Booklist - University of Warwick · Web viewPreface, chapter 14, chapter 16 and postscript. NOTE: You might want to consult sociological dictionaries on the meaning of ‘capitalism’

University of Warwick Department of Sociology

State, Society and Work (SO 108)2006-07

MODULE WORKBOOKSSW Workbook 06

Module convenors: Nickie Charles (R3.32) [email protected] Elger (R2.35) [email protected]

Module Lecturers: Nickie Charles (R3.32 ) [email protected] Elger (R2.35) [email protected] Roy (R2.13) [email protected]

Lecture time and location: The lecture is Wednesday 12-1pm, room S0.19

This Workbook

After this opening section the Workbook details the topics covered in the module. Each topic includes:

a) A Summary of the topicb) Seminar Reading which should be prepared prior to each week's seminarc) A list of Seminar Questions which should be considered in seminar preparation

and will be used as the 'agenda' for seminarsd) A list of Essay Titles and associated reading for essay preparation and further

investigation.e) A list of Web Sites relevant to the topic (where applicable)

Formal statement of learning outcomes, teaching methods and assessment methods

NOTE: Further sections of this Workbook expand this formal statement .

By the end of the module students should:1) Have a basic knowledge and sociological understanding of:

a) The political, economic and social institutions of modern societies.b) The social organisation of work in pre-industrial and industrial societies.c) Social diversity and inequality in modern societies.d) Processes of social change in modern societies.

2) With reference to these substantive areas of study be able to:a) Describe and analyse social organisations and processes.b) Evaluate sociological arguments and evidence.c) Critically assess a range of perspectives.d) Draw on material from a range of sources to construct their own arguments.e) Undertake and present scholarly work.f) Participate in group discussions and work.

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g) Make use of library and Web resources.

Learning and teaching methods (which enable students to achieve these learning outcomes)1) A course of 18 lectures, plus a video, is delivered, together with an examination

preparation session.2) Weekly seminars (term1, week 2 to term 3, week 1) for which students are required to

prepare.3) Two non-assessed class essays with feedback and a grade.4) The Module Workbook includes a wide range of printed sources plus Web sites. 5) A revision course in term 3, weeks 2 to 4.

Assessment methods (which will measure the achievement of these learning outcomes):1) A three hour examination in which students must show the ability to:

a) Evaluate sociological arguments and evidence.b) Critically assess theoretical perspectives.c) Draw on materials from a range of sources to construct their own arguments.d) Describe and analyse the political, economic and social institutions of modern

societies.e) Describe and analyse at least ONE of:

i) The social organisation of work in modern societies.ii) Social diversity and inequality in modern societies.iii) Processes of change in modern societies.

2) A 2,000 word essay in which students must show the ability to:a) Evaluate sociological arguments and evidence.b) Critically assess theoretical perspectives.c) Draw on materials from a range of sources to construct their own arguments.d) Present scholarly work.e) Describe and analyse at least ONE of:

i) The political, economic and social institutions of modern societies.ii) The social organisation of work in modern societies.iii) Social diversity and inequality in modern societies.iv) Processes of change in modern societies.

3) Students’ performance in the following skills is assessed as part of the Department's review of students' progressa) Time managementb) Seminar preparationc) Seminar participation (including oral presentation and group work insofar as these are

used in the seminar)d) Use IT sourcese) Undertake and present scholarly written work

Communication

Messages from teachers to students will normally be sent by e-mail.It is thus vital that all students register with IT Services and have an e-mail address which they check regularly.

Students may, of course, consult with their seminar tutor in person but very often an e-mail message is more efficient and effective. Seminar tutors will explain to their groups when and where their weekly office hours are held.

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Syllabus

1. Introduction NC and TE

The Formation of Modern Society

2. Capitalism, Industrialism and the Rise of the Factory TE3. Deconstructing/Reconstructing Gender Relations NC4. The Development of the Liberal Democratic State NC5. Class, Status and Party: Social Theories of Politics TE

The Remaking of Modern Society

6. The Emergence of the Welfare State NC7. Citizenship, Social Rights and Inequalities NC {Video: ‘People’s Century: On the Line’}8. The Rise of Mass Production: Taylorism and Fordism TE9. Class and Gender in the Rise of Mass Consumption TE10. Migration, Racism and Ethnicity TE11. Gender and Paid Work TE12. Family and Gender Relations SR13. The 1960s, Liberalisation and New Social Movements SR14. Consumption, Lifestyles and Social Divisions TE

Contemporary Trends

15. The New Service Economy TE16. Parenting and Partnering in the 21st century SR 17. Globalisation, Old States, New Social Movements TE18. Conclusions TE

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Schedule of lectures and seminars

Note Lecture/seminar numbers refer to the syllabus list above.

Date: Week beginning Monday

Term 1 Week Lecture Seminar Other

2nd Oct 1.1 No seminar9th Oct 1.2 Topic 1 Meeting up16th Oct 1.3 Topic 2 Topic 123rd Oct 1.4 Topic 3 Topic 230th Oct 1.5 Topic 4 Topic 36th Nov 1.6 Topic 5 Topic 413th Nov 1.7 Topic 6 Topic 5 submit class

essay20th Nov 1.8 Topic 7 Topic 627th Nov 1.9 Video Topic 74th Dec 1.10 Topic 8 Video assessed essay

titles + modulefeedback

Term 2 Week

8th Jan 2.1 Topic 9 Topic 8 writing skills15th Jan 2.2 Topic 10 Topic 922nd Jan 2.3 Topic 11 Topic 1029th Jan 2.4 Topic 12 Topic 115th Feb 2.5 Topic 13 Topic 1212th Feb 2.6 Reading Week Reading Week19th Feb 2.7 Topic 14 Topic 13 submit class

essay26th Feb 2.8 Topic 15 Topic 145th March 2.9 Topic 16 Topic 1512th March 2.10 Topic 17 Topic 16

Term 3 Week

23rd April 3.1 Topic 18 and Revision Advice

Topic 17 submit assessed essay

30th April 3.2 Revision exam timetable published

7th May 3.3 Revision module feedback14th May 3.4 Revision

The examination is usually held during weeks 7 or 8 (4 th to 15th June)

Results announced Tuesday or Wednesday of week 10

(26/27th June)

Reading

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There is a reading pack for this course which contains all the reading material for seminars. Essay reading can be found below class essay questions. Books and articles that are asterisked * are those that are the most useful starting points for reading for essays. The seminar readings are essential reading for the writing of essays on the topic to which they relate.

We have tried to ensure that at least three copies of all the readings are available in the library but this has not always been possible.

WEB resources

Students on this module are encouraged to use the World Wide Web as a resource for materials. The Workbook includes some useful web sites. Some sites are topic specific and are included in the appropriate topic in the Workbook.

General points to remember:

a. If you use material from a web site in an essay then cite it in the usual way. The Sociology Department's Professional Skills Programme tells you how to do this.

b. Students are encouraged to explore the web and find materials for themselves.c. If you do find material which is especially useful for this module then please

inform the module convenor so that it can be incorporated into the Workbook in future.

d. It is not possible to continually check the accuracy of web sites included in the Workbook. If you find any which don’t work then let Nickie Charles or Tony Elger know.

Useful web sites for general use

Web sites for sociologists

Social Science Information Gateway (SOSIG)

http://www.sosig.ac.uk/

SocioSite (Albert Benschop)

http://www.pscw.uva.nl/sociosite/index.html

A Sociological Tour through Cyberspace (Michael C. Kearl)

http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/index.html

Sociology Online (Tony Fitzgerald)

http://www.sociologyonline.co.uk/

SocioRealm

http://www.digeratiweb.com/sociorealm

Resource Guide for the Social Sciences

http://www.jisc.ac.uk/subject/socsci/

Encarta Online Sociology

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http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?ti=06269000

News

BBC

http://news.bbc.co.uk/default.stm

(especially the 'In depth' pages)

The Guardian

http://www.guardianunlimited.co.uk

News and Newspapers Online (a listing of online newspapers throughout the

world)

http://library.uncg.edu/news

Westminsterwatch

http://www.westminsterwatch.co.uk/

For 'alternative' news sources try:

http://www.MediaChannel.org/

http://www.MediaLens.org/

http://www.IndyMedia.org/

Organisations

Trade Union Congress

http://www.tuc.org.uk/

Confederation of British Industry

http://www.cbi.org.uk/home.html

Statistics

Office of National Statistics (British Government)

http://www.statistics.gov.uk

(especially the 'UK in figures' page)

Policy

British Government

http://www.open.gov.uk

Dictionaries / encyclopaedias

Sociological dictionary

http://www.iversonsoftware.com/sociology/p.html

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Encyclopaedia Britannica

http://www.britannica.com

(Use the 'advanced search' facility)

Library web resources

The Library is now partly an electronic resource for students. In the Workbook some of the journal articles listed have one of the following annotations:

1. Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR A URL follows.

2. (This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:

E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

These articles are available in full text electronically but the means of access varies and the URLs can change. It will be to the advantage of students to familiarise themselves with using the Library’s collection of electronic journals.

Examination and assessment on this module

In this module you will be formally examined by:

A 2000 word assessed essay counting for 33% of the total mark. This essay is submitted at the end of the first week of the Summer Term.

A three hour examination counting for 67% of the total mark. The examination takes place in either week 7 or week 8 of the Summer Term.

These formal examination requirements are normally the sole basis for arriving at your final mark for the module. The Board of Examiners may, in exceptional circumstances, take account of your work during the year. However, work done during the year but not formally examined is extremely important to your successful achievement of the learning outcomes of the module. As such your seminar tutor will make reports on your progress to the Department at the end of the Autumn and Spring terms by completing your record card (see the Sociology Student Guide). These reports will certainly be referred to in the future if you ask the Department for a reference.

The following paragraphs explain our expectations of students taking the module.

Attendance

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We strongly recommend but do not require you to attend lectures. Hence, a register is not kept.

We do require you to attend all seminars and a register is kept. If you are unable to attend a seminar you should e-mail your apologies and the reason to your seminar tutor.

Class essays

On this module you are required to complete two class essays, each of about 15001 words, and submit them during:

Week 7 of the Autumn TermWeek 7 of the Spring Term

The titles for these essays are included under each topic of this WORKBOOK. Your seminar tutor will return a ‘Class Essay Feed Back’ form with each essay which will include a percentage mark. These will be recorded on your record card. You can see what the marks mean by referring to the section entitled ‘Marking Criteria’ in your Sociology Student Guide. You are advised to refer to the Professional Skills Programme section on writing essays and the section on ‘Written Work’ in the Guide.

