BOTANY by Carol Brouwer 1 BOTANY Carol Brouwer, Ph.D. Horticulturist http://www.flourishandbits.com Botanical Studies Taxonomy: classification and naming of plants Morphology: study of plant structures Physiology: study of plant functions Genetics: study of heredity TAXONOMY Classification of Plants Classification Systems 2 million living things Organize into groups Improves communication Different groups for different reasons Habitat Physical similarities Hierarchical Classification Taxonomy employs a hierarchical system of classification
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Botany - Taxonomy - Carol · PDF filePhylogeneticTree of Life Taxonomy Today Lumpers ... Bryophytes Marchantiophyta liverworts 6,000 ‐8,000 Anthocerotophyta hornworts 100 ‐200
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BOTANYby Carol Brouwer
1
BOTANY
Carol Brouwer, Ph.D.Horticulturist
http://www.flourishandbits.com
Botanical Studies
Taxonomy: classification and naming of plants
Morphology: study of plant structures
Physiology: study of plant functions
Genetics: study of heredity
TAXONOMYClassification of Plants
Classification Systems
2 million living things
Organize into groups
Improves communication
Different groups for different reasons
Habitat
Physical similarities
Hierarchical Classification
Taxonomy employs a hierarchical system of classification
BOTANYby Carol Brouwer
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Binomial System of Nomenclature
All species are named according to this system, which includes the authority for the name.
Genus – noun
Species – adjective
Spearmint: Mentha spicata L.
History: Aristotle (384 BCE –322 BCE)
1st to classify organisms
All plant essays lost
History: Theophratus (370‐285 BCE)
Classified 500 species of plants on the basis of leaf characteristics.
History: PedaniusDioscorides (40‐90 CE)
Materia Medica
Five‐volumes in Greek
One of the most influential herbal books in history
Remained in use until about CE 1600
History: Leonhart Fuchs (1501‐1566)
German physician
Baccalaureus Artium(BA)
1524 ‐Magister Artium(MA)
1524 ‐ doctor of medicine (MD)
History: Leonhart Fuchs (1501‐1566)
Fuchs’s History of Plants –1542
Offered botanical field days for the students
Demonstrated the use of medicinal plants in situ
Founded one of the first German botanical gardens
Plant and color Fuchsia are named for him by Charles Plumier
BOTANYby Carol Brouwer
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History: John Gerard (1545‐1611 or 12)
Gerard’s Herbal or General Histoire of Plantes ‐ 1597
English herbalist
History: Andrea Cesalpino (1519‐1603)
De plantis libri XVI ‐ 1583
Foundation for the morphology and physiology of plants
First scientific classification of flowering plants
Used the fruit as the foundation of his botanical system
Made original, acute observations on flowers, fruits, and seeds before the discovery of the microscope
Genus Cesalpinia
History: GaspardBauhin (1560 – 1624 )
Pinax theatri botanici(1596)
Classified thousands of plants
Used a precursor to binomial nomenclature
Bauhinia sp. is named for him
History: John Ray (1627‐1705)
English naturalist
Catalogus plantarum
626 plants listed
Historia Plantarum
Used system similar to Bauhin
First to use term “species”
History: Carl von Linne’ (1707‐1778)
Classify all known plants and animals according to their genera
Based on flower parts
Used Latin phrases to reflect relationships
Placing one to many kinds of species in each genus