Botany of Shoe and Slipper Island Group - Coromandel Peninsula Botany of Shoe... · TANE 20 1974 BOTANY OF SHOE ISLAND AND THE SLIPPER ISLAND GROUP - COROMANDEL PENINSULA INTRODUCTION

T A N E 20 1974

BOTANY OF SHOE ISLAND AND THE SLIPPER ISLAND GROUP -COROMANDEL PENINSULA

INTRODUCTION

Parts I — III of this paper are the results of observations and fieldwork carried out in the period 18 — 25th August 1973 during the Auckland University Field Club Scientific Camp at Shoe Island and the islands of the Slipper Group (Coromandel Peninsula — Auckland).

Hayward and Moore described these islands in this issue of Tane.

PART I: THE VEGETATION

by D.J. Court*

SUMMARY

The vegetation and flora of the islands varies according to their individual histories which includes, burning, clearing and introduction of rabbits. Penguin Is. and Rabbit Is. are equal in area, the former being grazed by rabbits with the latter free of herbivores. Regeneration after burning on Penguin Is. is therefore retarded but that on Rabbit Is. is good. Shoe Is. is also occupied by rabbits; nevertheless the present dense shrub cover should ensure that no severe effects will occur in the next decade. All these three islands are definitely worthy of preservation. Slipper Is., the largest of the group is farmed and indigenous vegetation remains only on the cliffs.

VEGETATION

A. Slipper Island Group Penguin Island: This small island is of interest as rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are

present and the vegetation at ground level is modified but not necessarily for the worse. A pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) canopy covers the island except on the north-eastern aspect where there is a rabbit maintained native grass pasture and of the south-western end where three small canopy gaps have enabled bracken (Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentumj to become established (Fig.l).

The vegetation appears similar to that drawn in 1954 by Cochrane5 during a survey of the Slipper Island Group. Rabbits are present in good numbers (three were sighted and another trapped) but are almost certainly in balance with the food supply.

•Department of Botany, University of Auckland.

56

Rabbit burrows are almost indistinguishable from those of the grey-faced petrels (Pterodroma macroptera) and some mixed usage may occur. It is likely that rabbits and petrels would be aggressive towards each other although no confrontations were observed.

Plant species sustaining visible rabbit damage and those plants apparently unpalatable are listed in Table I.

The whole island has been burnt at some time but most of the area has regenerated to pohutukawa 10m. in height. Before or soon after the last fire, rabbits may have been introduced so that the north-east pasture has resulted

I N D I C A T I V E S P E C I E S

Fig. 1. Plant communities on Penguin and Rabbit Islands.

57

from the elimination of tree seedling regeneration by the rabbits. An expected result of the recent clearing or fire at the south west end would be maintenance of the area as pasture; instead, there is tall bracken, and mahoe (Melicytus ramiflorus) seedlings surrounding these areas.

Table 1: Plants palatable and unpalatable to rabbits on Penguin Island

Palatable Adventive grasses Coprosma repens Carex inversa C. testacea Doodia media Galinsoga sp. Lachnagrostis filiformis Melicytus ramiflorus Morelotia affinis

Unpalatable Cheilanthes sieberi Cyathodes fraseri Euphorbia peplus Oxalis sp. Picris echioides

Core samples were taken from the few surrounding trees of mahoe for obtaining their age from the annual rings. Unfortunately no rings were visible and steady year-round growth appears to be occurring. Little has changed in the six years since the 1967 Wildlife report. This island is certainly worthy of preservation (for the nesting petrel population) and further, the presence of rabbits does not detract from the interest of the plant covering; under the pohutukawa forest grow large numbers of the uncommon fern-ally, Psilotum nudum. The removal of rabbits, though feasible, might not be desirable as the development of an understorey of Coprosma and mahoe could shade out the Psilotum on the presently open forest floor. Similarly, the interesting fern Cheilanthes sieberi growing on the pasture area, would be lost. (It is fairly certain that an understorey would develop on rabbit removal. A 20 m. wide transect from the north-east to the south-west extremities of the island included 314 Coprosma repens seedlings less than 20 cm. high, yet only two plants larger than this were present).

Rabbit Island: No sign of rabbits was found on the island. Forest vegetation is composed

of mahoe, pohutukawa and mixed pohutukawa/mahoe communities; the only open area is a small patch of bracken on the northern-most point. Fig. 1.

The absence of rabbits and a different firing history have allowed the development of a very different vegetation to that on Penguin Island. The forest possesses a dense subcanopy of mahoe under which tree seedlings regeneration occurs rarely. The presence of tawapou (Planchonella novozelandica reported in 1967 was confirmed and several seedlings of this species were found. Remnant, senescent manuka (Leptospermum scopariumj and Cyathodes fasciculata in the midst of the mahoe indicates the transition from scrub to forest. The diversity of forest communities seems to have been caused by an uneven onset of regeneration, i.e. staggered regeneration from area to area due to repeated or

58

later firing in some areas. This may be supported by a typical example; 17m. high pohutukawa abutted directly onto a sector of dense 5m. high mahoe. The vegetation appears to be in a state similar to that on Ruamahua-iti Is. of the Alderman Group. 6 Regeneration of the following species was noted: Coprosma robusta, Macropiper excelsum, Planchonella nove-zelandica, Melicytus ramiflorus and Pseudopanax arboreus.

When the depleted seed source is considered, regeneration could be classed as good. Rabbit Is. is a good example of a relatively unspoiled plant community and the comparison of Rabbit Is. (with no rabbits) with Penguin Is. (with rabbits) is of particular interest.

Slipper Island (Whakahau): In contrast to the other islands, Slipper has been farmed for many years.

Cochrane5 gives a good description of the geography and vegetation and no great changes have since occurred. The dwarfed manuka covering some of the western slopes is now in poor condition and is being opened up by cattle. No manuka regeneration of significance is present and nearly all the island is in pasture.

The very steep cliffs preserve an intact cliff community dominated by pohutukawa. The only other vegetation remaining from the original coastal forest includes several senescent and exposed specimens of rewa rewa (Knightia excelsa), pohutukawa and mahoe. A red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) eating mahoe seeds was observed on the ground for over half an hour. It scratched away leaves to expose the small shiny black seeds embedded in the earth.