NOTE: one purpose of writing non-examined class essays is to help students to prepare for examined work. Thus you CAN a) choose an assessed essay on a topic for which you have written a class essay and b) use material from your class essay in your assessed essay. Do remember, however, to address directly the specified title in the assessed essay.

Seminar preparation

This MODULE WORKBOOK specifies 'Seminar Reading' for each week which is in the module pack available for each term of study and can also be obtained in the sources listed.

You should spend around two hours each week preparing for your seminar. The specified 'Seminar Reading' reflects this expectation and if you use an alternative you should bear this in mind.

As well as reading your source material you should also take notes. In both reading and note taking you should remember that you are preparing to engage in an informed discussion of the issues the seminar is reviewing. You might follow the advice of the Professional Skills Programme and note:

Ideas and materials you think are important - where you have learnt something you want to share with others.

1 For purposes of class essays this word length is very much a guide. Do not be concerned if your essay is a little long or short. Your tutor will indicate in the feedback if there is a problem. The word limits for assessed essays must be taken seriously. See your Student Guide.

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Points of connection (or contrast) with other materials you have come across Items of criticism - where you want to alert others of errors or failings in what

you have read Areas of confusion - where you are not sure what the author is saying and need

clarification form others

Seminar performance

In the first seminar of the academic year your seminar tutor will discuss with you the organisation of the seminar and specify just what contribution students should make. At the end of each seminar a few minutes will be devoted to clarifying preparation and contribution the following week.

Use of IT and other resources

We encourage students to use resources on the World Wide Web and this WORKBOOK includes addresses of potentially useful web sites. Students should explore these in preparing for seminars and writing class essays and include them in seminar notes and the references of essays.

Finally, your record card will contain a section 'Student comments on report'. Department policy is to encourage students to make this comment. It should be your own self-assessment of your progress and how fairly the tutor's report reflects this. It is an opportunity for you to reflect on how your learning is progressing.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Summary

The objective of this lecture is to introduce you to key themes of the module, and especially to discuss

the implications of looking at the relations between state, society and work in terms of major historical developments and changes since the 18th century

the significance of the interplay between changes in class and gender relations in the making and remaking of states, societies and forms of work

These themes are addresses across the module, but the first seminar will provide an opportunity to start our discussion of these topics. As a substantive example, we will take the topic of work, and in doing so also emphasise

the importance of an inclusive conception of work, which is not just focused on paid employment but also considers unpaid work in and beyond the household

Seminar reading

Abrams, Philip. (1982) ‘Introduction: Sociology as History’, from his Historical Sociology, New York: Cornell University Press.

Malcolmson, R.W. (1988) ‘Ways of Getting a Living in Eighteenth-Century England’ in R.E. Pahl (ed.) On Work, pp 48-60. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. HD 1000.O6

Seminar questions

1. Why should the sociological imagination adopt an historical perspective?

2. What are the main differences and similarities in ‘getting a living’ between the eighteenth century and the present? (use Malcolmson and your own observations)

3. How are these differences gendered?

Class essay titles

1. Discuss the value of history for the ‘sociological imagination’.

Abrams, Philip. (1972) ‘The sense of the past and the origins of sociology’, Past and Present, 55: 18-32.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. The stable URL is: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-2746%28197205%290%3A55%3C18%3ATSOTPA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V

* Abrams, Philip. (1982) ‘Introduction: Sociology as History’, from his Historical Sociology, New York: Cornell University Press.

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Beynon, Huw. (1992) ‘Class and historical explanation’, in M.L. Bush (ed.) Social Orders and Social Classes in Europe since 1500, London: Longman.

Bradley, Harriet. (1989) ‘Sociological and Historical Contexts’, part 1 of her Men’s Work, Women’s Work, Cambridge: Polity.

Goldthorpe, John. (1991) ‘The Uses of History in Sociology: Reflections on Some Recent Tendencies’, British Journal of Sociology, 42, 1991, or in his (2000) On Sociology: Numbers, narratives and the Integration of Theory and Research, Oxford: OUP.

* Wright Mills, C. (1959) The Sociological Imagination, Oxford: OUP. Chapters 1 and 8.

2. Compare and contrast the major features of the social organisation of work in pre-industrial and industrial societies.

Deem, Rosemary. (1988) Work, Unemployment and Leisure. London: Routledge.

Littler, Craig R. (1985) The Experience of Work. Aldershot: Gower Section 1, esp ‘Work in traditional and modern societies’, pp 34-49.

* Malcolmson, R.W. (1988) ‘Ways of Getting a Living in Eighteenth-Century England’ in R.E. Pahl (ed.) On Work, pp 48-60. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

* Pahl, R.E. (1984) Divisions of Labour. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, part 1: ‘Past and Present ways of Work’.

Ransome, P. (1996) The Concept of Work Aldershot, Avebury.

Taylor, R. (2003) ‘Extending Conceptual Boundaries: Work, Voluntary Work and Employment’, Work, Employment and Society, 18.1: 29-49.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Thompson, E.P. (1967) ‘Time, work-discipline and industrial capitalism’, Past and Present 38 (December): 56-97. and in E.P.Thompson (1991) Customs in Common London:Penguin (Also reprinted in Essays in Social History, edited by M. W. Flinn and T. C. Smout. 39-77. Oxford: Oxford University Press; and in Class, Power and Conflict: Classical and Contemporary Debates, edited by A. Giddens and D. Held. London: MacMillan).

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2. CAPITALISM, INDUSTRIALISM AND THE RISE OF THE FACTORY

Summary

How did the social organisation of work change with the development of capitalism? One focus of discussion has been the rise of the modern factory, but this came much later than the development of market relations and paid employment. Indeed, modern historians have focused on a widespread and prolonged experience of proto-industrialisation. How, then, were the times and places of work organised before the rise of the factory? And how did work hierarchies and work disciplines change with the development of the factory system? While some commentators have suggested that factory production created a mass of vulnerable and dependent detail workers, others have argued that existing forms of hierarchy based on gender, age and skill continued to play an important role in the new workplaces. These arguments have also been associated with the suggestion that the power of employers remained in some respects circumscribed, allowing scope for accommodation and paternalism as well as authoritarianism and domination.

In this lecture we will: a) compare pre-industrial ways of making a living and key features of the modern factory, especially the development of management, the enforcement of labour discipline and the significance of machinery;

b) consider how far the changes associated with proto-industrialisation and then the rise of the factory can be seen as the products of industrialism and in what ways they can be seen as the results of capitalism;

c) examine changes in the organisation of employment and factory work over time, and their implications for relations between owners and workers.

Seminar reading

Pollard, Sydney. (1963) ‘Factory Discipline in the Industrial Revolution’, Economic History Review, 16: 254-71, or his (1965) The Genesis of Modern Management: A Study of the Industrial Revolution in Britain. London: Edward Arnold. Chapter 5: ‘The Adaptation of the Labour Force’.

Pat Hudson. (2004) ‘Industrial Organisation and Structure’ in Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson (eds) The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, vol 1: Industrialisation 1700-1860 Cambridge CUP

Seminar questions

1. What was distinctive about the organisation of work in the early factories?

2. Why did proto-industrial forms of work organisation remain important into the nineteenth century?

3. How far did technology drive the development of factory production?

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Class Essay Titles

1. Compare the organisation and control of work in proto-industrial and factory production.

Behagg, Clive. (1990) Politics and Production in the Early Nineteenth Century, London: Routledge, chapter 1 and chapter 3.

Berg, Maxine. (1994) The Age of Manufactures 1700-1820: Industry, Innovation and Work in Britain. London, Routledge. Chap 8 and 9

Berg, Maxine (1994) ‘Factories, Workshops and Industrial Organisation’ in R. Floud and D. McCloskey (eds) Economic History of Britain since 1700 Cambridge: CUP

Berg, Maxine. and Hudson, Pat. (1992). ‘Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution’, Economic History Review, 45.1: 24-50. (esp pp 30-50)

(This can be found at the following stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-0117%28199202%292%3A45%3A1%3C24%3ARTIR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5

* Digby, Anne. et al. (1992) New Directions in Economic and Social History, London: Macmillan, essays by Hudson, Berg and Rule.

Eley, Geoff. (1984) ‘The Social History of Industrialization: Proto-industry and the Origins of Capitalism’, Economy and Society 13.4.

Hareven, T. K. (1982). Family Time and Industrial Time: The Relationship Between the Family and Work in a New England Industrial Community. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Chaps 2 and 3

* Hudson, Pat. (2004) ‘Industrial Organisation and Structure’ in Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson (eds) The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, vol 1: Industrialisation 1700-1860 Cambridge CUP

* Malcolmson, R.W. (1988) ‘Ways of getting a living in Eighteenth-Century England’, in R.E. Pahl (ed.) On Work, pp 48-60. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

* Pahl, Ray E. (1984) Divisions of Labour. Oxford: Basil Blackwell chapters 1, 2 & 3

* Pollard, Sydney. (1963) ‘Factory Discipline in the Industrial Revolution’, Economic History Review, 16: 254-71, or his (1965) The Genesis of Modern Management: A Study of the Industrial Revolution in Britain. London: Edward Arnold. Chapter 5: ‘The Adaptation of the Labour Force’.

Randall, Adrian J. (1990) ‘Peculiar perquisites and pernicious practices. Embezzelment in the West of England woolen industry, c. 1750-1840’, International Review of Social History 35.2: 193-219.

Rule, John (2002) ‘The Labouring Poor’, in H.T. Dickinson (ed) A Companion to Eighteenth Century Britain Oxford: Blackwell

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Steedman, Carolyn (2002) ‘Service and Servitude in the World of Labour: Servants in England 1750-1820’ in C. Jones and D. Wahrman (eds) The Age of Cultural Revolutions Berkeley: University of California Press

* Thompson, E.P. (1967) ‘Time, work-discipline and industrial capitalism’, Past and Present 38 (December): 56-97. and in E.P.Thompson (1991) Customs in Common London:Penguin (Also reprinted in Essays in Social History, edited by M. W. Flinn and T. C. Smout. 39-77. Oxford: Oxford University Press; and in Class, Power and Conflict: Classical and Contemporary Debates, edited by A. Giddens and D. Held. London: MacMillan).

