Borderland Conservation Database Meeting Report

VENUE: Lale’enok Resource Centre Olkiramatian, Magadi. KENYA

10-12 February 2013

Report Compiled by African Conservation Centre

ORGANISED BY

AFRICAN

CONSERVATION

CENTRE AND

WILDLIFE

CONSERVATION

SOCIETY

Kenya-Tanzania Borderlands Elephant

Database Meeting

With Support from:

http://www.wcs.org/

1

INTRODUCTION

The elephant database meeting, held in the South Rift on February 11th and 12th at the Lale'enok Centre, followed on from a workshop held in Arusha in February 2012. The Arusha workshop, titled Conserving Elephants in the Tanzania-Kenya Borderlands: Forging a Collaborative Approach, agreed that three levels of collaboration were needed to conserve a meta-population of elephants in the Tanzania-Kenya borderlands, stem poaching and ensure local communities benefited from wildlife. The three levels involved government-to-government coordination, mobilizing local communities to engage in conservation, and establishing a common database and monitoring program to track and monitoring elephant movements, poaching, conflict and other activities in the region. The government-to-government coordination has continued to tighten in response to

increased elephant poaching over the last year.

Two community meetings were held following the Arusha workshop. The first was

held in Longido, Tanzania, the second in Namanga, Kenya. Both were convened by

ACC and the South Rift Association of Landowners. The communities deliberated

the findings of the Arusha meeting and drew up recommendations for mobilizing

communities in the key elephant ranges identified by the Arusha workshop. The

communities recognized the need to establish scouts and wildlife conservation areas

as a way to stem elephant poaching and ensure local benefits. They also pointed to

the need to stem human-elephant conflict as a matter of urgency. The NGOs and

governments should, however, recognize that communities regard lion and other

large carnivore conflict with people as much of a problem as elephant-human

conflict. The communities want both sources of conflict to be tackled together, not

separately.

A proposal was drawn up by ACC and SORALO on the recommendations of the two

community meetings and submitted to the Liz Claiborne Art Ortenberg Foundation.

The funding is seen as a way to jump-start the community conservation programs,

with the expectation that other NGOs working in the borderlands will take over the

bulk of funding as soon as possible.

The Lale'enok meeting, convened by ACC and WCS with the support of the Liz Claiborne Art Ortenberg Foundation, brought together the conservation organizations working in the trans-border area. The meeting was convened to establish a common database and agree on a collaborative framework for coordination information related to elephant conservation and management in the region.

2

POACHING IN THE TANZANIA-KENYA BORDERLANDS

The meeting opened with a discussion on poaching. It was noted that the poaching threat to elephants in the Tanzania-Kenya borderlands had risen sharply since the Arusha meeting last February. The rising threat reinforced the need for rapid conservation measures and close collaboration between communities, NGOs, researchers and government agencies working in the region. Michael Lenaimado briefed the meeting on the situation in the Loita region. He reported that poaching syndicates were infiltrating the communities, with young Maasai men joining in and helping poachers. The poaching in Loita threatens to spill over into Mara, Serengeti, Loliondo and the South Rift if not contained. He reported on a Loita elephant stakeholders’ meeting convened by ACC and SORALO and held in Narok on 8th February. The district security forces and NGOs agreed to collaborate on stemming the poaching in Loita. ACC will hire and deploy ten game scouts to the area immediately. KWS will fast-track their training. Michael also reported that five elephant carcasses had been located by local scouts in the upper Pakase area (Ngurumani) and seven in the Loita area. Dr. Joyce Poole of Elephant Voices confirmed there have been numerous reported poaching incidents and elephant carcasses found in the Mara, especially in Siana and the national reserve. The mortality figures show that poaching is having a heavy impact on the Mara elephant populations .In Serengeti, poachers are mostly targeting elephant bulls, followed by mature females. The poaching trend in West Kilimanjaro has decreased since 2009. Nine elephants were killed in 2009, 3 in 2011 and none 2012. The decline shows that collaborative efforts can stem poaching.

