___________________________________________________________________________________ PO Box 148 Gansbaai 7220 Ph: 028 3848048 Fax: 028 3848100 cell: 082 4111008 email: [email protected]BOTANICAL ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED ABALONE FARM ON THE REMAINDER OF FARM 385, PEARLY BEACH, CALEDON DISTRICT. VERSION 2. Client: Michelle Naylor LORNAY ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING PO Box 1990, Hermanus, 7200, South Africa 1 June 2019
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4.4 Species of Conservation Concern ...................................................................................................................... 16
5. ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS AND PROCESSES ........................................................................ 17
5.2 Fire ................................................................................................................................................................... 18
6. CONSERVATION AREA ......................................................................................................... 19
7. CRITICAL BIODIVERSITY AREA ........................................................................................... 19
4.1.3 Conservation value Overberg Dune Strandveld has been classified as least threatened at a national scale (Mucina and
Rutherford 2006) with some 95% of its original extent remaining and some 36% protected in statutory
conservation areas. Of this, some 30% is statutorily conserved in De Hoop, nearby Walker Bay Nature
Reserve, De Mond Nature Reserve and in the Agulhas National Park. A further 11% of this vegetation type
is conserved in private conservation areas such as Grootbos, Andrewsfield, Brandfontein-Rietfontein,
Groot Hagelkraal and Wolwefontein.
The vegetation vulnerability has been rated as medium vulnerability and protection level as well protected
(Mucina and Rutherford 2006). The site could potentially contribute to meeting local conservation targets
for both biodiversity pattern (species) and ecological process. Regional targets for the vegetation type
have already been fully met by provincial, national and private nature reserves. The conservation value of
the vegetation in the study area is Moderate-High in local (Gansbaai) and Moderate –High in regional
(Overstrand) terms, as it is diverse and in good condition.
4.2 Agulhas Limestone Fynbos
There is an area of Agulhas Limestone Fynbos near the R43 towards the northern boundary of the
property. This vegetation will potentially be impacted by the current proposed development layout
(Figure 5). Calcrete (or limestone) is well known as a habitat that supports numerous localised and
endemic plant species, particularly on the Agulhas Plain. Some of the plants occurring on the calcrete also
occur on the adjacent sands, but others are largely restricted to calcrete habitats.
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Figure 4. Distribution of vulnerable Agulhas limestone fynbos on calcrete (red polygons) on remainder Farm 385, Pearly Beach.
Plates 2 & 3. Views of recently burnt Agulhas limestone fynbos on remainder Farm 385, Pearly Beach. Plate 2 is of limestone fynbos near the entrance to the property just off the R43 and plate 3 is one of the calcrete outcrops situated near the middle of the property (outside the proposed development footprint).
4.2.1 Floristics This community is characterized by Protea obtusifolia (Bredasdorp sugarbush - Near Threatened
Lampranthus fergusoniae (Aizoaceae - Vulnerable B1(Raimondo et al. 2009)) is a vygie species restricted
to coastal habitats from Pearly beach to Knysna. Its known locations continue to decline as a result of
coastal development and related changes in fire frequency, alien plant invasion and crop cultivation.
Plate 6. Lampranthus fergusoniae in Overberg dune strandveld on Remainder Farm 385, Pearly Beach.
There is a relatively high likelihood that other species of conservation concern are present but could not
be identified or were not observed due to the time of sampling. These include, Lampranthus explanatus
(endangered) and Galdiolus variegatus (vulnerable) which have been recorded in similar habitats near
Pearly Beach.
5. ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS AND PROCESSES
Given the current natural status of the entire property it will be important that any development plans
consider maintaining linkages through viable ecological corridors and do not ultimately result in the
creation of isolated natural pockets of vegetation on the property.
Spatial components and ecological drivers are seen as important components of good conservation
planning (De Villiers et al. 2005). Fragmentation of fynbos should be avoided at all costs. Although little
information is available on minimum patch sizes and the degree of connectivity required to retain species
richness it is generally agreed that small fragments (<100 hectares) are likely to be vulnerable to a loss of
species due to altered ecological processes e.g. loss of pollinators, changes in fire frequency and edge
effects which encourage alien invasions. Any conservation area planned as part of this application needs
to be both large enough to sustain long term ecological and evolutionary processes as well as be
connected to surrounding natural vegetation on surrounding properties. If this is not achievable then any
remnant natural pockets cannot be considered as having conservation value in the medium to long term.