B. Shoe Island. (Motuhoa Poka Ra). The whole island has been burnt save for isolated trees (e.g. Cordyline

australis and rewa rewa) and the single valley of coastal forest. The fires were probably lit by muttonbirders to improve access over the island. A remarkably dense scrub has resulted (despite the presence of rabbits) which includes several communities. (Fig. 2).

Many signs of rabbits were found but no dramatic or obvious effects of the browsing were noted (Table 2). Although the island is well covered in woody vegetation these animals could be significantly affecting the long term regeneration of coastal forest.

Table 2: Plants palatable to rabbits on Shoe Island

Acianthus fornicatus var. sinclairii Coprosma Carex sp. Coprosma robusta Doodia media Geniostoma ligustrifolium Hebe stricta var. macroura Pterostylis trullifolia Thelymitra sp.

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Shore and cliff vegetation. An apparently intact but sparse vegetation grows around this exposed and steep sided island. The species include most of those already listed for islands of the Auckland province in past issues of TANE.

Mixed scrub (2-3 m.) Covering 70% of the area of the island, this scrub makes access extremely difficult. Densely interwoven manuka, bracken Phormium tenax, hangehange (Geniostoma ligustrifolium) and mingimingi (Cyathodes fasciculata) shade a thick carpet of ground lichens and herbs.

Pohutukawa light forest (7 m.) In this community the trees are tall enough to have formed a canopy an a distinctive ground cover (the ferns Asplenium

Fig. 2. Plant communities on Shoe Island.

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lucidum, Pyrrosia serpens and the herbs Haloragis sp. and Astelia banksii). Mahoe scrub (3-4m.) Almost a dwarf forest, the scrub covers extensive

areas in the larger valleys. A superabundant Asplenium lucidum ground cover is present, but few other smaller plants can grow, due to smothering by the heavy leaf fall from the mahoe.

Tall coastal forest (15m.) Tall forest survives only in a single valley adjacent to Shag Bay. The species and size of plant present may indicate the nature of the original coastal forest. Large specimens of pohutukawa, karaka (Corynocarpus laevigata) and a single puriri ( Vitex lucens) were the only sizeable trees remaining. The combination of few seed trees and the browsing of rabbits would explain the lack of tree seedlings (including the tawapou, Planchonella novo-zelandica) save for a few karaka seedlings.

Young pohutukawas are scattered throughout the scrub and indicate a degree of forest regeneration. Possibly at least a further twenty years will be required for the thinning out of the scrub cover under a tree canopy. The rate of forest regeneration is and will be dependent upon: (a) Size of seed source (at present reduced). (b) Effect of rabbits upon seedling establishment.

The small, though significant number of rabbits may in fact be 'maintaining' the scrub in its present condition by allowing few seedlings of large tree species to survive.

V A S C U L A R F L O R A

The nomenclature of the plants listed, excepting grasses, follows Al l an , 1 2

Clapham, eta.* Healy9 and Moore and Edgar.11 Names of grasses follow Cheeseman3 and Zotov. 1 3

The flora listed for Slipper Island is incomplete. Few of the many introduced species were collected but an attempt has been made to note all native species remaining. All the adventive species found on the other three islands are noted. The fern flora is fully described in Part II by Wright,1 2 and the lichens studied in Part III by Hayward and Hayward.7

Number of species inclusive of all islands = 165

Account must be taken of the many adventives not recorded from Slipper Island.

KEY FOR SPECIES LIST: SH : Shoe Island SL : Slipper Island PE : Penguin Island RA : Rabbit Island * '• Adventive species

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S P E C I E S C O M M O N N A M E Island

Trees and Shrubs (38)

Brachygkittus repanda Carmichaelia sp. Cassinia retorta Coprosma repens C. robusta Cordyline australis Coriaria arborea Corynocarpus laevigata Cyathodes fasciculata Dodonea viscosa Dysoxylum spectabile Erica lusitanica * Entelea arborescens Geniostoma ligustrifolium Hebe stricta var. macroura Hymenanthera novaezelandiae Knight in excelsa Leptospermum ericoides L. scoparium Macropiper excelsum Melicope ternata Melicytus ramiflorus Metrosideros excelsa Myoporum laetum Myrsine australis Phormium tenax Pinus radiata * P. pinaster * Pittosporum crassifolium Planchonella novo-zelandica Pomaderris phylicifolia var. ericifolia P. prunifolia var. edgerlyi x P. rugosa P. rugosa (erect and prostrate) Pseudopanax arboreus P. lessonii Rhabdothamnus solandri Solanum aviculare Vitex lucens Lianes (6) Clematis paniculata Metrosideros perforata Muehlenbeckia complexa Rubus fruticosus agg.* Sicyos angulata Tetragonia trigyna

Rangiora N.Z. Broom

Taupata

Cabbage Tree Tutu Karaka Mingi mingi Akeake Kohekohe Heather Whau Hange hange

Rewa rewa Kanuka Manuka Kawakawa

Mahoe Pohutukawa Ngaio Mapou N.Z. Flax Radiata pine

Karo Tawapou

Houpara Waiu-atua Poroporo Puriri

Rata Pohuehue

Blackberry

Climbing N.Z. spinach.

SH +

+ + + + + + + + + +

+ +

+ + + + + + +

+ + +

+ + + +

SL PE RA

+ + +

+ +

+ + +

+ +

+ + +

+ + + +

+ + +

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Grasses (9) Cortaderia toetoe C. sp. Glyceria sp. * Holcus lanatus * Lachnagrostis filiformis agg. Oplismenus imbecillus Paspalum sp. * Stipa teretifolia Poa anceps Other herbaceous monocots (26) Acianthus fornicatus var. sinclairii Arthropodium cirratum Astelia banksii A. solandri A sp. Car ex inversa C. testacea C. sp. Collospermum hastatum Cordyline banksii C. pumilio Cyperus ustulatus Dendrobium cunninghamii Dianella nigra Juncus gregifloris J. microcephalus* Lepidosperma laterale Luzula banksiana Morelotia affinis Potamogeton cheesemanii Pterostylis trullifolia Scirpus cernuus S. nodosus Thelymitra sp. Typha orientalis Zostera capricorni Small composites (10) Cirsium vulgare * Cotula australis Cotula coronopifolia Erigeron floribundus * Gnaphalium collinum G. sp. * Hypochoeris radicata * Picris echioides * Senecio lautus Sonchus oleraceus *