DEFINING THE CROSS-BORDER META-ELEPHANT POPULATION

Charles Foley reviewed the findings of the Arusha workshop on the distribution and

movements of elephants in the borderlands region. He projected maps of elephant

movements, population numbers and genetics for a discussion on the areas for

inclusion in the cross-border area of common interest. It was agreed that the area

should encompass the contiguous populations stretching from the coast through the

Tsavo to the west of Mara-Serengeti, north as far as Mount Suswa and south to

Tarangire. The area is roughly defined by the following map.

3

Map Showing the Extent of the area covered under the Kenya-Tanzania cross-border Program

It was agreed that the area encompasses the meta-population of elephants in the Tanzania-Kenya borderlands. Several names were proposed for the project, including The Kenya-Tanzania Cross-Border Elephant Project, The Kenya-Tanzania Trans-Border Elephant Project and The Kenya-Tanzania Meta-Elephant Project. It was left for the project coordinators to make a final decision. ACC later suggested we adopt the title The Tanzania-Kenya Borderlands Elephant Initiative to follow the Arusha workshop title as closely as possible.

DEFINING A BASELINE MAP AND COMPILING DATA LAYERS It was agreed that the first step in compiling and integrating data among collaborating institutions is the selection of a common base map defining area boundaries and physical features. The base map will serve as the common platform on which all other data layers are compiled. Festus Ihwagi of STE confirmed he had received shape files of protected area boundaries along the borderland region, but that differences the systems used (some in WGS 84 and other pieces in Arc 1960) called for harmonization using a common reference system. GIS software availability should be considered for producing quality maps. ESRI software like ArcGIS and ArcMap were considered suitable for spatial data analysis, but expensive. Open source software can be used

4

in this event. ACC has been using Quantum GIS (1.6,1.7 and 1.8) and R for data analysis and they have proven to be reliable.

REVIEW OF PROJECTS AND DATA SETS

Charles Foley circulated an information form to all participants prior to the meeting, requesting details of information collection and methods. The responses are given in Appendix A. A summary of the institutions collecting data is given in Table 1. Table 1. Institutions collecting elephant information in the borderlands region

Name of Project/Institution Geographic Area Country

1 Friedkin Conservation Fund Maswa, Lake Natron, Ugalla, Moyowosi/Uvinza TZ

2 African Wildlife Foundation Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem TZ

3 Ololosokwan Community Project Ololosokwan, Loliondo District TZ

4 Honey Guide Foundation Enduimet Wildlife Management Area TZ

5 Tarangire Elephant Project Tarangire National Park, Simanjiro TZ

6 Elephant Voices Maasai Mara Kenya

7 Amboseli Elephant Project Amboseli Ecosystem Kenya

8 Amboseli Trust for Elephants Amboseli Ecosystem Kenya

9 Elephant Program, ACC Kajiado, Magadi, NArok east-15 group ranches Kenya

10 Amboseli Conservation Program Amboseli ecosystem, park and dry season range Kenya

Additional comments from those present included:

Save The Elephants-STE Save The Elephants has collared three elephants in Maasai Mara and is hosting 3 more for KWS. STE is also helping Mark Goss in his rapid response program in the Mara north conservancy. Elephant Voices Joyce Poole and Petter Granli described their cell phone ‘app’ for identifying and logging movements of Mara elephants. They explained that the initiative is a relatively low cost method of collecting elephant information and ensuring instant data logging. Elephant Voices was asked if it could simplify the cell phone system for scout observation of elephant sightings, tracks and signs and it agreed to do so. ACC elephant program Julius Muriuki explained how the use of wide-spread, community-implemented surveys assisted ACC gather large amounts of basic presence/absence data on elephants across the Kenyan South Rift. South Rift general monitoring by SORALO and ACC Samantha Russell explained that, although there was no longer a dedicated elephant monitoring program in the South Rift, she was looking forward to learning what information could be collected through the vast network of community scouts and resource assessors based at Lale’enok. Lion Guardians

5

Lion Guardians is monitoring and guarding lions in Amboseli. The project involves tracking of collared lions and averting attacks to livestock and human attacks on lions. Lion conflict has declined in recent years. Rebuilding the Pride Guy Western explained how SORALO's Rebuilding the Pride program used a similar approach to do carnivore census in the South Rift of Kenya.