2. Develop a critical assessment of Marglin’s argument that control over labour was central to the development of the factory.

Berg, Maxine. (1991) ‘On the Origins of Capitalist Hierarchy’ in B. Gustaffson (ed) Power and Economic Institutions: Reinterpretations in Economic History, Aldershot: Edward Elgar or (1984) ‘The power of knowledge: comments on Marglin’s ‘Knowledge and Power’, in F.H. Stephens (ed) Firms, Organization and Labour: Approaches to the Economics of Work Organization, pp 165-75. London: MacMillan.

Hudson, Pat. (2004) ‘Industrial Organisation and Structure’ in Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson (eds) The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, vol 1: Industrialisation 1700-1860 Cambridge CUP

* Landes, David S. (1986) ‘What do bosses really do?’ Journal of Economic History 66 (3) : 585-623. (see also his The Unbound Prometheus, 1969, Cambridge: CUP, chapter 2)

McKendrick, Neil. (1961) ‘Josiah Wedgewood and Factory Discipline’, The Historical Journal, 4:30-55 and in D.S.Landes (ed) (1966) The Rise of Capitalism. London: Collier-Macmillan.

Marglin, Stephen A. (1976) ‘What do the bosses do? The origins and functions of hierarchy in capitalist production’, in A. Gorz (ed.) The Division of Labour: the labour process and class struggle in modern capitalism, pp 13-54. Brighton: Harvester HM 9110.G6, or in (1982) Class, Power and Conflict: Classical and Contemporary Debates, edited by A. Giddens and D. Held, pp 285-298. London: Macmillan. HC 7600.G4.

Marglin, Stephen. (1991) ‘Understanding Capitalism: Control versus Efficiency’ in B. Gustaffson (ed) Power and Economic Institutions: Reinterpretations in Economic History, Aldershot:Edward Elgar)

Marx, Karl. (1976) Capital London: Penguin, volume 1, chapters 13-15, esp 480-508; 517-564.

* Pollard, Sydney. (1963) ‘Factory Discipline in the Industrial Revolution’, Economic History Review, 16: 254-71, or his (1965) The Genesis of Modern

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Management: A Study of the Industrial Revolution in Britain. London: Edward Arnold. Chapter 5: ‘The Adaptation of the Labour Force’.

Price, Richard. (1986) Labour in British Society. London: Croom Helm, chap 1 and 2.

Randall, Adrian J. (1990) ‘Peculiar perquisites and pernicious practices. Embezzelment in the West of England woolen industry, c. 1750-1840’, International Review of Social History 35.2: 193-219.

* Rowlinson, Michael. (1997) ‘The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain’ in his Organisations and Institutions, London: Macmillan pp 150-157.

3. Assess the extent to which workshop independence remained a feature of factory production through the nineteenth century.

Behagg, Clive. (1990) Politics and Production in the Early Nineteenth Century, London: Routledge, chapter 1 and chapter 3.

Berg, Maxine. (1994) The Age of Manufactures 1700-1820: Industry, Innovation and Work in Britain. London, Routledge. Chap 8 and 9 (NB chap 9 is included in the SRC lecturer’s box collection)

Burawoy, Michael. (1985) ‘Karl Marx and the Dark Satanic Mills’ chapter 2 of his The Politics of Production London: Verso.

Digby, Anne. et al. (1992) New Directions in Economic and Social History, London: Macmillan, essays by Hudson, Berg and Rule.

Godfrey, Barry . (1999) ‘Law, Factory Discipline and “Theft”: the impact of the factory on workplace appropriation in mid to late 19th century Yorkshire’, British Journal of Criminology, 39.1: 56-71.

* Gray, Robert. (1981) The Aristocracy of Labour in Nineteenth Century Britain, London-Macmillan, esp chapters 1-3.

Hobsbawm, Eric. (1968) ‘Custom, Wages and Workload in Nineteenth century industry’, in Labouring Men: Studies in the History of Labour, London: Wiedenfeld.

Hudson, Pat. (2004) ‘Industrial Organisation and Structure’ in Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson (eds) The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, vol 1: Industrialisation 1700-1860 Cambridge CUP

* Joyce, Patrick. (1990) ‘Work’ in F.M.L. Thompson (ed) Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750-1950 vol 2. Cambridge: CUP. Joyce, Patrick. (1982) Work, Society and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in Later Victorian England. London, Methuen. Chaps 4 and 5

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Lazonick, William. (1979) ‘Industrial Relations and Technical Change: the Case of the Self-acting Mule’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 3:

Reid, Alistair. (1992) Social Classes and Social Relations in Britain, 1850-1914, London: Macmillan,. esp ch 3.

Rule, John (1988) British Trade Unionism 1750-1850 London: Longman, chapters by Randall, Berg and Behagg

Samuel, Raph. (1977) ‘The Workshop of the World: Steam Power and Hand Technology in mid-Victorian Britain’, History Workshop Journal, 3 * Mike Savage and Andrew Miles (1994) The Remaking of the British Working Class 1840-1940, London: Routledge, esp. ch 3 ‘Workplace Independence and Economic Restructuring’.

Background

Hobsbawn, Eric. (1990) Industry and Empire. Harmondsworth: Penguin, chapters 1-4 and 6. HK 115.H6

Porter, Roy. (1990) English Society in the Eighteeenth Century. Harmondsworth: Penguin, chap 5, ‘getting and spending’. DA 485.P6

Thompson, E.P. (1968) The Making of the English Working Class, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Preface, chapter 14, chapter 16 and postscript.

NOTE: You might want to consult sociological dictionaries on the meaning of ‘capitalism’ and ‘industrialism’. Two good ones but very different in approach are:

Abercrombie, Nicholas, Stephen Hill, and Bryan S. Turner. 1988. The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology. Second ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Williams, Raymond. 1988. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. London: Fontana.

These are both located on the REFERENCE shelves on floor 5 of the Library.

Web Sites

For a discussion of the history and concept of capitalism see:

Hooker, R. The European Enlightenment Glossary: Capitalism. http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/CAPITAL.HTM

For introductory accounts of the Industrial Revolution see:

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MacLeod, C. Industry and Invention

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/victorian_britainlj/industry_invention_7.shtml?site=history_society_economy

Rempel, G. The industrial revolution http:\\www.mars.acnet.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/industrialrev.html

Encyclopaedia Britannicahttp://www.britannica.com

(Use the ‘advanced search’ facility -Industrial Revolution)

For a range of historical sources on the technology and social effects of the Industrial Revolution see:

Internet Modern History Sourcebook, Industrial Revolution. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.html

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3. DECONSTRUCTING/RECONSTRUCTING GENDER RELATIONS

Summary

The transition to a capitalist industrial mode of production affected the form taken by gender relations. Some argue that this change improved the situation of women while others argue that it deteriorated. Here we consider the changes that took place within households and the emerging gender division of labour that was to become characteristic of capitalist industrial societies. We focus on three questions.

1) How did the shift from feudalism to capitalism affect gender relations? How were they reconstituted under conditions of industrial capitalism?

2) Do the gendered differences and divisions familiar to us today go back into pre-modern societies or are they the specific products of the development of modern societies?

3) In the 19th century domestic ideology and the idea of a family wage earned by men emerged and was taken up by sections of the working class. The goal was to keep women at home while men occupied the public world of work and politics. To what extent did this private patriarchy give way to public patriarchy in the 20th century?

Seminar reading

N.Charles (1993) Gender divisions and social change, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Chapter 3

S. Walby (1990) Theorizing Patriarchy, Basil Blackwell, Chapter 8

Seminar questions

1. Does capitalism GENERATE, DEGENERATE or REGENERATE gender divisions?

2. In the 19th Century was 'domestic ideology' primarily a male ideology? a middle class ideology?

3. Has there been a move from private to public patriarchy in the 20th century?

Class essay titles

1, How did the changes associated with the emergence of industrial capitalism affect gender divisions of labour?

* Charles, N (1993) Gender Divisions and Social Change, Harvester Wheatsheaf, chapter 3

* Oakley, Ann. 1976. Housewife. Harmondsworth: Penguin, Chapters 2 and 3.

* Shorter, Edward. 1976. Women's work: what difference did capitalism make? Theory and Society 3 (4) : 513-29.Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR

18

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0304-2421%28197624%293%3A4%3C513%3AWWWDDC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N

* Seccombe, W (1993) Weathering the storm: working class families from the industrial revolution to the fertility decline, Verso, chapter 3

* Honeyman, Katrina, and Jordan Goodman. 1991. Women's work, gender conflict, and labour markets in Europe, 1500-1900. Economic History Review 44 (4): 608-28.

Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-0117%28199111%292%3A44%3A4%3C608%3AWWGCAL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5

Bradley, Harriet. (1992) Changing social structures: class and gender. In Formations of Modernity. Edited by S. Hall and B. Gieben. Chap 4. Cambridge: Polity.

Bradley, H. (1989) Men's Work, Women's Work. Oxford: Polity. Chap 2

Branca, P. (1975). Silent Sisterhood: Middle Class Women in the Victorian Home. London, Croom Helme.

Galbi, D. A. (1996). "Through Eyes in the Storm: Aspects of the Personal History of Women Workers in the Industrial Revolution." Social History 21(2): 142-159. {No electronic source 09/04}

Hall, Catherine. (1992) The history of the housewife. In White, Male and Middle Class: Explorations in Feminism and History. Edited by C. Hall. Cambridge: Polity.

Honeyman, K. (2000). Women, Gender and Industrialisation in England, 1700-1870. Basingstoke, Macmillan, chap 2-4.

Hudson, Pat, and W.R. Lee. 1990. Women's work and the family economy in historical perspective. In Women's work and the family economy in historical perspective. Edited by P. Hudson and W. R. Lee. 2-47. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Middleton, C. 1985. Women's labour and the transition to industrial capitalism. In Women and Work in Pre-Industrial England. Edited by L. Charles and L. Duffin. London: Croom Helm.

Pahl, R (1984) Divisions of Labour, Basil Blackwell, part I

Pinchbeck, I (1981) Women workers and the industrial revolution, Virago

Rendall, Jane. 1990. Women in an Industrializing Society. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Rowbotham, Sheila. 1973. Hidden from History: 300 Years of Women's Oppression and the Fight against it. London: Pluto Press.

19

Tilly, L A and Scott, J W (eds) Women, Work and Family, Methuen

Walby, S. (1986). Patriarchy at Work: Patriarchal and Capitalist Relations in Employment. Cambridge, Polity, chap 5.