Toetoe

Floating Sweet Grass Yorkshire fog

Renga lily Wharawhara

Kahakaha

Raupo Sea grass

Scotch thistle Bachelors buttons

Fleabane

Catsear Oxtongue

Sow thistle

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Other herbaceous dicots (38) SL SH RA

Acaena anserinifolia + + + Anagallis arvensis * + + + Apium australe N.Z. celery + + + Brassica oleracea * Wild cabbage + Centella uniflora + Cyathodes fraseri + + + + Dichondra repens Mercury Bay Weed + + + + Disphyma australe N.Z. Ice Plant + + + + Drosera auriculata Sun dew + + + Euphorbia glauca + E. peplus * Milkweed + + -t + Galinsoga sp. * +

Geranium homeanum + + + Haloragis erecta + + H. micron thus + H. procumbens + Hydrocotyle americana + H. microphylla + Linum monogynum N.Z. Linen Flax + Lobelia anceps Shore lobelia + t- + Ludwigia palustris * Water purslane + Medicago arabica * Spotted Bur Medick + M. lupulina * Black Medick + Modiola caroliniana * + Myriophyllum elatinoides + Nicotiana tabaccum * Wild Tobacco + Oxalis sp. + + + Pelargonium inodorum + Peperomia urvilleana + + + Pimelea prostrata Native daphne + + Polycarpon tetraphyllum * + Polygonum ? persicaria * Willow weed + Phytolacca octandra * Inkweed + + + + Ranunculus hirtus + Rumex acetosella * Sorrel + Salicornia australis Glasswort + + + + Samolus repens Sea primrose + + Scleranthus biflorus +

Solanum nigrum * Black nightshade + + +

Total adventives 14 18t 7 10 Total indigenous 65 64 42 36 Total ferns (See Part II) 28 23 20 9 TOTAL SPECIES 107 105 69 55

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank those who assisted in plant identification: Mr J.E. Braggins, for identifying Scleranthus biflorus, Dr A.E . Orchard and Mrs P. Hynes for checking and mounting specimens at the Herbarium of the Auckland Institute and Museum; lastly, thanks are due to the Field Club party who assisted in plant collecting.

REFERENCES

1. Allan, H.H. 1940 'A handbook of the naturalized flora of New Zealand.' Government Printer, Wellington. 2. Allan, H.H. 1961 'Flora of New Zealand,' Vol. I. Government Printer, Wellington. 3. Cheeseman, T.F. 1925 'Manual of the New Zealand Flora,' Second Edition. Government Printer, Wellington. 4. Clapham, A.R. et al 1962 'Flora of the British Isles, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press. 5. Cochrane, G.R. 1954 'A Geography of Northland's outlying islands with special reference to the vegetation and its cultural modification.' 6. Court, D.J. 1973 "The Vegetation of the Alderman Islands: A Reappraisal.'. Tane 19:

41-60. 7. Hayward, B.W. and Moore, P.R. 1974 'Auckland University Field Club Scientific Camp to Shoe Island and the Slipper Island Group, August 1973' (this issue of TANE). 7. Hayward, B.W. and Hayward, G.C. 1974 'Botany of Shoe Island and the Slipper Island Group - Part III Lichens.' This issue of T A N E . 8. Hayward, B.W. and Moore, P.R. 1974 'Auckland University Field Club Scientific Camp to Shoe Island and the Slipper Island Group, August 1973.' This issue of T A N E . 9. Healy, A.J. 1970 'Identification of Weeds and Clovers.' Editorial Services Limited Wellington. 10. Merton, D.V. et al 1967 Internal Affairs Department File. 11. Moore, L.B., Edgar, E . 1970 'Flora of New Zealand,' Vol. 2. Government Printer, Wellington. 12. Wright, A .E . 1974 'Botany of Shoe Island and the Slipper Island Group - Part II The Ferns and Fern Allies,' this issue of T A N E . 13. Zotov, V.D. 1963 Synopsis of the grass family Arundinoidea in New Zealand. N.Z.J.Bot. 1:78-136.

Note added in proof: The animals on Shoe Island may prove to be hares, not rabbits! (No specimens were seen during August 1973 and more-recent visitors to the island claim to have observed a hare-like animal. This does not affect our Penguin Island identification.)

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TANE 20: 1974

BOTANY OF SHOE ISLAND AND THE SLIPPER ISLAND GROUP PART II: THE FERNS AND FERN ALLIES

by A . E . Wright*

SUMMARY

The majority of ferns found on the islands, are typical of mainland coastal forests, although many species usually epiphytic occur terrestrially. The small fern floras with few filmy ferns indicate a possible limitation caused by summer drought. Most of the dominant ferns e.g. Phymatodes diversifolium, Polystichum richardii, Asplenium lucidum and Doodia media are xerophytic in character. The main features of the fern populations are discussed and a species list is presented for each of the islands. Nomenclature follows Allan. 1

SLIPPER ISLAND (WHAKAHAU).

Although this island is extensively farmed, a variety of places do exist in which the more common New Zealand ferns grow. These habitats are largely comprised of areas inaccessible to stock, such as cliffs and rocky streams.

The cliffs surrounding much of the island are dominated by Asplenium lucidum, Polystichum richardii and Pyrrosia serpens. In the rocky crevices of one accessible north-eastern boulder beach, several small colonies of fertile Asplenium obtusatum were found, the only other plant growing in the harsh conditions being the native celery, Apium australe. Most plants of A. obtusatum were no more than 10cm in height, very thickened and fleshy in the direct sunlight. Two plants were taken for further study.

Table 1: Species list for ferns of Slipper Island. Most common habitat and relative abundance are given. Abbreviations as follows:

a abundant c common u uncommon r rare 1 one plant only

PSILOPSIDA Psilotaceae Psilotum nudum c dripping cliffs FILICOPSIDA Adiantiaceae Adiantum aethiopicum r exposed coast

A. cunninghamii u dripping cliffs A. hispidulum a rocky pasture Cheilanthes distans c rocky pasture C. sieberi grassy cliffs

•Department of Botany, University of Auckland

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Pellaea falcata r coastal cliff P. rotundifolia r shaded stream

Aspleniaceae Asplenium falcatum Pinus fork A. lucidum a coastal cliffs A. obtusatum u coastal cliffs

Blechnaceae Blechnum capense c streams Doodia media a rocky pastures

Cyatheaceae Cyathea dealbata r stream bed C. medullaris r cliffs

Dicksoniaceae Dicksonia squarrosa stream bed Dryopteridaceae Polystichum richardii a cliffs Polypodiaceae Phymatodes diversifolium c trees and rocks

Pyrrosia serpens c trees and rocks Pteridaceae Paesia scaberula stream bank

Pteridium aquilinum var esculentum c cliffs Pteris tremula u streams

Scattered clumps of Psilotum nudum were found on wet inland rock outcrops to the north-west. This species also appeared to be thriving in the full light conditions of the open cliff.