DEFINING THE MINIMUM SET OF DATA

A minimum set of data and collection protocols is needed to launch a common database for tracking elephant and carnivore activities in the borderlands. The priority in the first six months should be to determine:

The distribution patterns of elephants and carnivores.

Poaching hotspots.

Hotspots of human-wildlife conflict.

The following steps to complete the base mapping were agreed on:

Amboseli ecosystem --ACC and AWF to provide missing shape files.

Mara region --STE or ACC to provide a base map.

Tanzania Natron region -- Alfred Kikoti through WCS to provide shape files.

Tsavo --KWS to provide latest elephant data.

Kajiado District -- ACC to provide boundary maps.

Trans-border land use map -- ACC to provide map based on land use change study.

The data will be made available to ACC and STE to set up the base map and common database.

STANDARDIZED DATA COLLECTION Several methods of data collection were discussed. They included:

1. Event-book system. Charles Foley reviewed the Namibian event-book system adopted by Tanzania for collecting data on human-wildlife conflict in the field. The system is based on the principles of adaptive management and routinely reviews monitoring results. TAWIRI in Tanzania has a well developed HWC data collection form used to log conflict data. Dr. Noah Sitati of WWF has also used similar methods of studying human-elephant conflict in the Mara. Data collection and analysis can be adapted to community-based information gathering. The group agreed that there is a need to identify the human wildlife conflict hot spots as a matter of priority. Apart from the human suffering, losses to elephants give communities reason to tolerate poachers as a way to reduce conflict. It was recommended that the trans-border elephant program adopt the event-book system for monitoring elephant and

6

carnivore conflicts at a community level. Charles Foley will circulate the event-book protocols to all participants.

2. SMART. Charles Foley gave a power-point presentation of the SMART

system of collecting and monitoring wildlife security data and increasing the effectiveness of law enforcement procedures. The relative merits of the MIST and SMART system were discussed. The trend among users is towards SMART. SMART is simpler and more accessible than MIST because of its open source format and adaptable design. A consortium of NGOs and foundations are to launch the Beta version of SMART at the end of February. Victor Moses gave details of the interoperability between SMART and other database systems and its ease of use with analytical software such as R and GIS. Festus Ihwagi and Victor Mose will provide technical support in using SMART. WCS was requested to hold a field workshop for potential users in the trans-border region with a view to adopting the patrol system for community scouts.

3. Monitoring elephant deaths (MIKE). Festus Ihwagi explained the monitoring

of elephants deaths used by STE in Laikipia, as set up by Onesmus Kahindi. Northern Rangelands Trust, Space for Giants, The Nature Conservancy, KWS and Mpala Research Centre share the same methodology based on the CITES protocol, MIKE (Monitoring of Illegally Killed Elephants). The data collection includes GPS coordinates and standard criteria to determine the age and cause of death. Festus Ihwagi will circulate the MIKE protocols to all participants.

4. PIKE (Proportion of Illegally Killed Elephants). Festus Ihwagi explained that

STE uses PIKE to complement the MIKE protocol. PIKE tracks the proportion of elephants killed by poachers, as opposed to natural deaths, animals killed on control and in conflict. The ratio of poached to other deaths gives a good measure of unsustainable poaching levels. The PIKE level in Samburu rose from 22% in 2002 to Lai was at 75% currently, far above sustainable levels.

5. Verifying and reconciling elephant mortality data. Several organizations

may collect carcass data in the same area, raising the possibility of double counts. It is important to reconcile the number and causes of elephants deaths. In Kenya KWS does so by holding regular workshops among organizations involved in data collection. Each carcass report should be accompanied by a photo facing due north and GPS coordinates. Similar protocols should be adopted across the borderlands, given the trans-border movements of elephants, poachers and consequences of human-elephant conflict. Festus Ihwagi will provide participants a list of protocols.