5.1 Connectivity
The study property as well as neighbouring properties are currently all characterised by natural
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vegetation. With time, neighbouring properties could also be developed and therefore it is important to
include a connectivity plan within this proposed development. Maintaining connectivity is important for
faunal and general ecological movements to ensure the long term viability of the proposed conservation
area on the property. During the course of this study greysbok were seen and a wide variety of animal
tracks were observed on the property. According to the Fynbos Forum Guidelines corridors should be at
least 20m wide to allow for movement of birds and animals between areas of undisturbed habitat.
Figure 5. Proposed corridor layout for connectivity on the northern boundary of the conservation area..
The existing proposed layout will allow for some degree of natural connectivity with inland natural areas
across the R43 (see proposed corridor area in Figure 5). It is suggested that a natural corridor of at least 30
m should be maintained (although bisected by the R43) to connect the remaining natural vegetation on
the property with that across the R43. There also needs to be a natural corridor of at least 30 m to the
west of the coastal development node to allow for natural connectivity to the coast.
While the future development plans of surrounding properties are unknown at this stage, planning for
potential natural linkages on this property must be included in the development framework .
5.2 Fire
Fynbos systems are fire driven. In the absence of fire, species diversity declines and the vegetation
gradually converts to a less species rich, thicket vegetation. Fortunately, the majority of vegetation on the
remainder Farm 385 burnt recently and is about 1 year old at the time of the study. It will be important
for the natural fire cycle of approximately 10-15 years to be maintained for the natural areas on the
property once the site has been developed. Protection of infrastructure or safeguarding of manufacturing
processes, will understandably take preference over management of natural fire regimes. However
without a carefully planned and implementable fire management program for the natural areas on the
property, fire frequency will decline and the natural processes and species will be negatively impacted.
Controlled burns at an interval of between 10-15 years should therefore be included in a conservation
management plan drawn up for the property.
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6. CONSERVATION AREA
As a guideline at least 60% of an area’s natural vegetation should be left intact to ensure the maintenance
of basic ecological processes such as pollination and seed dispersal, and to minimise fragmentation effects
such as edge effects (De Villiers et al 2005). On this basis, a nature reserve area of at least 71 hectares of
the site (which is 117.8 ha in extent) should be set aside for long term conservation on the property. At
full production (1000 tons) the abalone farm will cover approximately 20 ha of the property. This means
that potentially a 97.8 hectare area on the property could be set aside for conservation. It is proposed that
this conservation area be formally established through the signing of a conservation servitude that will set
aside this area for conservation in perpetuity.
7. CRITICAL BIODIVERSITY AREA
Figure 6. The farm in relation to the Overberg Critical Biodiversity Area map. The development footprints fall within
the darker Green CBA area on the map which is terrestrial CBA.
The proposed area for the construction of the abalone farming fascilities on Remainder Farm 385 are
within the demarcated Overberg Critical Biodiversity Area (CBA) (Figure 6, source SANBI – BGIS).
According to the Western Cape Biodiversity Spatial Plan (WCBSP, Pool-Stanvliet et al. 2017) Critical
Biodiversity Areas (CBA’s) indicates areas of land as well as aquatic features which must be safeguarded in
their natural state if biodiversity is to persist and ecosystems are to continue functioning. CBAs
incorporate: (i) Areas that are required to meet biodiversity targets for species, ecosystems or ecological
processes and infrastructure. These include:
• All areas required to meet biodiversity pattern (e.g. species, ecosystems) targets;
• Critically Endangered (CR) ecosystems (terrestrial, wetland and river types);
• All areas required to meet ecological infrastructure targets, which are aimed at ensuring the continued
existence and functioning of ecosystems and delivery of essential ecosystem services; and
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• Critical corridors to maintain landscape connectivity. areas that need to be safeguarded in order to
meet national biodiversity thresholds (ii) areas required to ensure the continued existence and
functioning of species and ecosystems, including the delivery of ecosystem services; and/or (iii) important
locations for biodiversity features or rare species.
