Botany for Master Gardeners Kim Conway Texas AgriLife Extension
Mar 31, 2015
Botany for Master Gardeners
Kim ConwayTexas AgriLife Extension
Naming Plants
Carl Linneaus (1707-1778)
Binomial nomenclature
Based on flower parts– Family– Genus– Species
Plant Categories
Angiosperms– Monocots– Dicots
Gymnosperms– Conifers
Life Cycles
AnnualsBiennialsPerennials
– herbaceous– woody
Plant Parts & Functions
Sexual– flower
Asexual– leaves– stems– roots
Roots
Primary RootsTaprootLateral RootsFibrous
Roots
KneesButtressed
Aerial
Tuberous Roots
No Nodes
Root Structure
endodermisepidermis
phloem
root hair
pericycle
endodermis
casparian strip
meristem
rootcap
Dic
ot
Root
Dic
ot
Root
Mon
oco
t R
oot
Mon
oco
t R
oot
Stems
SupportVascular SystemBuds
– Leaf Bud– Flower Bud– Terminal– Lateral/Axillary– Adventitious
Leaves
Meristems
Primary Growth – apical meristem or apex
Secondary Growth– Vascular cambium or cambium
Primary Growth - Monocot
epidermis
vascular bundle
phloem
xylem
bundle sheath
Mon
oco
t S
tem
Mon
oco
t S
tem
Primary Growth – dicot or gymnosperm
epidermis
phloem
xylem
pith
cortex
Dic
ot
Ste
mD
icot
Ste
m
Secondary Growth - dicots
periderm
phloem
cambium
xylem
ray
crushed cortex and past year’s phloem
32 1 pith
Modified Stems - Crowns & Stolons
Modified Stems - Spurs
Modified Stems
Bulb
Tuber
Rhizome
Bulb
Corm
Types of Leaves
Scale leavesSeed leavesSpinesThornsTendrilsBrachtsNeedlesSimple
Leaves
Absorb
sunlight
for photosynthesis
Leaf LayersLeaf Layers
Stomates
Leaf Venation
PinnatePinnatePalmatePalmateParallelParallel
Double Pinnate CompoundDouble Pinnate CompoundPalmate CompoundPalmate CompoundSimpleSimpleLeaf TypesLeaf Types
Pinnate CompoundPinnate Compound
Leaf Shapes
Linear
Elliptical
Ovate
Lanceolate
Cordate
Leaf
Typ
es
Leaf
Typ
es
Leaf Margins
EntireSinuateCrenateDentateSerrate IncisedLobedCleft
Leave Arrangement
alternate oppositewhorled
whorled
Sexual Plant Parts & Functions
(Flowers)
Parts of the Flower
Petal
Anther
Filament
Sepal
OvuleReceptacle
StigmaStyle
Ovary }Stamen{Pistil
Types of Flowering Plants
Monoecious = 1 House– Corn– Pecan
Dioecious = 2 Houses– Holly– Junipers
Flowers
Complete = Pistil, Stamen, Petal, Sepals
Incomplete = Missing One Perfect = Pistil & Stamen
How Seeds Form
PollinationPollen tubeFertilization
Pollen Germination
Growth of Pollen Tube toward Ovule
Types of Flowers
Solitary - one flower per stemInflorescence - a cluster of flowers
– racemous - indeterminate (flower from the bottom up)
Racemous Flowers
Spike - flowers attached to peduncle - gladiolus
Racemous Flowers
Raceme - individual flowers attached by tiny stems to the peduncle– Bluebonnet
Racemous Flowers
Catkin – Mulberry– birch
Racemous Flowers
Corymb – yarrow
Racemous Flowers
Umbel – – dill, – onion– queen
anne’s lace
Racemous Flowers
Head –– sunflower – daisy
Flower Types
cyme - determinate - flower from the top down - top florets open first– dischasium cyme - baby’s breath– helicoid cyme - freesia– scorpioid - tomato (alternate)
Types of Inflorescence
Fruit
Fruit consists of the fertilized and mature ovules (seeds) and the ovary wall.
Parts of the Fruit
seed
dry fruit(corn) fleshy fruit (peach)
exocarp
mesocarp
endocarp
pericarp
Types of Fruit
Berry
Pepo
Pome
Hesperidium
drupe
pod
aggregate
multiple
Parts of the Seed
testa (seed coat)
hilum
micropyle
dicot seed (bean)
plumule
epicotyl
cotyledon
hypocotyl
radicle
embryo
Seed Germination
WaterLightHeatOxygen
The End