6. Expanding elephant surveys and monitoring using DNA analysis

David Western reported that Dr. Marissa Ahlering had conducted DNA analysis of elephant movements in the trans-border region, based on genetic distinctions among populations. This offered a powerful tool for detecting elephant immigration to new locations and for assessing numbers and herd composition. Marissa has trained community members during her study. She has expressed interest in continuing her work in the region.

7

THE BASE MAP, DATABASES AND SECURITY PROTOCOLS The key points agreed on were as follows: Base map and database

1. Data should be stored in a location where all participants can have easy access. The group agreed to start with simple datasets that members are comfortable sharing and progressively to build up more detailed data layers and mapping and tracking procedures. Data security should have high priority, given the sensitivity of certain information. Passwords will be provided to those operating the database and members needing access.

2. The centralized database should be established at ACC in collaboration with

STE. Victor Mose of ACP and Lucy Waruingi of ACC will ensure the interoperability of the various data sources with the common database. Lucy Waruingi will circulate a data form describing the use of metadata and protocols for its access and use.

3. Top priority for the trans-borer elephant project is the compilation the base

map to be used by all participants. Once complete and agreed on, additional data layers such topography, climate land use, conservancies and WMAs can be added.

4. David Western noted that ACC had been developing an elephant suitability

map for the South Rift, Kenya. Based on field surveys of elephant movements in relation to habitat, water, human activity and other factors, a map of areas elephant prefer and those they avoid or are likely to run into conflict is being built up in collaboration with Kevin Johnston of ESRI. Such suitability mapping would be a useful way of plotting the distribution options for elephants beyond parks in the borderlands region

Field surveys

1. Top priority for field surveys should be given to establishing the presence and absence of elephants and carnivores across the borderlands. The surveys will establish the extent of occurrence of elephants and large carnivores and therefore the meta-populations.

2. The surveys should use the extent of occurrence data to conduct more

detailed surveys to determine the relative abundance of each species. 3. The relative abundance data will be used to determine priority areas, the

nature of conservation coverage and the information gaps. The gap areas will be the target of rapid surveys of elephant and carnivore activity.

4. The survey methods recommended are those used by ACC and SORALO in

the course of their surveys in the South Rift. ACC and Rebuilding the Pride will make the field survey forms available to organizations agreeing to undertake the surveys. Once the rapid surveys are complete, stratified

8

sampling designs will be established to increase the resolution of surveys and provide relative abundance estimates.

5. High priority should be placed on elephant and carnivore surveys in the Lake

Natron region.

WEBSITE It was agreed that ACC and Elephant Voices should set up a common website for the Tanzania-Kenya Borderlands Project. The website should highlight the importance of the region for elephants, large carnivores, wildlife and biodiversity in general, the conservation challenges, the goals and activities of the project, and issue regular updates. The background rationale to the Arusha workshop provides an excellent template for the website. The website would draw attention to the importance of the collaborative effects of the project and increase the prospects for funding.

TIME LINES

Activity Time lines Responsible

1 Cross border area general base map

End of March 2013 Festus Ihwagi-STE

2 Land cover maps, report, data End of February 2013

Lucy Waruingi, ACC

3 Rapid surveys End of march 2013 Guy Western, ACC, SORALO

4 SMART Program End of march 2013 Charles Foley-WCS

5 MIKE protocol End of week Festus Ihwagi-STE

6 SMART PAMS Foundation 6 months Charles Foley

7 HWC protocol End of week Charles Foley

8 Web site and online system End of March ACC, Elephant Voices

CONCLUDING REMARKS The participants agreed that WCS under Charles Foley would coordinate the Tanzania-Kenya Borderlands Project in Tanzania and David Western and Lucy Waruingi of ACC in Kenya. Charles Foley will hold a meeting in Tanzania within the next month to coordinate activities among the NGOs. ACC will prepare and circulate a report on the meeting to all participants and other relevant parties. The next full meeting of the borderlands elephant database coalition will be held in Tanzania early in2014. Participants of the Arusha workshop should reconvene in 2014 to take stock of conservation progress and further action needed to ensure the success of the Tanzania-Kenya Borderlands Elephant Project.