The most interesting fern locality was the stream above the Shearer's House. Here, fifteen species were found; most notably the only specimens of Dicksonia squarrosa and Cyathea dealbata. Both were fertile and the Dicksonia exceeded 3m in height. They appear to be remnants of the former coastal forest. Also in this stream the only recordings of Asplenium falcatum and A. flaccidum were made, the former growing in the forks of an introduced Pinus sp.

The paleate Cheilanthes distans and reduced forms of Adiantum hispidulum and Doodia media grew around most rocks in the pastures.

Perhaps the most unusual fern record was that of Adiantum aethiopicum, the true maidenhair growing in almost as harsh conditions as Asplenium obtusatum. Only one well defined colony was found, 6m 2 in area and only 4m above sea level. It grew in a very exposed situation amid stunted grasses and appeared to have endured the recent period of salt burning better than most of the surrounding plants; this indicated remarkable tenacity for what is usually regarded as a delicate soft fern.

PENGUIN ISLAND

The most abundant fern Asplenium lucidum formed a groundcover over much of the island. With the exception of three areas of bracken (Pteridium esculentum var. aquilinum) and the grassy northern point, A. lucidum was dominant down to sea spray level. It appeared unaffected by salt splash and spray at the foot of the cliffs. Groundcover consisted almost entirely of ferns excepting an area of flax (Phormium tenax) on the southern end and the grassed area previously noted. As Court 2 suggests, this is probably due to rabbits browsing the seedlings of more palatable plants.

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Table 2: Species list for Penguin Island. Abbreviations etc. as for Table 1:

PSILOPSIDA Psilotaceae Psilotum nudum a open light forest FILICOPSIDA Adiantiaceae Adiantum hispidulum c open ground

Cheilanthes sieberi c grassland Aspleniaceae Asplenium falcatum r Pohutukawa roots

A. flaccidum r coastal rocks A. lucidum a throughout

Blechnaceae Blechnum capense u dry open ground B. filiforme c terrestrial Doodia media c open forest

Cyatheaceae Cyathea dealbata r open forest C. medullaria r open forest

Dennstaedtiaceae Hypolepis tenuifolia c shady forest Dicksoniaceae Dicksonia squarrosa u open forest Dryopteridaceae Polystichum richardii u open forest Hymenophyllaceae Hymenophyllum multifidum r Pohutukawa roots

H. sanguinolentum u Pohutukawa roots Polypodiaceae Phymatodes diversifolium c coastal rocks

Pyrrosia serpens c rocks Pteridaceae Pteridium aquilinum var esculentum a breaks in forest

Pteris tremula C amongst Phormium

Large quantities of Psilotum nudum were growing vigorously on the summit plateau, beneath light and open pohutukawa forest. It was abundant only in non-shaded areas — never was it found growing close to other vegetation; rather in the open spaces between the larger trees. Three stages of growth were present. 1. Young fronds with stipes some 12cm and branchlets 4cm in length. 2. Mature, fertile specimens with similar stipe lengths but with branchlets 10cm and over in length. 3. Dying, browned specimens.

Also under the pohutukawa canopy were bracken plants growing as the dwarf shade form. It is possible that these represent the remains of bracken scrub through which the pohutukawas grew thirty or forty years ago. (Court pers. comm.)

Treeferns were rare, there being a few Cyathea dealbata and C. medullaris and a small colony of Dicksonia squarrosa. Although both the C. dealbata and Dicksonia were fertile, sporelings were not found; the very dry spongy surface could be inimical to sexual reproduction and the Dicksonia colony due to vegetative reproduction by underground stolons.

Two filmy ferns were matted together in the tangled roots of the forest pohutukawas. Both were very small (fronds 2 - 3cm) and tightly coiled even after recent rain.

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The most interesting Cheilanthes sieberi grew in abundance in the northern grassed area. It thrived untouched in the rabbit-grazed pasture and some specimens attained 15cm in height. Several were collected for further study. It is interesting to note that the C. distans found on Slipper Island was not found on this island, and that the C. sieberi of Penguin was seen only once on Slipper (a small colony grew on the grassy cliff of the point closest to Penguin Is. This colony may have been derived from spores dispersed from Penguin by the prevailing west wind.)

RABBIT ISLAND

During the short two hour visit a fairly complete survey was made. In terms of both numbers of species and abundance of plants present this island seemed to be the least suitable for ferns. This is probably caused by the extremely dense mahoe (Melicytus ramiflorus understorey which covered most of the island. On the forest floor light intensity is very low and even Asplenium lucidum was uncommon in the denser areas. In this respect Psilotum was notably absent. The open habitats of Psilotum on the other islands would imply that this is a light demanding species.

The treeferns were represented by the ponga (Cyathea dealbata) and were far more numerous than on the other islands of the Slipper Group. In places strong regrowth of this fern included individuals reaching 1.5m in height.

Only nine species of ferns were found on Rabbit Island (c.f. Court 2 and parallel drawn between Rabbit and Ruamahua-iti Island of the Alderman Group).

Table 3: Species list for Rabbit Island. Abbreviations etc. as for Table 1.

1 1LICOPSIDA Adiantiaceae Pellaea falcata r grassy clifftops Aspleniaceae Asplenium lucidum c forest and cliff Blechnaceae Doodia media c forest clearings Cyatheaceae Cyathea dealbata c forest gaps Dryopteridaceae Polystichum richardii u dry forest Polypodiaceae Phymatodes diversifolium c light forest

Pyrrosia serpens c cliffs Pteridaceae Pteridium aquilinum var esculentum c clearings, grass

Pteris tremula r shaded clifftop

SHOE ISLAND (MOTUHOA POKA RA)

The fern flora of this island contained remnants of a more complex and mature forest cover. The higher incidence of filmy ferns, the small amount of

69

Lygodium articulatum and the scores of dead, stillstanding treefern trunks were ample evidence. With the larger island there is an increased range of habitats and plant associations available to the ferns.