2. Discuss the form taken by private patriarchy in the 19th century and its relation to the male breadwinner family.

* Charles, N (1993) Gender divisions and social change, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Chapter 3

* Seccombe, W (1993) Weathering the storm: working class families from the industrial revolution to the fertility decline, Verso

* Walby, S (1990) Theorizing Patriarchy, Blackwell, Chapter 8

* Janssens, A. (1997). "The Rise and Decline of the Male Breadwinner Family? An Overview of the Debate." International Review of Social History 42(supplement 5): 1-23. {No electronic source 09/04}

* Creighton, C. (1999). "The Rise and Decline of the 'Male Breadwinner Family' in Britain." Cambridge Journal of Economics 23(5): 519-541.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Creighton, C. (1996). "The Rise of the Male Breadwinner Family: A Reappraisal." Comparative Studies in Society and History 38(2): 310-337.

Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010-4175%28199604%2938%3A2%3C310%3ATROTMB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S

Davidoff, Leonore, and Catherine Hall. 1987. Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850. London: Hutchinson, pp 388-396

Davidoff, Leonore. 1974. Mastered for life: servant and wife in Victorian and Edwardian England. Journal of Social History 7 (4) : 406-28. Reprinted in Essays in Social History Vol 2. Edited by P. Thane and A. Sutcliffe. 126-50. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Hall, Catherine. 1979. The early formation of domestic ideology. In Fit Work for Women. Edited by S. Burman. 15-32. London: Croom Helm and in White, Male and Middle Class: Explorations in Feminism and History. Edited by C. Hall. Cambridge: Polity, 1992.

20

Horrell, S. and J. Humphries (1995). "Women's Labour Force Participation and the Transition to the Male-Breadwinner Family, 1790-1865." The Economic History Review 48(1): 89-117.

Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-0117%28199502%292%3A48%3A1%3C89%3AWLFPAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-C

McBride, Theresa M. 1976. The Domestic Revolution: The Modernisation of Household Service in England and France 1820-1920. London: Croom Helm, chap 1.

Summers, Anne. 1979. A home from home - Women's philanthropic work in the nineteenth century. In Fit Work for Women. Edited by S. Burman. 33-63. London: Croom Helm.

Clark, A. (1995). The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the making of the British Working Class. London, Rivers Oram.

Meldrum, T. (1999). "Domestic Service, Privacy and the Eighteenth-Century Metropolitan Household." Urban History 26(1): 27-39.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Tadmor, N. (1996). "The Concept of the Household-Family in Eighteenth-Century England." Past and Present 151(May): 111-140. Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-2746%28199605%290%3A151%3C111%3ATCOTHI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R

Web Sites

For materials on gender and society see:

Kearl, M. C. A Sociological Tour through Cyberspace: Gender and Society. http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.html

Fitzgerald, T. Sociology Online Women in Society.http://www.sociologyonline.f9.co.uk/WomenGender.htm

BBC page on Women's Work by Pat Hudsonhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/welfare/womens_work06.shtml

21

4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC STATE

In this lecture we explore the political developments accompanying capitalist industrialisation. Some argue that political conflict is significant in explaining the emergence of different types of state while others argue that economic development determines the nature of the state. Here we consider how the liberal democratic state emerged in Britain during the 19th century and how its development can be explained. We focus on three questions.

1. How did modern states develop and how do they differ from other forms of state? What are the factors associated with the emergence of modern states?

2. What social and economic conditions gave rise to t he emergence of a liberal democratic state in 19th century Britain? What role did political conflict play in the development of liberal democracy?

3. Throughout the 19th and early 20th century there was conflict over the extension of the franchise, first to working-class men and then to middle-class and, finally, working-class women. We shall consider how struggles for the franchise were shaped by gender, ‘race’ and class.

Seminar reading

Hall, S (1991) ‘The state in question’ in McLennan, G Held, D and Hall, S (eds) The idea of the modern state, Open University Press

Thompson, D (1979) ‘Women and nineteenth-century radical politics: a lost dimension’ in J.Mitchell and A.Oakely (eds) The Rights and Wrongs of Women, Pelican, pp. 112-138

Seminar questions

1. Liberal democratic states are a form of modern state. How did the modern state develop?

2. What were the key factors associated with the extension of the franchise in 19th century Britain?

3. How does the extension of the franchise relate to capitalism?

4. How was it that in Britain middle-class men achieved the franchise before working-class men and that all men achieved it before women?

Class essay titles

1. Discuss the factors which were necessary for the emergence of liberal democracy in Britain.

* Pierson, C (1991) Beyond the welfare state? Polity Press, chapter 1

* Pierson, C (1996) The Modern State, Routledge, chapter 2

22

* Therborn, Goran. 1977. The rule of capital and the rise of democracy. New Left Review 103 : 28-34. {No electronic source 09/04}

Arblaster, Anthony. 1987. Democracy. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, part 1.

Bevir, M. (2000). "Republicanism, Socialism, and Democracy in Britain: The Origins of the Radical Left." Journal of Social History 34(2): 351-368.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Conacher, J.B. (1971) The Emergence of British Parliamentary Democracy in the Nineteenth Century: The Passing of the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884-1885. London: John Wiley. (NB in the first instance use Conacher's Introductions to the three reforms).

Dunn, John. (1993) Democracy: the Unfinished Journey, 508BC to AD 1993. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chap 8.

Hall, John A and Ikenberry, G. John (1989) The State, Open University Press

Held, D et al (eds) (1983) States and Societies, Martin Robertson, Introduction, especially pages 14-23 and Section 2

King, R (1986) The State in Modern Society, Macmillan, chapters 2 and 3

McLennan, G Held, D and Hall, S (1991) The idea of the modern state, Open University Press

Perkin, H. (1969). The Origins of Modern English Society 1780-1880 London, Routledge Kegan Paul. Chap 9

Poggi, Gianfranco. 1990. The State: Its Nature, Development and Prospects. Cambridge: Polity, chap 2-4,6. This is partly reproduced in Poggi, G. (1999). The nature of the modern state. Modernity: Critical Concepts. M. Waters. London, Routledge. Volume 111 Modern Systems: 265-278.

Poggi, Gianfranco. 1978. The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction. London: Hutchinson.

Pugh, Martin. 1982. The Making of Modern British Politics 1867-1939. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

23

2. The extension of the franchise was a classed and gendered process. Discuss.

* Alexander, S (1990) ‘Women, class and sexual differences in the 1830s and 1840s: some reflections on the writing of a feminist history’ in T. Lovell (ed) British Feminist Thought: A Reader, Basil Blackwell

* Hall, C (1990) ‘Private persons versus public someones: class, gender and politics in England’, 1780-1850 in T. Lovell (ed) British Feminist Thought: A Reader, Basil Blackwell

* Therborn, Goran. 1977. The rule of capital and the rise of democracy. New Left Review 103 : 28-34. {No electronic source 09/04}

* Thompson, D (1979) ‘Women and nineteenth-century radical politics: a lost dimension’ in J.Mitchell and A.Oakely (eds) The Rights and Wrongs of Women, Pelican, pp. 112-138

Bryson, V (1992) Feminist Political Theory, Macmillan, especially chapter 4

Clark, A. (1995). The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the making of the British Working Class. London, Rivers Oram.

Hamerow, Theodore S. 1983. The Birth of a New Europe. London: University of North Carolina Press, Chap 11.

Kingsley Kent, S (1987) Sex and suffrage in Britain 1860 – 1914, Routledge

Moorhouse, H.F. 1973. ‘The political incorporation of the British working class: an interpretation’. Sociology 7 (4): 341-59. {No electronic source 09/04}

Rowbotham, S (1992) Women in Movement, Routledge, Chapters 6, 8, 18

Pankhurst, S (1977) The Suffragette Movement, Virago

24

5. CLASS, STATUS AND PARTY: SOCIAL THEORIES OF POLITICS

Summary

A major preoccupation of social theorising was to understand the social movements and political conflicts associated with capitalist industrialism. In this context a central concern was to understand the emergence of a relatively coherent working class and organised labour movements. Marx, obviously, and later Weber, sought to analyse the bases of class formation and class mobilisation, and here we will consider their rival conceptualisations and some of the debates about social class that have ensued.

Marx and Engels provide the classic characterisation of a dynamic of class conflict and class polarisation in the Communist Manifesto, but also more complex discussions of class formations and politics in other publications which have fueled a continuing debate about Marxian analyses of class relations. However, Weber sets out a quite different agenda for analysing class, status and political mobilisation, one that highlights an interplay between class fragmentation and status group formation, and this has provided the basis for contrasting traditions of class analysis.

As a result these competing traditions have informed much of the discussion of long-term changes in class relations and of the rise and crises of labour movements. Historical reassessments of the making and remaking of class relations in nineteenth and early twentieth century Britain have themselves been profoundly influenced by these contrasting theoretical traditions, generating a lively debate about the bases and extent of a distinctive working class consciousness and politics in this period.

Seminar reading

* Marx, Karl. and Engels, Frederick. (1848) ‘The Communist Manifesto’ parts 1 & 2, in McLellan, D. (ed.) (1977) Karl Marx: Selected Writings, Oxford: OUP

You can look at the whole of the text and related writings in this and other editions, which include Fernbach, D. (ed.) (1967) The Revolutions of 1848, Harmondsworth: Penguin; Taylor, A. J. P. (ed.) (1967) The Communist Manifesto; a newer translation in Cowling, M. (ed.) (1998) The Communist Manifesto: New Interpretations (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).

* Weber, Max. (1982) ‘The Distribution of Power: Class, Status and Party’ and other selections from ‘Economy and Society’ in Giddens, A. and Held, D. (eds) (1982) Classes, Power and Conflict, London: Macmillan.

Similar and related selections from Weber can also be found in Gerth, H. and Mills, C.W. (eds) (1948) From Max Weber, or Joyce, Patrick. (ed.) (1995). Class. Oxford, Oxford University Press. .

25

Seminar questions

1. What are the most important differences between Marx’s and Weber’s approaches to class?

2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Marx’s approach?

3. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Weber’s approach?

CLASS ESSAY TITLES

1. Outline and assess Marx’s analysis of class formation in capitalist societies.

Bradley, Harriet. (1996) Fractured Identities: Changing Patterns of Inequality, Cambridge: Polity, pp 45-64.

