitis.
• In the United States 50% of adults have gingivitis affecting at least 3-4 teeth; two-thirds of the population has sub gingival calculus, and about a one-third have periodontitis [6] . Periodontal treatment aims to cure inflamed tissue, reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria and eliminate the diseased pockets.
• Mechanical therapy, chemotherapy and systemic administration of antibiotics are some of the clinical methods being utilized currently[7]
S.NO. Author Names Abstract References
1. Reenu Yadav Formulation and characterization of antimicrobial oral gel
from some herbal extracts for treatment of periodontal
diseases.
IJPPR. 2016, 5(2)
2. R.Bhramaramba Formulation and Evaluation of herbal gel containing
Terminalia chebula Retz., leaves extract.
(SAJP). 2015, 4(3): 172-176.
3. Biresh Sarkar Formulation and Evaluation of herbal gel containing
extract of Cedrus deodara.
(IJPCS). 2015,4(1)
4. Singh Rampal Formulation, optimizatioon and evaluation of aceclofenac
transdermal gel
(JPSI). 2015,4(5)
5. T. Muthu Lakshmi Formulation and evaluation of herbal gel containing
dalbergia sissoo roxb. bark extract.
(JPRCP).4(1):53-57
6. Dr Rohit Jain Herbs in periodontology – local drug delivery (WJPR).2014,3(2):1831-1840
7. Varsha B. Bagade Study of antimicrobial activity of herbal formulation (IJPLS).2013, 4(11)
8. Deepak p pawar Formulation and evaluation of herbal gel containing
lantana camara leaves extract.
(AJPCR).2013,6(3)
9. CharuM. Marya Investigation of In vitro inhibitory effect of clove essential
oil and its two active principles on tooth decalcification by
applying juice.
(IJD).2012
10. L. Nuñez Investigation of microbicide activity of clove essential oil
(Eugenia caryophyllata) .
(BJM).2012,43(4)
11. Ganesh Misal Formulation and evaluation of Poly herbal gel. (IJNPR).2012,3(4)
12. Manisha singh Formulation and evaluation Herbal Gel Containing
Ethanolic Extract of Ipomoea Fistulosa.
(IJSR). 2012, 3(7)
13. Ilhami Gu¨ lc¸ Investigation of antioxidant activity of clove oil – A
powerful antioxidant source.
(AJP). 2012, 5: 489-499
14. Euge´ nia Pinto Antifungal activity of the clove essential oil from Syzygium
aromaticum on Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte
species.
(JMM). 2009, 1454-1462
Literature Review
The study was aimed to develop and
evaluate dental gel containing clove oil
as the chief constituent for the
treatment of periodontitis.
The objectives of the research
work under taken are as follows:
1. To perform clove oil
characterization.
2. To formulate dental gel of
clove oil using gelling agents
and other ingredients.
Plant Profile
Synonym:
• Caryophyllum; clove flower; clove bud;
launge
Biological source:
• Cloves consists of dried flower buds of
Eugenia caryophyllus (Myrtaceae). It should
contain not less than 15% (v/v) of clove oil[8].
Chemical constituents:
• 15-20% of volatile oil; 10-13% of tannin
(gallotannic acid), chromone and eugenin [9].
• The volatile oil contains eugenol (about 70 to
90%), eugenol acetate, methylamylketone,
caryophyllenes and small quantities of ester
and alcohols [10].
Uses:
• Dental analgesic, carminative,
• Stimulant, flavouring agent, an aromatic and
antiseptic
Taxonomical classification of clove plant (Syzygium
Fig: 4 Zone of inhibition of Streptococcus salivarius
0
5
10
15
20
25
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
zon
e o
f in
hib
itio
n(m
m)
Zone of inhibition (S.sanguis)
Gel formulations
Fig:5 Zone of inhibition of Streptococcus sanguis
0
5
10
15
20
25
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
zon
e o
f in
hib
itio
n (
mm
)
Zone of inhibition (L.acidophilus)
Gel formulations
Fig: 6 Zone of inhibition of Lactobacillus
acidophilus
Discussions
• The procured clove oil was characterized for the following parameters:
Acid value : 3.66
Ester value : 37.43
Saponification value: 41.09
Density : 1.02gm/ml
Refractive index: 1.492
• The formulations were developed by using clove oil of same concentration and carbopol 934 atdifferent concentrations.All the formulations were pale yellow in colour and had characteristicodour of clove oil. The pH of all formulations ranged from 6.4-6.7, which was well within thenormal pH range of buccal cavity 6-7. The spreadability of the gels was found to be in the rangeof 15.59-18.20 g-cm/sec, confirming that these gels may spread smoothly and uniformly. Theformulations were glossy and translucent. The homogeneity and tube extrudability of allformulations was good.