Dense scrub canopy probably precludes the common presence of Psilotum; one very small colony was found. The psilopsid Tmesipteris was found growing in numbers on the bark of a single pohutukawa. The pendant Lycopodium billardieri grew both terrestrially and as an epiphyte on manuka (Leptospermum scoparium).

Treefern regeneration was good although confined to a single species {Cyathea dealbata). Only one specimen of C. medullaris was seen; an escapee of the burnings and it easily overtopped the surrounding regrowth of hange hange {Geniostoma liguistrifolium) and bracken.

Asplenium lucidum was dominant as groundcover over large areas (especially beneath mahoe). A. flaccidum was widespread on the northern side of Shag Bay (beneath a shag colony). Both pendulous and short erect forms grew within decimeters of each other. An interesting spleenwort with characters intermediate between A. lucidum and A. flaccidum was found in the northern stream valley. Other species found exclusively in Shag Bay were Pteris comans and Histiopteris incisa, the latter growing in extremely rich soil and leaf mould amongst asteliads.

The ferns of the southern stream valley indicated that this area had escaped the more recent burnings. Four filmy ferns were presented (including kidney fern {Trichomanes reniformes) together with two epiphytes, Blechnum filiforme (2m above ground level and fertile) and Phymatodes scandens l m above ground level on mahoe trunks.

Table 4: Species list for Shoe Island. Abbreviations etc. as for Table 1.

PSILOPSIDA Psilotaceae Tmesopteris tannensis r epiphytic

Psilotum nudum I open forest LYCOPSIDA

open forest

Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium billardieri u manuka scrub FILICIPSIDA Adiantiaceae Adiantum cunninghamii e damp rocks

A. hispidulum c dry rocks Aspleniaceae Asplenium falcatum u coastal trees

A. flaccidum c coastal earth A. lucidum a throughout A. lucidum x flaccidum l stream bank

Blechnaceae Blechnum capense u stream bank B. filiforme C ground form B. lanceolatum open dry forest Doodia media c open forest

Cyatheaceae Cyathea dealbata c throughout C. medullaris regrowth

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Dennstaedtiaceae Hypolpis tenuifolia c bracken regrowth mahoe scrub

Dryopteridaceae Polystichum richardii u dry forest Hymenophyllaceae Hymenophyllum dilatatum c open forest

H. rarum r stream H. sanguinolentum r stream Trichomanes reniforme u open forest

Polypodiaceae Phymatodes diversifolium a throughout P. scandens u stream Pyrrosia serpens c dry rocks

Pteridaceae Histopteris incisa u coastal bank Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentum a regrowth Pteris comans c coastal shade P. tremula c shaded forest

Schizaeaceae Lygodium articulatum stream

A form of Hypolepis tenuifolia over a metre tall occurred commonly amidst the bracken on the summit. The bracken itself towered over two metres with stipe and rhizome up to 15mm in thickness.

Twenty-five species of fern and three fern-allies were found on Shoe Island.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Mr J.E. Braggins for critically reading the manuscript, and Mr D.J. Court for valuable advice and discussion.

REFERENCES

1. Allan, H.H. 1961: The Flora of New Zealand, Govt. Printer, Wellington. 2. Court, D.J. 1974: Botany of Shoe Island and the Slipper Island Group - Coromandel Peninsula. Part 1. The vegetation. Tane 20 (This issue).

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T A N E 20 1974

BOTANY OF SHOE ISLAND AND THE SLIPPER ISLAND GROUP -COROMANDEL PENINSULA

PART III. LICHENS

by B.W. Hayward* and Glenys C. Haywardf

SUMMARY

One hundred and twelve lichen species belonging to thirty-five genera are recorded from Shoe Island and the Slipper Island Group (Slipper Island — 68 spp.; Penguin Island - 66 spp.; Rabbit Island - 38 spp.; Watchman Rock -6 spp.; Shoe Island - 49 spp.).

Lichens on marine and maritime rocks are divided into the following zones (in ascending order): marine black zone (Arthopyrenia, Lichina, Verrucaria; bare rock; yellow and grey-white zone (Xanthoria, Caloplaca, Buellia, Pertusaria); green zone (Parmelia, Ramalina, Anaptychia). Lichens growing on grassland boulders show zonation as a result of sunlight and wind exposure. Parmelia isidiigera, P. cf. adpicta, Buellia and Xanthoria are predominant on the exposed upper rock surfaces and Parmelia cetrata, P. reticulata, Anaptychia, Stereocaulon, Cladonia, Usnea, Megalospora and Pertusaria are all more numerous on the sheltered south-south-east faces.

The lichen associations of pohutukawa-lined cliff-tops, pohutukawa and pohutukawa/mahoe coastal forest, as well as from clearings in coastal forest are also described.

INTRODUCTION

The lichens recorded here were collected and studied during the A.U.F.C. Scientific Camp in August 1973. The authors devoted most of the time to collecting on Slipper Island, but made two visits to each of Penguin and Rabbit Islands and one visit to Watchman Rock (Fig. 1). The species list also records lichens from Shoe Island that were collected by members of a small party that spent two days there. Species lists for all islands other than Shoe can be regarded as fairly complete, containing all the more common lichens.

All lichens are held in the authors' collection, and many duplicates are held by the Auckland Museum and Dr D.J. Galloway, Botany Division, D.S.I.R.

•Department of Geology, University of Auckland. fC / - Biology Department, Auckland Girls' Grammar School.

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D S H O E I S . N

S L I P P E R IS

N o r t h T r i g

o I K H

W a t c h m a n R o c k

H o m e B a y

5A ~ \

A; - N

X 7 R a b b i t

Fig. 1: Upper inset - Map of Shoe Island and Slipper Island Group. Lower - Map of Slipper Island Group with location of major collections from various habitats arrowed.

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SPECIES LIST

SI = Slipper Island, Pe = Penguin Island, Ra = Rabbit Island,WR= Watchman Rock, Sh = Shoe Island.

The habitat in which each species occurs is indicated by: (a) Habitat - 1A = intertidal, IB = maritime; 2 = grassland; 3 = cliff-top; 4A =

pohutukawa coastal forest, 4B = pohutukawa/mahoe coastal forest; 5 = clearings in coastal forest — 5A = grassed, 5B = bracken-covered.