Burawoy, M. (1990). ‘Marxism as Science: Historical Challenges and Theoretical Growth’, American Sociological Review 55.6: 775-793.

* Crompton, Rosemary (1993) Class and Stratification: An introduction to current debates Cambridge: Polity, chapter 2 (chapters 4, 5 and 8 are also relevant).

* Crompton, Rosemary, and Jon Gubbay. (1977) Economy and Class Structure. London: MacMillan. Chapters 2 and 3.

Edgell, Stephen. (1993) Class. London: Routledge. Chapter 1.

Giddens, Anthony. (1973) The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies. London: Hutchinson, esp chapters 1 and 2. Hall, Stuart. (1977) ‘The “Political” and the “Economic” in Marx’s Theory of Classes’, in A. Hunt (ed), Class and Class Structure, London: Lawrence and Wishart.

Lebowitz, Michael A. (2003) Beyond Capital: Marx’s Political Economy of the Working Class, London: Palgrave.

* Morrison, Ken (1995) Marx, Weber, Durkheim: Formations of Modern Thought London: Sage chapter 2

Parkin, Frank. (1979) The Marxist Theory of Class: A Bourgeois Critique London: Tavistock (excerpt in Giddens and Held)

Prezworski, Adam. (1986) Capitalism and Social Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press chapters 1 and 2.

Scott, John. (1996) Stratification and Power: Structures of Class, Status and Command. Cambridge, Polity. Chap 3

(Note: this is summarised in the paper in:http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~scottj/socscot4.htm

26

2. Outline and assess Weber’s analysis of class and status formation in modern societies.

Bradley, Harriet. (1996) Fractured Identities: Changing Patterns of Inequality, Cambridge: Polity, pp 45-64.

* Crompton, Rosemary (1993) Class and Stratification: An introduction to current debates Cambridge: Polity, chapter 2 (chapters 4, 5 and 8 are also relevant).

* Crompton, Rosemary, and Jon Gubbay. (1977) Economy and Class Structure. London: MacMillan. Chapters 2 and 3.

Edgell, Stephen. (1993) Class. London: Routledge. Chapter 1.

Giddens, Anthony. (1973) The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies. London: Hutchinson, esp chapters 1 and 2. * Morrison, Ken (1995) Marx, Weber, Durkheim: Formations of Modern Thought London: Sage chapter 3

Mommsen, Wolfgang. (1989) The Political and Social Theory of Max Weber, Cambridge: Polity (a few pages on ‘Capitalism and Socialism: Weber’s Dialogue with Marx’ are excerpted in The Polity Reader in Social Theory) or (1974) The Age of Bureaucracy, esp chapter 3.

Parkin, Frank. (1979) The Marxist Theory of Class: A Bourgeois Critique London: Tavistock (excerpt in Giddens and Held)

* Parkin, Frank. (1982) Max Weber, esp chapters 3 and 4.

Saunders, Peter. (1990) Social Class and Stratification. London: Routledge. Chap 1

Scott, John. (1996) Stratification and Power: Structures of Class, Status and Command. Cambridge, Polity. Chap 2.

(Note: this is summarised in the paper in:http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~scottj/socscot4.htm

Wright, Eric Olin. (2002) ‘The Shadow of Exploitation in Weber’s Class Analysis’, American Sociological Review 67.6: 832-853.

(This can be found at stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1224%28200212%2967%3A6%3C832%3ATSOEIW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H

27

3. ‘By the end of the nineteenth century a relatively homogenous working class had developed in the UK’. Discuss.

Calhoun, Craig. (1982) The Question of Class Struggle, Oxford: Blackwell.

Gray, Robbie. (1981) The Aristocracy of Labour in Nineteenth Century Britain, 1850-1914. London: Macmillan.

* Hobsbawm, Eric. (1984) Worlds of Labour, London: Wiedenfeld, chapters 10-14.

Joyce, Patrick. (1990) ‘Work’ in F.M.L. Thompson (ed) Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750-1950 vol 2. Cambridge: CUP.

* Joyce, Patrick. (1992) ‘A People and a Class: Industrial Workers and the Social order in Nineteenth century England’ in M.L. Bush (ed) Social Orders and Social Classes in Europe since 1500, London: Longman.

Kirk, Neville. (1998) Change, Continuity and Class: Labour in British Society 1850-1920, Manchester: Manchester University Press, part 1: ‘advances and retreats in the mid-Victorian period’.

Meacham, Standish. (1977) A Life Apart: The English Working Class 1890-1914, London: Thames and Hudson.

Moorhouse, H.F. (1978) ‘The Marxist Theory of the Labour Aristocracy’ Social History, 3.1: 61-82.

Perkin, Harold. (1969) The Origins of Modern English Society 1780-1880 London, Routledge Kegan Paul. Chap 1, 6-8.

Reddy, W.M. (1992) ‘The concept of class’, in M.L. Bush (ed) Social Orders and Social Classes in Europe since 1500, London: Longman.

Reid, Alistair. (1992) Social Classes and Social Relations in Britain, 1850-1914. London: Macmillan.

Savage, Mike. (1987) The Dynamics of Working Class Politics: the Labour Movement in Preston 1880-1914, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

* Savage, Mike. and Miles, Andrew. (1994) The Remaking of the British Working Class 1840-1940. London: Routledge

Stedman-Jones, Gareth. (1983) Languages of Class: Studies in Working Class History 1832-1982 (esp. chapter on ‘Working Class Culture and Working Class Politics in London: 1870-1900’, also in Journal of Social History, 7)

Web Sites

28

The SocioSite pages on Marx and Weber are available on:

http://www.pscw.uva.nl/sociosite/topics/sociologists.html

The SociologyOnline page on class is:

http://www.sociologyonline.f9.co.uk/Class.htm

There is also a comparison of Marx and Weber on:

http://www.sociologyonline.f9.co.uk/CompareMW.htm

Material on social class, including Marx and Weber:

http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/curric/soc/class/class.htm

Marx and Engels ‘The Communist Manifesto’ is available online at:

http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/classics/manifesto.html

An extract from Lewis Coser on Weber’s ‘Class, Status and Power’ is available on:

http://www.runet.edu/~lridener/DSS/Weber/WEBERW7.HTML

An extract from Lewis Coser on Marx’s ‘Class theory’ is available on:

http://www.runet.edu/~lridener/DSS/Marx/MARXW2.HTML

An overview of current debates on class is John Scott Class and Stratification

http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~scottj/socscot8.htm

29

6. THE EMERGENCE OF THE WELFARE STATE

This lecture will explore the emergence and development of welfare states and ask, What are welfare states? When did they emerge? How do they relate to social inequalities of class, ‘race’ and gender? There is considerable debate and disagreement about the factors that can explain the emergence of welfare states and about the impact of welfare states on social inequalities. We shall look at both sides of this debate, investigating the social processes which led to the emergence of welfare states, the extent to which welfare states are redistributive, and how they contribute to processes of social stratification. We shall also explore differences between welfare states and the way sociologists have attempted to explain such differences. We shall examine how sociologists have conceptualised the relationships between welfare states and the societies in which they exist, whether welfare states can be seen as agents of stratification, and how they influence the distribution of resources within society.

Seminar reading

Pierson, C (1991) Beyond the welfare state? Polity, chapter 4

Pierson, C (1991) Beyond the welfare state? Polity, pages 49-58 and 69-72

Seminar questions

1. How are welfare states defined? When did welfare states emerge? How do they differ from other forms of state?

2. What is the relationship between welfare states and class inequalities?

3. How do welfare states relate to other forms of inequality such as those based on ‘race’/ethnicity and gender?

Class essay titles

1. Compare and contrast two different explanations for the emergence of welfare states.

*Charles, N., 2000, Feminism, the State and Social Policy, Macmillan

* Esping-Andersen, G., 1990, T he three worlds of welfare capitalism , Polity Press

* Gough, I., 1979, The Political Economy of the Welfare State, Macmillan

* Pierson, C (1991) Beyond the welfare state? Polity Press,

Addison, P., 1977, The road to 1945, Quartet

Cochrane, A. and Clarke, J. (eds.), 1993, Comparing welfare states: Britain in international context, Sage

30

Dunleavy, Patrick, and Brendan O'Leary. 1987. Theories of the State. Basingstoke: MacMillan.

Ellison, N. & Pierson, C. (1998) Developments in British Social Policy, Macmillan, Part one, chapter 1

Flora, P and Heidenheimer, A.J.(eds) (1987) The development of welfare states in Europe and America , Transaction Books

Fraser, D., 1984, The evolution of the British welfare state: a history of social policy since the industrial revolution, 2nd edition., Macmillan

Ginsburg, N., 1979, Class, Capital and Social Policy, Macmillan

Hewitt, M., 1992, Welfare, ideology and need, Harvester Wheatsheaf

Johnson, Paul. 1994. The role of the state in twentieth-century Britain. In Twentieth-Century Britain: Economic, Social, and Cultural Change. Edited by P. Johnson. 476-91. Harlow: Longmans.

King, Roger. 1986. The State in Modern Society. London: MacMillan. Chap 3-5

Lee, P. & Raban, C., 1987, Welfare Theory and Social Policy, Sage

Loney, M. et al. (eds.), 1983, Social Policy and Social Welfare, Open University Press

Lowe, Rodney. 1994. Postwar Welfare. In Twentieth-Century Britain: Economic, Social, and Cultural Change. Edited by P. Johnson. 356-73. Harlow: Longmans.

Lowe, R., 1993, The Welfare state in Britain since 1945, Macmillan

Midwinter, E., 1994, The development of social welfare in Britain, Open University Press

Mishra, R., 1981, Society and Social Policy, Macmillan

Mishra, R., 1990, The Welfare State in Capitalist Society, Harvester Wheatsheaf

Myles, J. and J. Quadagno (2002). "Political Theories of the Welfare State." The Social Service Review 76(1): 34-57.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Offe, C., 1984, Contradictions of the welfare state, Hutchinson

31

Pierson, P. (1996). "The New Politics of the Welfare State." World Politics 48(2): 143-179.

Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v048/48.2pierson.html

Pontusson, J. and R. Clayton (1998). "Welfare-State Retrenchment Revisited: Entitlement Cuts, Public Sector Restructuring, and Inegalitarian Trends in Advanced Capitalist Societies." World Politics 51(1): 67-98.

Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v051/51.1clayton.html

2. Can the nature of welfare states be fully understood without taking into account gender and ‘race’ as well as class?

Charles, N., 1995, 'Feminist politics, domestic violence and the state' in The Sociological Review, 43 (4)

* Connell, B., 1990, ‘The state, gender and sexual politics' in Theory and Society, 19,

*Daly, M. & Rake, K., 2003, Gender and the Welfare State, Policy

Ellison, N. & Pierson, C. (1998) Developments in British Social Policy, Macmillan, Part three, chapter 13

* Franzway, S., Court, D. & Connell, B., 1989, Staking a claim, Polity

Ginsburg, N., 1979, Class, Capital and Social Policy, Macmillan

McIntosh, M., 1978, ‘The State and the Oppression of Women' in A. Kuhn and A.Wolpe (eds.) Feminism and Materialism, RKP

Sainsbury, D (ed), 1994, Gendering welfare states, Sage

Sainsbury, D. (ed.), 1999, Gender and Welfare State Regimes, Oxford University Press

Showstack Sassoon, A. (ed.), 1987, Women and the State, Hutchinson

Siim, B., 1988, ‘Towards a feminist rethinking of the welfare state' in The PoliticalInterests of Gender (eds.) K. Jones and A. Jonasdottir, Sage

*Taylor, D (1996) (ed) Critical Social Policy: A Reader, Sage, Part 1

Walby, S., 1990, Theorizing Patriarchy, (especially Chapter 7), Blackwell

*Williams, F., 1989, Social Policy: A critical introduction, Polity

32

* Wilson, E., 1977, Women and the Welfare State, Tavistock

Websites

The Beveridge Report is available on:

http://www.weasel.cwc.net/beveridge.htm

33

7. CITIZENSHIP, SOCIAL RIGHTS AND INEQUALITIES

Summary

Individuals within modern societies are entitled to certain 'rights' insofar as they are 'citizens'. Examples are the rights to due process of law in conflict with the state, the right to vote, the right to some level of education and health care. The latter indicates that the rights of the citizen include the benefits gained from the welfare state.

There is considerable debate about the significance of citizenship for the workings of modern societies. On the one hand is the classic marxist view that such rights mask class inequalities in a class divided society. The formal equality of citizens is an ideology which legitimates the actual inequality between classes in access to the law, political power and economic well being.

A counter to this which has gained renewed interest lately is T.H. Marshall's theory which sees citizenship as intertwined with the class struggle. Initially the bourgeoisie won their rights to exploit free labour but then the working class used political rights to win the welfare state. The welfare state represents a compromise between the inequalities of capitalism and the equal status of citizens.

Yet this only considers matters from the point of view of class, ignoring gender and ‘race’/ethnicity. Recent discussions focus on the way citizenship rights depend on gender and ‘race’/ethnicity as well as class and develop a critique of Marshall for failing to take this into account.

Seminar reading

Marshall, T.H. (1950) Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press OR in Marshall, TH (1963) Sociology at the Crossroads, Heineman

Pierson, C (1996) The Modern State, Routledge, chapter 5

Seminar questions

1. What are citizenship rights?

2. How are such rights 'institutionalised'?

3. To what extent does citizenship and the welfare state compensate for class inequality?

4. How are citizenship rights affected by social inequalities based on gender and ‘race’/ethnicity?

Class essay titles

1. Discuss the relationship between citizenship rights and patterns of inequality in welfare states.

* Bulmer, M., and Rees, A M., (eds.), 1996, Citizenship today: the contemporary relevance of T. H. Marshall, UCL Press

* Crompton, Rosemary. 1993. Class and Stratification. Cambridge: Polity, Chap 6.

34

* Held, David. 1991. Between state and civil society: citizenship. In Citizenship. Edited by G. Andrews. 19-25. London: Lawrence and Wishart.

* Pierson, Christopher. 1991. Beyond the Welfare State? Cambridge: Polity. Chap 1 and 2

* Taylor, D., (ed) 1996, Critical Social Policy: a reader, Sage, esp. Part II Citizenship, needs and participation'.

* Turner, Bryan S. 1986. Citizenship and Capitalism: the Debate over Reformism. London: Allen and Unwin, Chap 2.

Adriaansens, Hans. 1994). ‘Citizenship, work and welfare’ in The Condition of Citizenship. Edited by B. van Steenbergen. 66-75. London: Sage.

Cohen, Robin. 1994. Frontiers of Identity: the British and Others. Harlow: Longmans.

Clarke, John, Allan Cochrane, and Carol Smart. 1987. Ideologies of Welfare: From Dreams to Disillusion. London: Century Hutchinson. Part 2 Chap 6 and 8.

Crowley, J. (1998). "The National Dimension of Citizenship in T. H. Marshall." Citizenship Studies 2(2): 165-178.

Isin, E F and Wood, P K (1999) Citizenship and Identity, Sage

Lowe, Rodney. 1994. Post-war Welfare. In Twentieth-Century Britain: Economic, Social, and Cultural Change. Edited by P. Johnson. 356-73. Harlow: Longmans.

Mann, Michael. 1987. Ruling class strategies and citizenship. Sociology 21 (3) : 339-354.

Siim, B (2000) Gender and citizenship, Cambridge University Press

Turner, Bryan S. 1990. Outline of a theory of citizenship. Sociology 24 (2): 189-217.

Thane, P. (1996). Foundations of the Welfare State Harlow, Longmans. Second.

Lewis, J. (2000). “The concept of social care and the analysis of contemporary welfare states.” British Journal of Sociology 51(2): 299-320.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Aleinikoff, T. A. (2001). “American citizenship: an introduction.” Citizenship Studies 5(1): 5-9.

35

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Somers, M. R. (1993). "Citizenship and the Place of the Public Sphere: Law, Community, and Political Culture in the Transition to Democracy." American Sociological Review 58(5): 587-620. Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1224%28199310%2958%3A5%3C587%3ACATPOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7

Holmwood, J. (2000). "Three Pillars of Welfare State Theory: T. H. Marshall, Karl Polanyi and Alva Myrdal in Defence of the National Welfare State." European Journal of Social Theory 3(1): 23-50.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Klausen, J. (1995). "Social Rights Advocacy and State Building: T. H. Marshall in the Hands of Social Reformers." World Politics 47(2): 244-267.

Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-8871%28199501%2947%3A2%3C244%3ASRAASB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S

2. Welfare states are agents of stratification. Discuss with reference to ‘race’/ethnicity and gender as well as class.

* Esping-Andersen, G., 1990, T he three worlds of welfare capitalism , Polity Press, chapter 3

* Clarke, John, Allan Cochrane, and Carol Smart. 1987. Ideologies of Welfare: From Dreams to Disillusion. London: Century Hutchinson. Part 2 Chap 7.

* Pierson, Christopher. 1991. Beyond the Welfare State? Cambridge: Polity. Chap 3.

* Williams, Fiona. 1989. Social Policy: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Polity. Chap 6.

36

* Walby, Sylvia. 1994. Is citizenship gendered? Sociology 28 (2) : 379-95. {No electronic source 09/04}

Becker, G. S. (1981 or1991 editions). A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge, Ms., Harvard University Press, chap11.

Colwill, J. (1994). "Beveridge, Women and the Welfare State Critical Social Policy 14(2): 53-78.

Daly, Mary. 1994. A matter of dependency: gender in British income maintenance provision. Sociology 28 (3) : 779-97.

Gough, I., 1979, The Political Economy of the Welfare State, Macmillan

Ginsburg, N (1992) Divisions of Welfare, Sage

Isin, E F and Wood, P K (1999) Citizenship and Identity, Sage

Lister, R., 1997, Citizenship: feminist perspectives, Macmillan

Lister, R., 1990, ‘Women, economic dependency and citizenship' in Journal of Social Policy, Vol. 19, No. 4

Pascall, G., 1993, ‘Citizenship - a feminist analysis' in G. Drover and P. Merans (eds.), New approaches to welfare theory, Edward Elgar

O'Connor, J.S., 1993 ‘Gender, class and citizenship in the comparative analysis of welfare states' in The British Journal of Sociology, 44(3): 501-518

Richardson, D. (1998). ‘Sexuality and citizenship.’ Sociology 32(1): 83-100. {No electronic source 09/04}

Turner, B., 1990, 'Outline of a theory of citizenship', in Sociology, 24 (2)

Gornick, J. C. and J. A. Jacobs (1998). "Gender, the Welfare State, and Public Employment: A Comparative Study of Seven Industrialized Countries." American Sociological Review 63(5): 688-710.

Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1224%28199810%2963%3A5%3C688%3AGTWSAP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J

Orloff, A. (1996). "Gender in the welfare state." Annual Review of Sociology 22: 51-78.

Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0360-0572%281996%2922%3C51%3AGITWS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B

37

Hill, D. C. D. and L. M. Tigges (1995). "Gendering Welfare State Theory: A Cross-National Study of Women's Public Pension Quality." Gender and Society 9(1): 99-119.

Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0891-2432%28199502%299%3A1%3C99%3AGWSTAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-FFraser, N. (1994). "After the Family Wage: Gender Equity and the Welfare State." Political Theory 22(4): 591-618.

Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0090-5917%28199411%2922%3A4%3C591%3AATFWGE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T

Web Sites

The Beveridge Report is available on:

http://www.weasel.cwc.net/beveridge.htm

A bit of background on Marshall can be found on:

http://www.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/marshall.htm

38

8. THE RISE OF MASS PRODUCTION: TAYLORISM AND FORDISM

Summary

Earlier we discussed the ways in which nineteenth century factory production altered labour discipline and the division of labour, but noted that hierarchies of skills and worker autonomy remained important features of the capitalist workplace. By the end of the nineteenth century employers and managers in the United States had developed new forms of work organisation which promised to transform not only production but also consumption and politics. In this lecture we will focus on changes in the workplace and in industrial relations, turning to a discussion of consumption, and the interelationship between production, consumption and state policies next week.

These new approaches to the organisation of work became associated with the individuals that pioneered them: Frederick Taylor as the advocate of Taylorism (or ‘scientific management’), and Henry Ford and his engineers as the strategists of Fordism. Commentaries on the significance of these developments in management policies have addressed the following questions:

what are the similarities and differences between Taylorism and Fordism? what management objectives were they intended to serve? what were the problems or limitations of these approaches? what were the consequences for workers and managers? were these strategies implemented in different ways in different sectors and countries? were there alternatives to Taylorism and Fordism?

Note: in week nine a video will be shown which illuminates aspects of this and subsequent topics. It is called On the Line, part of the series ‘The People’s Century’ and was broadcast on 18/10/95 on BBC1.