9

POSTSCRIPT Discussions were held between the Tanzania delegates, ACC and SORALO prior to the full meeting. The meeting looked at the community-based conservation programs underway along the Tanzanian side of the border, the gaps in coverage and which organizations could best mobilize community action immediately effect. It was agreed that, in the event that LCAOF provides start-up funds to fast-track conservation in the gap areas, Honeyguide, assisted by the Friedkin Conservation Foundation, will address the gap in the Natron region and PAMS in the Loliondo region. A day after the meeting, LCAOF made funds available for start-up community conservation initiatives through ACC and SORALO. The funding will ensure that community programs in the gap areas can be filled immediately.

APPENDICES Appendix A Name of Project/Organization:Friedkin Conservation Fund

Geographic region studying/involved in:Maswa; Lake Natron, Ugalla and Moyowosi/Uvinza.

*Please fill out one row for each type of data you are collecting

What types of data are you collecting?

(Animal behaviour, vegetation quality, wildlife

presence or density, incidences of poaching,

demography, rainfall, etc)

What methods are you

using to collect the data?

(individual recognition, scan

samples, ground counts,

distance sampling, aerial

counts, etc)

Who is responsible for

collecting the data?

(researchers, village game

scouts, anti-poaching units,

etc)

Frequency of data

collection? (continuous,

monthly, annually)

How long has your project

been collecting these data?

Incidences of poaching Observations by ground teams

on patrol, random and fixed

transect sightings from a

microlight and helicopter.

Anti Poaching teams,

Concession Managers and

Pilots. PHs also record and

report poaching incidents in

their feedback form.

Continuous 2004/2005 but not extensive

2006 onwards extensively

across all areas.

Elephant poaching related

arrests and/or confiscations

Recorded from patrol reports

and confirmed through official

police records

Anti Poaching teams and

Concession Managers.

Continuous 2006 onwards extensively

across all areas.

Illegal cattle Concentrations. Aerial transect by

microlight/helicopter

Pilots/Wildlife Managers Continuous 2008 onwrads

Ugalla Hippo census Aerial transect by Microlight(

Total count)

Pilots/Wildlife Managers Once a year 2009 onwards

11

Name of Project/Organization: African Wildlife Foundation

Geographic region studying/involved in: TarangireManyara Kilimanjaro Ecosystem



(Animal behaviour, vegetation quality, wildlife presence or density, incidences of poaching, demography,

rainfall, etc)

What methods are you using

to collect the data?




counts, etc)

Who is responsible

for collecting the

data? (researchers,

village game scouts,

anti-poaching units,

etc)

Frequency of data


monthly, annually)



Example: wildlife presence and density Ground counts by bicycle on fixed

transects: calculating an index of

abundance - number of each

species seen per total transect

length.

Village Game Scouts Weekly, collated monthly Since 2010

Animal numbers; vegetation quality;

Poaching – in Burunge WMA

Transect Ground counts on foot Researchers/Village

game scouts

Periodically 2011


Poaching – in Manyara ranch

Transect Ground counts on foot Researchers/Village

game scouts

Periodically 2009


wildlife observations, Human wildlife

conflicts;

Systematic surveys – cross boarder Arial

surveys ( invoving many parteners)

Poaching – in Enduimet WMA

Transect Ground counts on foot;

Event monitoring

Researchers/Village

game scouts

Periodically 2011

12

Name of Project/Organization:Ololosokwan Community Project

Geographic region studying/involved in:Ololosokwan Village land, Loliondo District











counts, etc)





etc)

Frequency of data


monthly, annually)



Incidences of poaching Ground counts while on foot

patrol

Community Scouts Continuous, collated monthly Since November 2012

Name of Project/Organization: Honey Guide Foundation

Geographic region studying/involved in:Enduimet Wildlife Management Area











counts, etc)





etc)