The WCBSP used a systematic biodiversity planning approach to identify priority areas that meet both
national and provincial targets in an efficient manner, emphasizing landscape resilience to a changing
climate, and while trying to avoid conflict with other land uses.
This site has been demarcated as CBA owing to its intact state, and in order to ensure continual existence
and functioning of species and natural ecosystems in the Pearly Beach area.
Any further development on this property needs to carefully consider the long term impacts on the areas
biodiversity, both with regards pattern and process.
8. IMPACT ASSESSMENT
This proposed development of the abalone farming facilities and associated infrastructure on the
remainder Farm 385 will result in the total, permanent loss of approximately 20 hectares of natural
vegetation on the property. This will include a hardened dirt road on the current access jeep track,
growing platforms (6 phases of160 tons/approximately 2.5 ha), a processing area including canning,
freezing, live packing and drying, algae culture area, administration block, a two ha solar array generating
approximately 2.5 megawatts, hatchery of approx. 7500 m2, approximately nine dwellings for
management personnel, intake and effluent lines (three intake lines capable of 3600 m3/hour each), one
effluent discharge line. Additional infrastructure as required, such as ablutions facilities, canteen, sump
and pump house, workshops, power transmissions room for generators and distribution systems, parking,
splitting and grading areas, blowers rooms, feed stores, diesel store, freshwater storage reservoirs. For
the purpose of this study, the infrastructure development has been divided into three main components.
Firstly the proposed abalone growth platforms and associated infrastructure on the coast, secondly the
entrance area infrastructure near the R43 and thirdly the access road (Figures 7 & 8, Appendix 1).
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Figure 7. Location of the proposed coastal development node (abalone platforms and associated infrastructure) on
remainder Farm 385, Pearly Beach (the green are processing plants, blue are growth platforms).
8.1 Coastal development node - abalone platforms and associated infrastructure The developments footprint will be cleared of vegetation upon project commencement. A total of at least
15 hectares of Overberg dune strandveld/thicket mosaic will be destroyed during this process. The coastal
fore dune will be impacted for the construction and laying of intake and effluent pipelines. However if the
pipeline construction is carefully implemented, the section of dune impacted can be rehabilitated. This
loss of 15 hectares of natural vegetation is likely to have an impact of HIGH significance without mitigation
8.2 Entrance area infrastructure A total of at least 3.7 hectares of Agulhas limestone fynbos and Overberg dune strandveld will be removed
to create the entrance area infrastructure. This loss of natural vegetation is likely to have an impact of
MEDIUM to HIGH significance without mitigation and MEDIUM significance with mitigation.
8.3 Access road The access road will follow the existing jeep track on the south eastern border of the property. The road
would be 4 m wide with lay‐bys provided for vehicle passing. A short section of new road will need to be
constructed linking the new access point to the existing jeep track. The existing jeep track will be widened
and surfaced. There will be a loss of some natural vegetation and potentially an impact on the natural
vegetation and fauna (higher possibility of road kills and impact on pollination/dispersal).
The impact on the vegetation as a result of the access road along the existing jeep track is considered to
be of MEDIUM significance without mitigation and of LOW significance with mitigation.
8.4 Cumulative impact Of particular significance is the cumulative negative impact of all the proposed components of this
application on the currently near pristine natural vegetation of the area. It is a generally accepted
planning principle that ribbon coastal development is not desirable in sensitive coastal areas (DEAT
Coastal Management Policy Program 1999), and it also states that clearance of indigenous vegetation
along the coast will need to be strictly controlled and minimized. Development should ideally not be
planned or allowed in a pristine natural area like Remainder 385, however it is recognised that the site is
earmarked for an abalone farming facility, a fast growing industry that can provide economic and social
benefits to the region. It is suggested that this new development should be offset against a real
conservation gain. This is a vital junction in securing a significant piece of the property for conservation in
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the long term. Should development proceed, the remainder of the property must be managed as a
conservation area /nature reserve to ensure long-term maintenance of ecological process and functioning
and contribute to regional conservation targets (see mitigation section below).