• The drug content of the formulations was ranged from 89.8%-95.40% Table-6.The formulation F3was found to have maximum drug content.
• The gel formulations of clove oil F3 showed good physicochemical properties as well as gooddrug content compared to other formulations.(Table -5,6). Hence, theses formulations werefurther selected for anti microbial studies. The results of anti microbial studies showed that gelformulation of clove oil F3 showed a maximum zone of inhibition on Streptococcus salivarius.
Conclusion
• The clove oil was found to have anti microbial activityagainst Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis,Lactobacillus acidophilus. The formulations developedfrom clove showed significant results so it can be furtherused commercially to develop dental gels afterconducting clinical trials on human beings. Neverthelessfurther research is still needed in order to determine ifthey efficiently could substitute the synthetic antibioticsare used in combinations.
References 1. Euge nia Pinto; Lui s Vale-Silva; Carlos Cavaleiro and Li gia Salgueiro. Antifungal activity
of the clove essential oil from Syzygium aromaticum on Candida, Aspergillus and
dermatophyte species. Journal of medical microbiology. 2009: 1454-1462.
2. Author. Handbook of pharmaceutical excipients. Pharmaceutical press. 2009.
3. Chaieb, K. et al. (2007) The Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Clove
Essential Oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): A Short
Review. Phytotherapy Research, 21, pp. 501-506.
4. Gupta A. K., Tandon Neeraj, Dr. Sharma Madhu (2011). Quality Standards of Indian
Medicinalplants, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, Volume 3
5. Ates D.A. and Erdogrul O.T. (2003) Antimicrobial activities of various medicinal and
commercial plant extracts. Turkish Journal of Biology, 27: 157-162.
6. Suwipa U., Tanomjit S., Pechnoi S., Supreedee S., Prenee R. and Ithrat A. (2005) Study on
antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of turmeric clear liquid soap for wound treatment of
HIV patients. Journal of Science Education and Technology.27: 569-578.
7. Das K, Dang R, Machale UM, Fatepuri S. Formulation and evaluation of herbal gel
containing Stevia leaves extract, The Pharma Review 2010, 8(44): 112-118.
Contd...8. Thana boripat D, Suvathi Y, Srilohasin P et al. Inhibitory effect of essential oils on the growth
of Aspergillus flavus. KMITL Sci. Tech J 2007; 7: 1-7.
9. Satpathy B, Sahoo M, Sahoo P, Patra SR, Formulation and evaluation of gel containingessential oils of Piper betle against skin infection pathogens. Int . J. Res Phar. Sci 2011;2(3): 373-378.
10. Hanoch Julianus Sohilait(2015). Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils in Eugeniacaryophylata, Thunb from Amboina Island, Science Journal of Chemistry ; 3(6): 95
11. Ashley FP, Skinner A, Jackson P, Woods A, Wilson RF. The effect of a 0.1% cetylpyridinium
chloride mouthrinse on plaque and gingivitis in adult subjects. Br Dent J. 1984; 157:191-196.
12. Moran J, Addy M, Kohut B, Hovliaras CA, Newcombe RG. Efficacy of mouthrinses in
inhibiting the development of supragingival plaque over a 4-day period of no oral hygiene. J
Periodontol;1994; 65:904-90
13. Lobene RR, Kashket S, Soparkar PM, Shloss J, Sabine ZM. The effect of cetylpridiniumchloride on human plaque bacteria and gingivitis. Pharmacol Ther Dent. 1979; 4:33-47
14. Pawar Vinita A*, Bhagat Trupti B, Toshniwal Mitesh R, Mokashi Nitin D, Khandelwal K.R;Formulation and evaluation of dental gel containing essential oil of coriander against oralpathogens; Pawar Vinita A et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013, 4 (10).
15. Anurag Sharma*; Sumeet Dwivedi; Ganesh P. Mishra; Hemant Joshi; Formulation andEvaluation of Herbal Gel containing Extracts of Albezia Lebbeck linn; Am. J. PharmTechRes. 2012; 2(4)