(b) substrate — t = tree bark, p = pohutukawa bark, m = mahoe bark; r = rocks; s = soil; b = clay bank. The location of collection sites from the various habitats are shown in Fig.

SPECIES SI Pe Ra WR Sh

Buelliaceae IBr Buellia alboatrum B. stellulata lBr,2r IBr B. cf. punctata 2t 4Ar B. cf.subdisciformis 2r IBr Buellia 4spp.+ lBr,2rt IBr IBr IBr x

Caloplacaceae Caloplaca holocarapa 2r IBr IBr IBr Caloplaca 3spp. 2r,3r IBr IBr x

Cladoniaceae Baeomyces fungoides 2b Cladonia caras&emis 5As 3s C. capitellata f. degenerata 3s C. capitellata f. fastigiata 5As C. cervicornis 2i 5As 3rs C. chlorophaea 5As C. coniocraea 2s 5As x C. enantia 2s C. farinacea var pinnata 5As C. fimbriata 2r x C. leptoclada 5As x C. pityrea i. subacuta 5As C. pityrea var phyllophora 3s x C. pyxidata 5As C. scabriuscula x C. turgida 5As x C. vulcanica x C. cf. borbonica 2rs,3s 3s 3s C. cf. cylindrica x C. cf. rigida 5As

Clathrinaceae Cladia aggregata 2rs,3pr 5As 3rs

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Collemaceae SI Pe Ra Collema sp A 2t,3i 4Ar 4Bm Collema sp B

Dermatocarpaceae Normandina sp 4Ap

Graphidaceae Graphis scripta 5At Graphis sp 2t lBr,4Bm

Lecanoraceae Lecanora 3 spp. 2t,3r 1 Br,3r,4Ar,5At IBr

Lecideaceae Bacidia sp IBr Catillaria melaclina 2t Catillaria sp lBr,4Ap 4Bm Lecidea cf. albipraetexta L. cf. meiospora IBr Lecidea 3 spp. + 2fb,3r 4Ap,5At lBr,3rs,4Bm Megalospora sulphurata 2r,3r Megalospora sp 2r 1 Br

Lichinaceae Lichina confinis

Pannariaceae Cococarpia cronia 4Ar Pannaria fulvescens 2i 4Ar Pannaria sp lBi,3r Parmeliella sp 3p Psoroma 2 spp. 3p 5At

Parmeliaceae Hypogymnia subphysodes 3p 4Ap Parmelia cf. adpicta 2r,3i 1 Br P. cf. arnoldii 4Ap P. cetrata 2tr,3pr lBr,3s 1 Br P. furcata 4Ar 3r P. cf. glomellifera IBr IBr P. isidiigera lBr,2r,3r lBr,5As lBr,3r P. labrosa 4Ap P. cf. molliuscula 3r P. perlata 4Ar 3r P. reticulata lBr,2tr,3prs 4Ap,5At,5Br IBr P. spumosa 4Ap P. subcrinita 2r,3s 4Ap,5At lBr,4Bm P. cf. testacea 2t P. tinctorum Parmelia 3 spp. 2t IBr

Pertusariaceae Pertusaria cupalaris 3r 4Apr P. cf. laevis 4Ap Pertusaria spp. lBr,2tr,3i IBr

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Anaptychia obscurata 3prs lBr,3s,4Apr,5Br lBr,3rs \

A. pseudospeciosa lBr,2rt IBr Physcia sp 4Bm

Pyrenulaceae

Arthopyrenia sp Clathroporina sp 2t Pyrenula sp X

Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulon ramulosum 2rs,3rs

Stictaceae Pseudocyphellaria aurata 3p 3p,4Apr X

P. crocata 2r,3rs 3s,4Ar X

P. flavicans 3pr X

Sticta coriacea 3r S. subcoriacea 3pr X

S. sylvatica X

S. variabilis X

Teloschistaceae Teloschistes chrysophthalmus f. cinereus 2t 5At

Xanthoria polycarpa 5At X, parietina var parietina lBt,2t,3r IBr IBr IBr x X. parietina var parietina f. chlorina

Thelotremaceae Thelotrema sp 4Ap X

Usneaceae Ramalina cf. farinacea • 4Ap R. cf. menziesii 2t lBr,3s,4Ap lBr,3rs X

Ramalina 2 spp. lBr,3r IBr Usnea rubescens 2r,3pr 4Apr,5At X

Usnea 8 spp. + 2tr,3pr 4Apr,5At lBr,3r X

Verrucariaceae Verrucaria maura

Total species ] 12 68 66 38 6 49 Total genera 35 29 28 21 S 21

Fig. 2: Diagrammatic profiles showing zonation patterns of marine and maritime lichens on two rocky shores. Location of profiles shown on map of Slipper Island: transect I at South Bay and transect II at north-west bay. Key to lichens: A. Verrucaria maura, B. Lichina confinis, C. black fungus, D. Buellia spp., E. Caloplaca holocarpa and Pertusaria sp., F. Xanthoria parietina, G. Parmelia isidiigera, II. Anaptychia, I. Ramalina, J. Parmelia reticulata, K. Parmelia cf. glomellifera.

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LICHEN ASSOCIATIONS

1. Maritime - marine Maritime-marine lichens were collected on all islands except Shoe. All

lichens recorded from the 10m high Watchman Rock belong to these zones. This rock has an unusually sparse maritime lichen flora on its rhyolitic rock faces. The only non-crustose lichens present are Xanthoria parientina and Parmelia sp. These grow in small numbers on the branches of stunted Coprosma on the very top of the rock. The remaining lichens consist of four crustose saxicolous (rock-inhabiting) lichens.

The saxicolous maritime-marine lichens of Slipper, Penguin and Rabbit Islands have a greater diversity and occur in distinct zones at various levels above and below high tide. The variation possible in this zonation is diagramatically shown in Fig. 2 on two transects up the rocky shore situated on opposite sides of Slipper Island. The following zones can be recognised:— (a) Black zone of marine lichens - Arthopyrenia is the lowest lichen on the

seashore having a scattered distribution but always occurring as a black, tarry crust on barnacles. Black filmy Verrucaria maura and black tufted Lichina confinis occur in a zone between high tide mark and 1.5m below it. No other lichens occur below high tide. A bare rock zone devoid of lichens occurs immediately above high tide and extends higher on exposed shores than on sheltered.