It is estimated that a total area of approximately 18 hectares of natural vegetation will be lost within the
development footprint, and approximately 2 hectares will be disturbed by associated construction, such
as earthmoving, piling of sand on natural vegetation, etc. The latter is significant, as the soil conditions are
one of the prime drivers of fynbos structure and dynamics (De Villiers et al. 2005). Substantial alteration
to the soil structure (such as by earthmoving) will have long term (rather than permanent) negative
impacts on the vegetation, as rehabilitation is arguably possible, although unlikely to allow for re-
establishment of the full complement of original biodiversity.
For all three components of this project described above botanical impacts will occur at both the
construction and operational phases, with the former being the source of most of the direct impacts, and
the latter being the source of some indirect impacts. Most construction phase impacts are direct impacts
which involve loss of natural habitat and species as a result of construction. Owing to the sandy nature of
substrate on site, as well as high winds experienced in the area, there is also a high probability of wind
erosion following clearing of vegetation. Operational phase impacts are less obvious and more difficult to
define but in this site would include potential spread of alien species, impact on pollination and dispersal,
impact on faunal habitat and movements and impacts on natural fire cycles.
The No‐Go alternative represents the option not to proceed with the proposed abalone farming facility,
which leaves the project areas of influence in their current state except for variation by natural causes and
other human activities. It thus represents the current status quo and the baseline against which all
potential project related impacts are assessed. The EIA will consider the no‐go alternative.
Summary Table 1: Botanical Impact assessment for direct impacts for the proposed development before mitigation.
Activity Impact (ha) Status Intensity Extent Duration Probability Confidence Significance
New platforms
Loss of vegetation 15.3 ha
Negative High Local Permanent definite High High
Access infrastructure
Loss of vegetation 3.7 ha
Negative Medium-high
Local Permanent definite High Medium-High
Access road on existing jeep track
Loss of vegetation 1 ha
Negative Medium Local Permanent definite High Medium
Summary Table 2: Botanical Impact assessment for direct impacts for the proposed development after mitigation.
Activity Impact (ha) Status Intensity Extent Duration Probability Confidence Significance
New platforms
Loss of vegetation 15.3 ha
Negative Medium-high
Local Permanent definite High Medium-High
Access infrastructure
Loss of vegetation 3.7 ha
Negative Medium Local Permanent definite High Medium
Access road on existing jeep track
Loss of vegetation 1 ha
Negative Low Local Permanent definite High Low
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Summary Table 3: Botanical Impact assessment for indirect impacts from the development before mitigation.
Sites Impact Status Intensity Extent Duration Probability Confidence Significance
All Fire management
negative High Local permanent probable High High
All Ecological/evolutionary processes
negative Medium-High
Local permanent definite High Medium-High
All Alien plant invasion
negative Medium-High
Local temporary probable medium Medium-High
Summary Table 4: Botanical Impact assessment for indirect impacts from the development after mitigation.
Sites Impact Status Intensity Extent Duration Probability Confidence Significance
All Fire management
negative Medium Local permanent probable High Medium
All Ecological/evolutionary processes
negative Medium Local permanent definite High Medium
All Alien plant invasion
negative Low Local temporary probable medium Low
All impacts (with exception of alien invasive species) are considered to be irreversible with irreplaceable loss of existing vegetation cover both over a medium to long term.
9. MITIGATION
The following mitigation measures are considered essential if the proposed development is to be
approved. If all the mandatory mitigation is not likely to be carried out the development should not be
approved.
Search and rescue of all transplantable plant material prior to construction (bulbs, succulents, and
any others deemed translocatable). A suitably qualified botanist/horticulturalist should be
appointed to undertake this work, which if it is to be done successfully should be carried out in
late autumn and late spring. Bulbs should be collected in late spring (July – October), before they
go dormant and succulents and shrubs should be collected in autumn after the first winter rains. If
the search and rescue cannot be performed in the period July-October, a large proportion of the
bulbs will not be located, and this is unacceptable and incomplete search and rescue. No
construction work can commence until search and rescue has been completed. Some of the bulb
species that need to be moved include Satyrium carnuem, Haemanthus sanguineus, Haemanthus
coccineus, Lachenalia bulbifera, Lachenalia rubida, Massonia depressa, Brunsvigia orientalis and
Ornithogalum sp. These plants must be planted directly into new areas on site as determined by
the ECO (either areas already under rehabilitation or into the conservation area). Plants/cuttings
of Lampranthus fergusoniae should be collected and transplanted as part of S&R.