Seminar reading

Braverman, Harry. (1974) Labor and Monopoly Capitalism, the Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century, pp 85-131. London: Monthly Review Press.

Salaman, Graeme. (1992) ‘Work design and corporate strategies’, in J. Allen, P. Braham and P. Lewis (eds) Political and Economic Forms of Modernity, pp 329-83. Cambridge: Polity. JD 300.P6

Seminar questions

1. What were the key features of Taylorism and Fordism and how did they differ?

2. Why did managers adopt these approaches and what problems did they face in doing so?

3. Were there alternative ways of organising work within large scale capitalism?

39

Class essay titles

1. Outline and compare the ways in which Taylorism and Fordism have been implemented and assess their impact on relationships between management and workers.

Allen, John. (1992) ‘Fordism and Modern Industry’ in John Allen et al (eds) Political and Economic Forms of Modernity Cambridge: Polity

Beynon, Huw. (1975) Working For Ford. Wakefield: EP Publishing, esp. chap 1.

Braverman, Harry. (1974) Labor and Monopoly Capitalism, the Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. London: Monthly Review Press. Chap 4 # and 5.

Glucksmann, Miriam. (1990) Women Assemble: Women Workers and the New Industries of Inter-War Britain. London, Routledge. (see pages 1 to 10 and the chapter summary 26 to 28)

Kelly, John. (1982) Scientific Management, Job Redesign and Work Performance, London: Academic Press. chs. 1, 2, 3 and 8

Lewchuk, Wayne. (1995) ‘Men and Mass Production: the Role of Gender in Managerial Strategies in the British and American Automobile Industries’, in H. Shiomi and K. Wada (eds) Fordism Transformed, Oxford: OUP

* Littler, Craig. (1985) ‘Taylorism, Fordism and job design’ in David Knights et al (eds) Job Redesign: Critical perspectives on the labour process (Aldershot: Gower); or (1978) ‘Understanding Taylorism’ British Journal of Sociology 29.2: 185-202 (Note this is largely reprinted as an appendix to the Salaman seminar chapter) or his book (1982) The Development of the Labour Process in Capitalist Societies London: Heinemann.

Meyer, Stephen. (1981) The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-21, Albany:

* Noon, Mike. and Blyton, Paul. (2002) The Realities of Work. Basingstoke, Palgrave, chap 6.

Pietrykowski, B. (1995) ‘Fordism at Ford: Spatial Decentralization and Labor Segmentation at the Ford Motor Company, 1920-1950’, Economic Geography 71.4: 383-401.

Stark, David. (1980) ‘Class Struggle and the Transformation of the Labour Process’ Theory and Society 9: 89-130 (also excerpted in Giddens and Held (eds) (1982) Classes, Power and Conflict London Macmillan)

Starkey, Ken, and Alan McKinlay. (1994) ‘Managing for Ford’, Sociology 28.4 : 975-990.

40

Tailby, Stephanie. (2000) ‘Taylorism in the Mines? Technology, Work Organisation and Management in British Coalmining before Nationalisation’, Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, 10: 71-98.

Thompson, Paul and McHugh, David. (2002) Work Organisations London: Palgrave, chapters 3 and 8.

Tolliday, Steven, and Jonathan Zeitlin. (1992) ‘Introduction: between Fordism and flexibility’. In Between Fordism and Flexibility. Edited by S. Tolliday and J. Zeitlin. 1-26. Oxford: Berg.

Whitston, Kevin. (1996) ‘Scientific Management and Production Management Practice in Britain between the Wars’, Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, 1: 47-75, or (1997). ‘Worker Resistance and Taylorism in Britain’, International Review of Social History 42(1): 1-24.

Williams, K. et al. (1992) ‘Ford versus “Fordism”: the beginning of mass production?’ Work, Employment and Society 6.4: 517-555.

* Wood, Stephen. and Kelly, John. (1982) ‘Taylorism, Responsible Autonomy and Management Strategy’ in Stephen Wood (ed) The Degradation of Work? London: Hutchinson, and Ray Pahl (ed) On Work (1988) Oxford: Blackwell

2. Outline and assess Braverman’s argument about ‘the degradation of work in the twentieth century’.

Braverman, Harry. (1974) Labor and Monopoly Capitalism, the Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. London: Monthly Review Press. Chap 4 * and 5.

* Friedman, Andrew. (1977) ‘Responsible autonomy versus direct control over the labour process’ Capital and Class 1 : 43-57. This is a resume of the argument in Friedman, Andrew. (1977) Industry and Labour London: Macmillan, chs. 4, 8, 10 and parts V and VI. The article is sufficient for the essay but students may be interested in reading further.

* Noon, Mike. and Blyton, Paul. (2002) The Realities of Work. Basingstoke, Palgrave, chap 6.

Spencer, David. (2000) ‘Braverman & the Contribution of Labour Process Analysis to the Critique of Capitalist production: 25 years on’ Work, Employment & Society 14

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:

E-ResourcesJournals

Follow the search instructions there)

41

Thompson, Paul. (1989) The Nature of Work: An Introduction to Debates on the Labour Process. Second ed. Basingstoke: MacMillan. Chap 3, 4 and 5 #.

Whitston, K. (1997) ‘Worker Resistance and Taylorism in Britain’, International Review of Social History 42(1): 1-24.

* Wood, Stephen. and Kelly, John. (1982) ‘Taylorism, Responsible Autonomy and Management Strategy’ in Stephen Wood (ed) The Degradation of Work? London: Hutchinson, and Ray Pahl (ed) On Work (1988) Oxford: Blackwell

3. Discuss the extent to which Taylorism and Fordism remain relevant to our understanding of contemporary work.

* Ackroyd, Stephen et al (2005) The Oxford Handbook of Work and Organization, Oxford: OUP chapters 14 (Laurie Graham on ‘Manual Workers’) and 15 (Stephen Frenkel on ‘Service Workers’)

Crompton, Rosemary. and Jones, Gareth. (1982) ‘Clerical “Proletarianisation”: Myth or Reality? in Day et al (eds) Diversity and Decomposition in the Labour Market (Aldershot: Gower) OR (1984) White-collar Proletariat: Deskilling and Gender in Clerical Work (London: Macmillan)

Delbridge, Rick. (1998) Life on the Line in Contemporary Manufacturing Oxford: OUP, chapter 3 and pp 88-99.

* Elger, Tony. (1999) ‘Manufacturing Myths and Miracles: work reorganisation in British manufacturing since 1979’, in H. Beynon & P. Glavanis (eds) Patterns of Social Inequality (Harlow: Pearson Education)

Gallie, Duncan. et al (1998) Restructuring the Employment Relationship (Oxford: Clarendon) chapters 2 and 3, or Gallie, D. (1991) ‘Patterns of Skill Change: upskilling, deskilling or the polarisation of skills?’ Work, Employment & Society 5.3: 5 (3) : 319-52 or (1994) in Skill and Occupational Change (ed) R. Penn et al. 41-77. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jones, Ossie. (2000) ‘Scientific Management, Culture and Control: A First-Hand Account of Taylorism in Practice’, Human Relations 53(5): 631-653.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:

E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Korczynski, Marek. (2001) ‘The Contradictions of Service Work: Call Centres as Customer-oriented Bureaucracy’, in Andrew Sturdy et al (eds) Customer Service: Empowerment and Entrapment London: Palgrave.

42

* Noon, Mike. and Blyton, Paul. (2002) The Realities of Work. Basingstoke, Palgrave, chap 6.

Ritzer, George. (1993) The McDonaldization of Society (London: Sage)

Starkey, Ken, and Alan McKinlay. (1994) ‘Managing for Ford’, Sociology 28.4: 975-990.

* Taylor, Phil. and Bain, Peter. (1999) ‘“An assembly line in the head”: work and employee relations in the call centre’, Industrial Relations Journal 30.2: OR Bain, Peter. et al. (2002) ‘Taylorism, targets and the pursuit of quality and quantity by call centre management’ New Technology, Work and Employment 17.3: For an examples of Taylorism in a very different context to the large, capitalist enterprise see:

Scoville, J. G. (2001) ‘The Taylorization of Vladimir Ilich Lenin’, Industrial Relations 40.4: 620-626.

Web Sites

The text of ‘Principles of Scientific Management’ is available online at:

http://melbecon.unimelb.edu.au/het/taylor/sciman.htm(This is rather unwieldy, use the Edit > Find key)

For a straightforward account of Taylor and his influence:

http://www.accel-team.com/scientific/scientific_02.html

A more detailed outline and critical appreciation of Braverman is provided by Dave Renton on

http://www.dkrenton.co.uk/braver.html

A paper on the use of electronic surveillance in the workplace - contemporary development of Taylorism:

http://www.wlu.ca/~wwwpress/jrls/cjc/BackIssues/20.4/bryant.html

Unfortunately searching for words such as ‘Fordism’ or ‘mass production’ throws up thousands of web sites (literally). If any students discover useful sites for this topic please inform us. In the meantime: Some introductory accounts of Fordism are:

http://interactive.wsj.com/public/current/articles/SB915733342173968000.htm

http://www.wiley.com/legacy/products/subject/business/forbes/ford.html

43

9. CLASS AND GENDER IN THE RISE OF MASS CONSUMPTION

Summary

Taylorism and Fordism not only involved ways of organising workers in the production process, but also the potential reconstruction of forms of consumption, firstly by producing large volumes of standardised products and secondly by paying workers higher wages. Indeed, both Taylor and Ford envisaged the construction of new sorts of disciplined workers as a result of new forms of household economy and consumption. In some interpretations of twentieth century capitalism such developments have been linked to new forms of state regulation of economic growth and new patterns of industrial relations, as a ‘Fordist’ basis for the ‘golden age’ of post-war economic prosperity from the 1950s to the 1970s. However, a central problem with this account is that it tends to assume that all these pieces fit together smoothly, glossing over the way different elements were unevenly developed, sometimes in tension and often contested by different social actors.

Some of these features can be addressed by looking more directly at the ways in which interrelationships between mass production and mass consumption developed in Britain from the 1880s through to the 1930s, and in particular at the gendered features of this dynamic. Often it is assumed that mass production is a male domain but, as Glucksmann shows, much assembly work is actually performed by women, and many of the products - such as packaged food, vacuum cleaners and refrigerators - imply changes in patterns of household labour. This encourages us to look more carefully at the uneven and changing implications of the interface between production and consumption - what Glucksmann calls the ‘total social organisation of labour’ - in both class and gendered terms. In turn this also encourages us to problematise ideal-typical account of Fordist ‘regimes of accumulation’, not only in the inter-war period but also in the post-war period.

