Bottom-up Processing Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind. 1 Letter “A” is really a black blotch broken down into features by the brain that we perceive as an “A.”
Dec 17, 2015
Bottom-up ProcessingAnalysis of the stimulus begins with the
sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind.
1
Letter “A” is really a black blotch broken down into features by the brain that we perceive as an
“A.”
Top-Down ProcessingInformation processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience
and expectations.
2
THE CHT
Wavelength (Hue)Hue (color) is the dimension
of color determined by the wavelength
of the light.
Wavelength is the distance
from the peak of one wave to the peak of the
next.7
LongerWavelength
LowerFrequency
LongerWavelength
LowerFrequency
ShorterWavelength
HigherFrequency
ShorterWavelength
HigherFrequency
Properties of...LIGHT
SmallerAmplitude
DullColors
SmallerAmplitude
DullColors
HigherAmplitude
BrightColors
HigherAmplitude
BrightColors
Properties of...LIGHT
Intensity (Brightness)Intensity: Amount of energy in a
wave determined
by the amplitude. It is related to perceived
brightness.
10
Visual Information Processing
11
Optic nerves connect to the thalamus in the middle of the brain, and the thalamus
connects to the visual cortex.
Some cells in the visual cortex respond only to certain types of visual information, for example, a diagonal line moving up and down.
These cells are called feature detectors.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
VisionHubel & Wiesel’s Experiment
Shape Detection
13
Specific combinations of temporal lobe activity occur as people look at shoes,
faces, chairs and houses.
Isha
i, U
nger
leid
er, M
artin
and
Hax
by/ N
IMH
Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision
Helmholtz 1852
Human eye has 3 types of coneHuman eye has 3 types of conereceptors sensitive to differentreceptors sensitive to different
wavelengths of lightwavelengths of light.
Short Medium Long
People see colors because thePeople see colors because theeye does its own “color mixing”eye does its own “color mixing”
by varying ratio of coneby varying ratio of coneneural activityneural activity
Opponent Process TheoryEwald HeringEwald Hering - Eye contains 3 - Eye contains 3
mechanisms that produce mechanisms that produce antagonisticantagonistic
responses to three pairs of colorsresponses to three pairs of colors
R
G
B
Y
B
W
Why?Why?Afterimages & Color DeficiencyAfterimages & Color Deficiency
Color BlindnessGenetic disorder in which people are blind to
green or red colors. This supports the Trichromatic theory. Guys more often color blind
16Ishihara Test
Opponent Colors
17
Gaze at the middle of the flag for about 30Seconds. When it disappears, stare at the dot and report
whether or not you see Britain's flag.
The EarOuter Ear: Collects and sends sounds to the eardrum.
Middle Ear: Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window.
Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. 22
CochleaCochlea: Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in
the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals.
23
Intensity (Loudness)
Intensity (Loudness):
Amount of energy in a wave,
determined by the amplitude, relates to the perceived
loudness.
25
Frequency (Pitch)
Frequency (pitch): The dimension of
frequency determined by the wavelength
of sound.
Wavelength: The distance from
the peak of one wave to the peak
of the next.27
Perceiving Pitch
Georg von Békésy1899-1972 (T.W. Theory)
Place Theory - pitch determined bypoint of maximal vibration on
basilar membrane. Helps explain howwe hear HIGH pitch sounds
Traveling Wave Theory 1957Traveling Wave Theory 1957
Frequency Theory - pitch determined by the rateat which the hair cells fire…
•Helps explain how we hear LOW pitch sounds Volley Principle-neural cells alternate firing like Volley Principle-neural cells alternate firing like soldiers so that some shoot while others reloadsoldiers so that some shoot while others reload
Localization of SoundsBecause we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear
cause us to localize the sound.
29
Localization of Sound1. Intensity differences
2. Time differences
Time differences as small as 1/100,000 of a second can cause us to localize sound. The head acts as a “shadow” or partial sound
barrier.
30
Conduction Hearing Loss Caused by damage to the eardrum or bones
in the middle ear. Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Caused by damage to the structures of the inner ear.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
HearingHearing Disabilities
Touch
The sense of touch is a mix of four distinct skin senses—pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.
32
Bru
ce A
yers
/ Sto
ne/ G
etty
Im
ages
PainPain tells the body that something has gone
wrong. Usually pain results from damage to the skin and other tissues. A rare disease exists in
which the afflicted person feels no pain.
33Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither painnor extreme hot or cold.
AP Photo/ Stephen M
orton
Gate-Control Theory
35
Melzack and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological “gates” that either block pain or allow it to be sensed.
Gary C
omer/ PhototakeU
SA.com
Taste
36
Traditionally, taste sensations consisted of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes. Recently, receptors
for a fifth taste have been discovered called “Umami”.
Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami
Sensory Interaction
37
When one sense affects another sense, sensory interaction takes place. So, the taste of strawberry interacts with its smell and its
texture on the tongue to produce flavor.
Smell
38
Like taste, smell is a chemical sense. Odorants enter the nasal cavity to stimulate 5 million receptors to sense smell. Unlike taste,
there are many different forms of smell.
Smell and Memories
39
The brain region for smell (in red) is
closely connected with the brain
regions involved with memory (limbic
system). That is why strong memories are
made through the sense of smell.
Body Position and Movement
40
The sense of our body parts’ position and movement is called kinesthesis. The
vestibular sense monitors the head (and body’s) position.
http://w
ww.heyokamagazine.com
Whirling Dervishes Wire Walk
Bob D
aemm
rich/ The Im
age Works
Selective Attention
We focus on a very limited aspect of what we experience and ignore the rest
Other forms of S.A. are change blindness and inattentional blindness
42
Facial Recognition
After blind adults regained sight, they
were able to recognize distinct features, but
were unable to recognize faces.
Normal observers also show difficulty in facial recognition when the
lower half of the pictures are changed.
43
Courtesy of R
ichard LeG
rand
Extrasensory Perception (ESP) The ability to perceive something without
ordinary sensory information. This has not been scientifically demonstrated.
Parapsychologists distinguish between three types of ESP: Telepathy – Mind-to-mind communication Clairvoyance – Perception of remote events Precognition – Ability to see future events
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
ESP