The erection of temporary fencing around the proposed development area to ensure that there is
no damage to the natural flora outside of the development footprints. Only one access route,
which will later become the main access route to the site, should be used. Designated lay‐bys
must be clearly demarcated for vehicle passing prior to construction commencing.
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The appointment of an external Environmental Control Officer (ECO) for the duration of the
construction phase. The ECO should be responsible for enforcing no-go areas, environmental
induction for all construction workers and awarding penalty fines for any transgressors and
making sure that search and rescue is done.
The construction of the proposed platforms and pipelines through what is an undulating
landscapes will result in significant areas of exposed, unconsolidated sand after construction.
Stockpiled topsoil should be spread over these exposed slopes and then these areas need to
immediately be stabilised using a soil saver (such as Geojute 250) and planted with local, fast
growing pioneer species such as Tetragonia decumbens and Carpobrotus acinaciformis.
There is concern that the proposed development will impact on the coastal fore dunes and
pipelines will be constructed through this sensitive habitat. The route of the proposed pipelines
should be determined on site with a botanist to ensure minimum impact on coastal seashore
vegetation. All pipelines should be installed underground and topsoil must be carefully managed
to enable natural regeneration. It is important that a strip of natural vegetation be maintained
along the coastline.
A natural corridor should be maintained to the coast as well as to the R43 and natural vegetation
to the north of the property. The remainder of the farm must be managed as a conservation
area/nature reserve to ensure long-term maintenance of ecological process and functioning and
contribute to regional conservation targets. This should be a condition of approval in the
Environmental Authorisation and Consent Use application.
10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The site is characterised by Overberg Dune Strandveld (least threatened in terms of the NSBA)
which includes dune fynbos, thicket and duneveld communities as well as some smaller areas of
Agulhas limestone fynbos (vulnerable in terms of the NSBA).
Most of the natural vegetation on site is in good condition, and is of Moderate-High regional
conservation value.
A total area of about 20 hectares of natural vegetation (Overberg Dune Strandveld and Agulhas
limestone fynbos) will be destroyed by the proposed development.
Three Red Data species was recorded within the area that will be impacted by the proposed
layout. It is however important to mention that there is a moderate to high likelihood that other
red data species (especially bulbs) may be present, but could not be identified owing to the
season of sampling.
The natural vegetation on Remainder of Farm 385 has been designated as a CBA.
It is important that the development allows for natural corridors to the coast as well as to the R43
on the northern side of the property. The remaining natural vegetation on the property should
remain connected through a functional network of ecological corridors.
The site of the proposed pipelines should be determined on site with a botanist to ensure
minimum impact on the coastal seashore vegetation. All pipelines should be installed
underground and topsoil must be carefully managed to enable natural regeneration. Wherever
possible the coastal fore dune vegetation should be kept intact. These dunes must be maintained
to provide an ecological and visual buffer between the coastline and the abalone farm.
As far as possible, all services related to the construction of the abalone farm should follow
existing disturbed areas (jeep tracks) to minimise impacts on vegetation.
Within all development footprints, search and rescue must be undertaken and the plants moved
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directly into the conservation area on site. This S&R should include all red data species, all bulbs
and other plants that can be moved (such as vygies) and be undertaken by a qualified
botanist/horticulturalist.
Overall the direct impact associated with the proposed development is medium-high after
mitigation.
It is suggested that the remaining natural areas on the property (approximately 100 hectares) be
formally managed as a conservation area. A conservation management plan should be drawn up
for this area for the long term maintenance of ecological processes such as fire, pollination and
faunal movements.
Effort should be made to develop collaborative conservation partnerships with neighbouring
properties to ensure that the proposed nature area on the property remains connected and is
managed together with surrounding natural areas. It will only be through this larger scale
partnership arrangement that fire and alien vegetation management will be effective and that
natural corridors and conservation areas will provide effective functional habitats for the regions
special biodiversity in the long term.
Ongoing alien vegetation management is important on the property. Dune fynbos is highly
susceptible to invasion by alien species, in particular Acacia cyclops and Kikuyu grass, and
particularly following disturbance.
S D J Privett
1 June 2019
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