Frequency of data


monthly, annually)



Incidences of poaching Vehicle and foot patrols by

ground teams, random sightings

from a microlight, and informer

networks

WMA game scouts Continuous Since 2010

13

Name of Project/Organization:Tarangire Elephant Project

Geographic region studying/involved in:Tarangire National Park, Simanjiro











counts, etc)





etc)

Frequency of data


monthly, annually)



Elephant demography, group

characteristics, GPS location

Individual recognition Research assistants Continuous Since 1993

Elephant behaviour Varies according to study

type. Usually scan or focal

samples

Research assistants Varies by project On and off since 1993

Elephant genetics Dung samples from known

individuals

Research assistants Varies by project On and off since 2001

Large mammal densities in

Park

Driven transects. Data

analysed as index of

abundance (animals seen/km

driven)

Research assistants Monthly Since 1994

Large mammal densities in

wider ecosystem

5 fixed transects per village.

Animals counted from

bicycle.

Village game scouts Monthly Since 2007

Incidences of poaching Chance encounters and

information from other

Village game scouts Continuously updated

monthly

Since 2007

14

villagers

Human Wildlife Conflict Species involved and losses

recorded

Village game scouts Continuously updated

monthly

Since 2007

Numbers of juvenile animals Counts along transects via

bicycle

Village game scouts Once annually during

breeding season

Since 2007

Rainfall Rain guages Village game scouts Continously Since 2007

Name of Project/Organization: Elephant Voices

Geographic region studying/involved in:Masai Mara?


What types of data are you collecting? (Animal behaviour, vegetation quality, wildlife presence or density, incidences of poaching, demography, rainfall, etc)



(individual recognition,

scan samples, ground

counts, distance

sampling, aerial counts,

etc)



(researchers, village

game scouts, anti-

poaching units, etc)

Frequency of data


monthly, annually)

How long has your

project been collecting

these data?

Elephant monitoring: date, time, location, geo-

referencing, group size, group type, ID when

known.

Contained and searchable within:

http://www.elephantvoices.org/maraelephants-

whos-who.html


Opportunistic group

sightings primarily via

vehicle; collected via cell-

phone app and uploaded to

database

ElephantVoices (Petter and

myself), volunteers, rangers,

scouts, guides, tourists,

conservancy representatives.

Continuous Since 2010 but more

consistently since October

2011

http://www.elephantvoices.org/maraelephants-whos-who.html

http://www.elephantvoices.org/maraelephants-whos-who.html

http://www.elephantvoices.org/maraelephants-whereabouts.html

15

whereabouts.html


mapping.html

Note: some data is password protected due to

concerned about poaching. Registered users

may see.

Sick wounded elephants: within context of the

above data – age, sex, identify if known, sick

or wounded, wound type, wound status



whereabouts.html


mapping.html

Opportunistic group

sightings primarily via

vehicle; collected via cell-

phone app and uploaded to

database







2011

Elephant mortality according to MIKE criteria



whereabouts.html


mapping.html

Opportunistic sightings via

foot patrol and vehicle.

Following MIKE criteria

collected via cell-phone app

and uploaded to database







2011


http://www.elephantvoices.org/maraelephants-mapping.html










16

Name of Project/Organization:Amboseli Elephant Project

Geographic region studying/involved in:Amboseli ecosystem











counts, etc)





etc)

Frequency of data


monthly, annually)



Animal behaviour Individual recognition Researchers Daily 40 years

Wildlife presence or density Sightings Resesarchers& Game Scouts Daily 40 years

Demography Censuses Researchers Daily 40 years

Monitoring GSM collars on 5 females Researchers hourly 19 months

Vegetation Transects Researchers Twice yearly 19 years

Water table & rainfall Direct measurement Researchers Daily & Monthly 40 years

Poaching Direct observation Researchers & Game Scouts When reported 40 years

17

Name of Project/Organization:Amboseli Trust for Elephants

Geographic region studying/involved in:Amboseli ecosystem










counts, etc)





etc)