(b) Yellow and grey-white zone — On all but the most exposed shorelines this zone is conspicuously yellow due to the presence of Xanthoria (transect I, Fig. 2). Other lichens that occur on the rocks of the lower-mid maritime zone are crustose Buellia and Pertusaria and orange-fruited Caloplaca hobcarpa On exposed coasts (transect II, Fig. 2) not only is this zone much broader but it lacks the distinctive yellow of Xanthoria which only occurs as scattered plants and these generally in higher zones.

(c) Green zone — Green and grey-green foliose Parmelia species are character­istic of the upper maritime zone, but lichens from the yellow and grey-white zone also extend into the upper maritime though in reduced numbers. Yellow-green, isidiate Parmelia isidiigera generally extends lower in the maritime zone than the light grey P. reticulata. Olive-green P. cf. glomellifera, Anaptychia pseudospeciosa, A. obscurata and Ramalina are confined to this green zone as are all other foliose and fruticose species recorded from this habitat. Other crustose species also occur irregularly in the upper two zones on maritime rocks.

2. Grassland The majority of Slipper Island is grassland except for the steep cliff-faces.

Patches of grazed and trampled low manuka heath occur on steeper slopes but

Fig, 3: Representative lichens from Shoe Island and the Slipper Island Group, a. fruiting pixie-cup Cladonia species (x2), b. sorediate Cladonia species (xl). c. Cladia aggregata (xl), d. Parmelia reticulata (xl), e. Usnea sp. (x2/3), f. Sticta coriacea (x2/3), g. Ramalina sp. (x2/3), h. Pseudocyphellaria aurata (x2/3), i. Graphis scripta (x2).

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contain no lichens. Trees, other than the cliff-top pohutukawas, occur singly in the paddocks (e.g. mahoe, Melicytus ramiflorus; ngaio, Myoporum laetum and rewarewa, Knightia excelsa ) or in small groves (pines, Pinus pinaster and P. radiata). The bark of these trees are liberally covered with a wide variety of lichens, particularly Xanthoria, yellow tufted Teloschistes chrysophthalmus, and several species of Parmelia, Usnea, Ramalina and Anaptychia. Crustose lichens abound, notably plants of Graphis (Fig. 3i), Buellia, Lecidea, Lecanora, Pertusaria, Clathroporina and Catillaria.

Clay banks are rare on Slipper Island, but one in a bulldozed cutting beside the airstrip has an assemblage of pink-fruited Baeomyces fungoides and crustose Lecidea. Occasionally where the grass is thinner, species of Cladonia and Cladia aggregata (Fig. 3c) occur but generally epigean (earth-inhabiting) lichens are not found in the grassed paddocks.

Many parts of the grassed island are covered in scattered andesite boulders one such place is a steep north-west facing gully directly behind the south end of Home Bay (Fig. 1). Here, because of the high surrounding hill to the south and east, the south-eastern and southern sides of the rocks are in shade most of the day. On the other hand, the upper and to a lesser extent the steep north and north-western rock faces receive a great deal of direct sunlight and also wind exposure. To study the effects of these factors on saxicolous lichens, two sets of measurements were made. In the first, two large boulders were chosen and on each, two 30cm wide transects, at right angles to each other, were studied. The percentage cover of each major lichen species was recorded every 30cm (Fig. 4). In the second, the percentage lichen cover was recorded for each of three 30cm square quadrats on twenty rocks. These were placed on the upper surface and on 70 to 90° sloping sides facing south-south-east and north-north-west (Table 1).

Combining these results it can be seen that although the total lichen cover is approximately the same (80%) on all sides except the overhangs, the species dominance is variable. Almost everywhere the foliose Parmelia plants comprise over 80% of the lichen cover. The dominant species is the yellow-green isidiate P. isidiigera on the flat upper surfaces and the light grey species P. reticulata (Fig, 3d) and P. cetrata on the rock sides. The obviously hardier species P. isidiigera along with the hardy Buellia, Parmelia cf. adpicta and Xanthoria, occurs in greater numbers on the exposed upper and north-west faces than on the sheltered south-east faces.

The shaded, sheltered and damper south-south-east faces support a more diverse lichen flora including the only fruiticose species recorded — Usnea, Stereocaulon and Cladonia. Also confined to the sheltered sides is Pseudo-cyphellaria crocata with its golden soredia and dark brown thallus, while plants of Anaptychia pseudospeciosa, Megalospora and Pertusaria are more numerous here.

Fig. 4: Histograms showing lichen zonation over two boulders in grassland, Slipper Island. Key to lichens: A. Parmelia cetrata and P. reticulata, B. Parmelia isidiigera, C. Parmelia cf. adpicta, D. Stereocaulon, Usnea, Cladonia, Pseudocyphellaria and Anaptychia, E . Pertusaria, F. Megalospora, G . Buellia, H . black fungus.

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Table 1: Percentage cover of major saxicolous lichens in 30cm square quadrants, Home Bay, slipper Island. Average of measurements made on each of three faces on twenty rocks.

N.N.W. 70- flat upper S.S.E. 70-9 0 ° faces surfaces 9 0 ° faces

% % Parmelia cetrata and 71.5 14 62

P. reticulata Parmelia isidiigera 6.5 65 3 Anaptychia pseudospeciosa P - 5.5 Parmelia cf. adpicta - P -Buellia spp. 2 3.5 P Megalospora spp. - P 3.5 Pertusaria spp. P P 2 Stereocaulon ramulosum - - 0.5 Usnea spp. - - P Cladonia spp. - - 0.5 Pseudocyphellaria crocata - - P Xanthoria parietina P P -Total lichen cover 80.0 82.5 77.0 black fungus 1.5 P 2.5

p * present but less than 0.5% total cover.

3. Cliff-tops The cliff-tops of Slipper Island, like many around the northern New

Zealand coastline, are lined with pohutukawas (Metrosideros excelsa). Beneath their open canopy lie rocks and sparsely grassed rocky soil. North Trig, a high peninsula surrounded on three sides by cliffs, was chosen as a study area (Fig. 5). Not only is it lined with numerous pohutukawas but its former use by the Maoris as a fortified pa provides ample earth bank and rock exposures for lichen associations.