Frequency of data


monthly, annually)



Ecological: vegetation

abundance in plots, rainfall,

watertable level

Plot surveys Field Assistants Daily rain, quarterly vegetation

monitoring

Since 1982

Elephant: individually-based

behavioural monitoring

(oestrus, musth, health / illness,

jaws for age determination)

Individual recognition Field Assistants and Affiliated

researchers

Contact with elephants on daily

basis

Since 1972

Elephant: family association

data and demographic

monitoring

Individual recognition: Monthly

records of individual

associations in groups; presence

/ absence for births and deaths

in families

Field Assistants and Affiliated

researchers


basis

Since 1972

Elephant: Sighting data

(individually / family based)

Individual or family

recognition: Location, habitat

and group data plus sightings of

individual males

Field Assistants and Affiliated

researchers


basis

Since 1972

Elephants: Scans / focal

samples for specific cohorts and

behaviours of interest

Individual recognition Field Assistants and Affiliated

researchers


basis

Since 1979

Elephant / human: Sightings

and sign around ecosystem;

GPS records of events; mobile

phone contact for reporting

Maasai elephant scouts Continuous Since 1990

18

monitoring problems with

livestock and human habitations

etc

problems

Elephant: tracking via remote

sensing

GPS records at one hour

intervals for 4 females with

satellite collars (current)

Data assistant Continuous Off and on with all kinds of

techniques since 1972

19

Name of Project/Organization: Elephant Program, ACC

Geographic region studying/involved in:Kajiado Central, Magadi and Narok East (15 group ranches)






What methods are you using

to collect the data? (individual

recognition, scan samples,

ground counts, distance

sampling, aerial counts, etc)




scouts, anti-poaching units, etc)

Frequency of data


monthly, annually)

How long has your

project been

collecting these data?

Elephant presence/absence Questionnaires, Interviews in

Amboseli, Magadi and Kajiado ACC, community scouts/informants

One-off survey 2004

Elephant population estimates Line transects in Magadi ACC, community game scouts One-off survey 2006

Elephant sightings Ground observation Community scouts, ACC Weekly, collated monthly 2004-2008

Human elephant conflict Questionnaires , interviews done in

Amboseli, Magadi and Narok east

ACC and community game scouts Weekly, collated monthly 2004-2008

Elephant movement patterns Satellite collars on elephants in

Magadi

ACC Continuous for stated period 2004-2008

Elephant DNA studies Elephant faecal samples collection

in Magadi, Amboseli and Maasai

Mara

Researcher (University of Missouri

), ACC

One-off survey 2008

20

Name of Project/Organization: Amboseli Conservation Program

Geographic region studying/involved in:Amboseli Ecosystem 8,500km2 and Amboseli National Park and dry season range 700km2.











counts, etc)





etc)

Frequency of data


monthly, annually)



All large mammals, livestock,

settlement, shambas, water,

vegetation condition. Elephant

carcasses.

SRF of 8,500km2 ecosystem.

8% sample counts

ACP under DW. One to several times yearly Since 1973

Numbers and location of major

wildlife and livestock species

and settlement in relation to

habitat and other variables

Sample ground counts and total

aerial counts of 700km2 dry

season area and Amboseli

National Park

ACP Monthly Sample ground counts starting

in 1967 and total aerial counts

in 1975

Total plant biomass, green

mass, dry mass and all large

mammals in vicinity

20 permanent plots across park

and 700km2 dry season area.

Vegetation sampling and animal

ground counts

ACP Monthly Since 1975

GIS-based habitat mapping and

change

Aerial and ground surveys ACP 5-yearly Since 1967

Species composition of

vegetation

Ground sampling ACP Yearly Since 1977

Appendix B

Borderland Conservation Database Meeting Report

Documents

elephant conservation

arusha meeting

tanzaniakenya borderlands

local communities

humanelephant conflict

elephanthuman conflict

conservation organizations

african conservation