Lichens growing on the rough-barked pohutukawas are predominantly species of Usnea (old man's beard, Fig. 3e) and Parmelia (Fig. 5). The Usnea species either hang as long, multi-branched pendulous forms beneath out­stretched branches or sit in tufts on the surface. The most common Parmelia is the light grey non-sorediate P. cetrata and less frequently the sorediate P. reticulata and P. cf. molliuscula. Occasionally on the lower shaded trunks species of Pseudocyphellaria are found, including the bright green, yellow-sorediate P. aurata (Fig, 3h). Other less common lichens include Hypogymnia subphysodes Anaptychia obscurata, Psoroma, Parmeliella and near the ground Cladia aggregata.

Rocks beneath the pohutukawas are partially covered by a variety of lichens particularly Parmelia cetrata and obscurata on the upper surfaces. Ramalina (Fig. 3g) and Stereocaulon ramulosum (Fig, 5) are more common on

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Fig. 5: Sketch plan of North Trig point showing distribution of cliff-top habitats. Sketch shows distribution of lichens on pohutukawa tree, rocks and rocky soil. Common lichen genera are - 1. Parmelia, 2. Usnea, 3. Stereocaulon, 4. Pseudocyphellaria and 5. Cladonia. Inset: Location of North Trig, Slipper Island.

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the sides. Other lichens commonly present on the grassland rocks are also well represented here, together with plants of Sticta coriacea (Fig. 3f), and the small grey gelatinous and foliose Collema on the damp shaded sides. A wide variety of crustose lichens are also present.

The most common lichens growing on the rocky soil around the Maori embankments beneath the pohutukawas are thick mats of Cladia aggregata (Fig. 3c) and Cladonia species (Fig. 5). Foliose plants of Parmelia, Anaptychia and Pseudocyphellaria crocata may sometimes be found growing on the rocky soil.

4. Coastal forest Penguin Island is mostly covered by high, semi-open canopied pohutukawa

forest (4A). Rabbit Island has mostly pohutukawa with a dense mahoe (Melicytus) sub-canopy (4B). In the moderately bright light beneath the semi-open forest, a rich foliose lichen flora grows on the rough bark of the pohutukawas. Parmelia, Hypogymnia and Anaptychia obscurata are common together with numerous pendulous or tufted Usnea and Ramalina species, including the sorediate R. farinacea. Crustose lichens are not abundant but forms present include Thelotrema, Pertusaria, Catillaria and Lecidea.

Beneath the dense mahoe sub-canopy on Rabbit Island lichens are rare, but occasionally the mahoe bark supports plants of Parmelia, Collema and the crustose lichens Graphis, Catillaria and Lecidea. No lichens were found on rocks beneath this dense sub-canopy. However rocks beneath pohutukawa coastal forest support a flourishing flora. Lichens here include foliose Pseudocyphelleria, Collema, Anaptychia and Parmelia, erect Stereocaulon and Usnea and crustose Pertusaria, Lecanora and Buellia.

5. Coastal forest clearings A rabbit-maintained native grass community (Court 2) occurs in a small

canopy gap within coastal pohutukawa forest at the eastern end of Penguin Island (5A). A single shrub of Pomaderris growing in this clearing supports a rich lichen flora of yellow and orange Teloschistes, light grey Parmelia, pendulous Usnea and squamulose Psoroma species together with crustose plants of Lecanora, Lecidea and Graphis scripta (Fig. 3i). Within and especially around the edges of the grass clearing, epigean lichens are abundant together with mosses. Cladia aggregata (Fig. 3c) and twelve species of Cladonia (Fig. 3a, 3b) were found.

A large boulder in the middle of the bracken-covered clearing (5B) in the south-west part of Penguin Island, is liberally coated with Stereocaulon ramulosum and less frequent Anaptychia obscurata and Parmelia reticulata.

DISCUSSION

The variety of vegetation on these islands provides a wide range of habitats for lichen associations and consequently a large number of species have been recorded. Although Penguin and Slipper Islands have approximately the same number of species, less than half are common to both islands, thus reflecting the distinct differences in vegetation. Rabbit Island, on the other hand has only half as many species as either of these two — a trend also noted amongst the ferns.4

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This is probably because of the dense mahoe sub-canopy over much of the island and scarcity of other habitats. Most lichens recorded from Rabbit Island come from the maritime rocks or from a small cliff-top clearing at the northern tip of the island. The harshness of the environment, especially the effects of salt spray and dessication, is probably responsible for the paucity of lichens on Watchman Rock. The lichens present are almost exclusively crustose, a form generally considered hardier than the foliose and fruticose forms.

Although the authors didn't visit Shoe Island, it seems likely that a full collection would probably increase the number of species recorded to well above that for any of the other islands. Of the species recorded here, a number belong to the rich Cladonia flora that flourishes in the leaf mould beneath the dense manuka, bracken, flax, mingimingi and hangehange scrub.2 Pockets of coastal forest, mahoe scrub as well as semi-open canopied pohutukawas all provide a diversity of habitats on Shoe Island for a wide variety of lichen associations.

The general paucity of Stictacean species reflects the dryer, more open nature of the offshore island environments, especially ridges and cliff-tops of coastal forest. The greatest number of species from this family were recorded from the damper valleys of coastal forest and scrub on Shoe Island. This number, however is less than half that of a typical kauri forest3 and in fact only one species (Sticta variablis) is in common with those recorded from the

Waipoua kauri forest. Lichens of the families Parmeliaceae, Usneaceae, Teleoschistaceae, Lecideaceae, Buelliaceae and sometimes Cladoniaceae are the most common in the dryish, semi-open environments of these and many other offshore islands.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank members of the Shoe Island party for making the lichen collection from that island, other members of the Slipper Island trip who assisted in so many ways, also Messrs J.E. Braggins and D.J. Court for criticising the manuscript and Dr D.J. Galloway for assistance in identifying many species in the families Pannariaceae, Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae, Stereocaulaceae and Stictaceae.

REFERENCES 2Court, D.J. 1974: Botany of Shoe Island and the Slipper Island Group - Coromandel

Peninsula. Part I. The vegetation. Tane 20: 3 Hayward, B.W.; Hayward, G.C. 1974: Lichen flora of the Kawerua area. Tane 20: 4Wright, A . E . 1974: Botany of Shoe Island and the Slipper Island Group - Coromandel

Peninsula. Part II. The ferns and fern allies. Tane 20.

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