Seminar reading

Sean O’Connell. (1998) The Car in British Society: Class, gender and motoring 1896-1939. Manchester: Manchester University Press, chapter 2: Miriam Glucksmann (1990) Women Assemble: Women workers and the new industries in inter-war Britain London: Routledge, chapter 7: ‘Homeward Bound: changes in domestic production and consumption’

Seminar questions

1. How did patterns of mass consumption develop during the inter-war period?

2. In what ways did consumption remain differentiated in class terms?

3. In what ways was gender implicated in the new patterns of consumption?. 4. How did the reorganisation of production and the reorganisation of consumption fit together in this period?

Class Essay Titles

44

1. ‘Gender relations were central to the development of mass production and mass consumption in the inter-war period’. Discuss.

Bowden, Sue. (1994) ‘The New Consumerism’ in Johnson, Paul. (ed) Twentieth Century Britain: Economic, Social and Cultural Change (Harlow: Addison Wesley). The chapters by Tony Mason (on Sport and Recreation) and by Andrew Davies (on Cinema and Broadcasting) are also relevant.

Crossick, Geoff. and Jaumain, Serge. (eds) (1999) Cathedrals of Consumption: the European Department Store 1850-1939. Aldershot: Ashgate

Finn, Margot. (1998) ‘Working-Class Women and the Contest for Consumer Control in Victorian County Courts’, Past and Present, 161: 116-154.

* Glucksmann, Miriam. (1990) Women Assemble: Women Workers and the New Industries of Inter-War Britain. London, Routledge. pages 1-10, 26-28, chapters 4-6 and 8.

Glucksmann, Miriam. (1995) ‘Why “Work”? Gender and the “Total Social Organisation of Labour”’, Gender, Work and Employment, 2.2: 63-75.

Glucksmann, Miriam. (1995) ‘Some do, some don’t (but in fact they all do really); some will some won’t; some have, some haven’t: Women, Men, Work and Washing Machines in Interwar Britain’, Gender and History, 7.2: 275-94, OR (2000) Cottons and Casuals: the Gendered Organisation of Labour in Time and Space, (Durham: Sociologypress) chapters 1 and 3.

* May, Martha. (1982) ‘The Historical Problem of the Family Wage: the Ford Motor Company and the Five Dollar Day’, Feminist Studies 8, 399-424.

* O’Connell, Sean. (1998) The Car in British Society: Class, gender and motoring 1896-1939. Manchester: Manchester University Press, chapters 1-3.

Roberts, E. (1984) A Woman’s Place: an Oral History of Working Class Women, 1890-1940 (Oxford)

Trentmann, Frank (2001) ‘Bread, Milk and Democracy: Consumption and Citizenship in Twentieth century Britain’, in M. Daunton and M. Hilton (eds) The Politics of Consumption Oxford: Berg

* Winship, Janice. (2000) ‘Culture of Restraint: the British Chain Store 1920-39.’, in Peter Jackson et al (eds) Commercial Cultures: Economies, Practices, Spaces, Oxford: Berg.

45

2. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the concept of Fordism as an interlocking pattern of mass production, mass consumption and state policy which provided the basis for the post-war boom.

* Allen, John. (1992) ‘Fordism and Modern Industry’ in John Allen et al (eds) Political and Economic Forms of Modernity Cambridge, Polity.

Clark, Ian. (2001) ‘Employer resistance to the Fordist production process: “flawed Fordism” in post-war Britain’, Contemporary British History 15.2: 28-52.

* Clarke, Simon. (1992) ‘What in the f___’s name is fordism’, in N. Gilbert, R. Burrows and A. Pollert (eds) Fordism and Flexibility: Divisions and Change, pp13-30. Basingstoke: MacMillan.

Devine, Fiona. (1992) Affluent Workers Revisited: Privatism and the Working Class. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Chapters 1, 7, 8 and 9.

Gartman, David. (2004) ‘Three Ages of the Automobile: the Cultural Logics of the car’, Theory, Culture and Society, 21:4/5: 169-95.

Glucksmann, Miriam. (1990) Women Assemble: Women Workers and the New Industries of Inter-War Britain. London, Routledge.

* Glucksmann, Miriam. (1995) ‘Why “Work”? Gender and the “Total Social Organisation of Labour”’, Gender, Work and Employment, 2.2: 63-75.

Howlett, Peter. (1994) ‘The Golden Age: 1955-1973’ in Johnson, Paul. (ed) Twentieth Century Britain: Economic, Social and Cultural Change (Harlow: Addison Wesley). (Catherine Schenk’s discussion of ‘Austerity and Boom’ is also useful.)

* Jessop, Bob. (1992) ‘Fordism in Britain and Germany’, in J. Allen, P. Braham and P. Lewis (eds) Political and Economic Forms of Modernity, 268-274. Cambridge, Polity.

Lewchuk, W. A. (1984) ‘The Role of the British Government in the Spread of Scientific Management and Fordism in the Interwar Years’, The Journal of Economic History 44(2): 355-361.

Tolliday, Steven, and Zeitlin, Jonathan. (1992) ‘Introduction: between Fordism and Flexibility’, in S. Tolliday and J. Zeitlin (eds) Between Fordism and Flexibility, pp. 1-26. Oxford: Berg.

Background

Bocock, Robert. (1993) Consumption, London: Routledge, esp chapters 1 and 2

Fraser, W.H. (1981) The Coming of the Mass Market 1850-1914 London: Macmillan

Hilton, Matthew. (2003) Consumerism in 20 th Century Britain , Cambridge: CUP.

46

Hobsbawm, Eric. (1984) Worlds of Labour, London: Wiedenfeld, chap 10-14.

Kirk, Neville. (1998) Change, Continuity and Class: Labour in British Society 1850-1920, Manchester: Manchester University Press, part 2: ‘the emergence of mass labour and a mass working class’

Stedman-Jones, Gareth. (1983) Languages of Class: Studies in Working Class History 1832-1982 (esp ‘Working Class Culture and Working Class Politics in London: 1870-1900’ from Journal of Social History, 7)

Web Sites

As noted earlier, searching for words such as ‘Fordism’ or ‘mass consumption’ throws up thousands of web sites. If any students discover useful sites for this topic please inform me. In the meantime:

Outline accounts of Fordism are:

http://interactive.wsj.com/public/current/articles/SB915733342173968000.htm

http://www.wiley.com/legacy/products/subject/business/forbes/ford.html

Mark Rupert: essay on Fordism and the Cold War

http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/maxpages/faculty/merupert/Research/Fordism/fordism.htm

See the State Society and Work web site (Topics > Mass Consumption > Other) for web sites relating to current Mass Consumption and Fordism related materials

47

10. MIGRATION, RACISM AND ETHNICITY

Summary

Most modern societies include minorities who are identified as separate ‘race’ or ‘ethnic’ groupings and who often suffer discrimination on these grounds. In this topic we look critically at the ways in which the categories of ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity’ are constructed and emphasise the importance of analysing the specific social contexts in which they are deployed. We will focus on the positioning of minorities in Britain as urban groupings initially constituted through migration, but also explore the contested and changing situations of such groupings. On this basis we will examine the interplay of cultural processes of ethnic identification and group formation with wider economic and political contexts. In particular we will consider:

the role of racism in institutionalising disadvantage in social provision and the labour market;

the development of challenges to racism involving both anti-racism and the assertion of positive ethnic identities;

the ambivalence of state responses to racism and anti-racism; similarities and differences in the evolving experiences of minority ethnic groups.

Seminar reading

Geoff Dench et al The New East End: Kinship, Race and Conflict. London: Profile Books, chapters 2 and 3.

Fenton, Steve. (1999) Ethnicity: Racism, Class and Culture. Basingstoke, MacMillan, pp 1-12; 22-27; 32-37; 158-169; 203-210. HC 9700.F3

Seminar questions

1. What do sociologists mean by the terms race, ethnicity and racism?

2. What roles do ethnicity and racism play in the social relations of the ‘new East End’?

3. How have wider economic and political conditions influenced the construction of ethnic relations in Britain?

4. How and why have the positions of minority ethnic groups changed in Britain in recent years?

Class essay titles

There are several standard texts that provide valuable resources for each of these essays and they are listed immediately below. Other reading is listed under essay titles.

* Fenton, Steve. (1999) Ethnicity: Racism, Class and Culture. Basingstoke, MacMillan (introduction is #)

Mason, David. (1995) Race and Ethnicity in Modern Britain, Oxford: OUP

48

Pilkington, Andrew. (2003) Racial Disadvantage and Ethnic Diversity in Britain London: Palgrave

* Ratcliffe, Peter. (2004) ‘Race’, Ethnicity and Difference: Imagining the Inclusive Society Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Solomos, John. (1989) Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain. Basingstoke: MacMillan. (chapter 3 is #)

1. What is ‘racism’ and how do you account for its persistence in modern societies?

Bradley, Harriet. (1996) ‘“Race” and Ethnicity:’” Travelling in the West”, in her Fractured Identities: Changing Patterns of Inequality, Cambridge: Polity

Geoff Dench et al The New East End: Kinship, Race and Conflict. London: Profile Books.

Fryer, Peter. (1988) Black People in the British Empire: an Introduction. London: Pluto Parts I and II, (Chap 13 is #)

Miles, Robert. (1989) Racism. London: Routledge.

Ram, Monder. (1992) ‘Coping with Racism: Asian Entrepreneurs and the Inner City’, Work, Employment and Society 6.4

Rex, John. (1986) Race and Ethnicity. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

* Solomos, John, and Back, Les. (1994) ‘Conceptualising racisms: social theory, politics and research’, Sociology 28.1: 143-61.

2. ‘By preventing working-class unity, racialism assists the capitalists in their strategy of “divide and rule”,’ (Castles and Kosack). Is this sufficient to explain racism in modern societies?

Brown, Michael K. (2000) ‘Is race experienced as class?’, Labor History 41.4: 513-516.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

* Castles, Stephen, and Godula Kosack. (1972) ‘The Function of Labour Immigration in Western European Capitalism’, New Left Review 73 (May-June): 3-21. # (A brief and early statement of the thesis argued at greater length in their book, see below).

49

Castles, Stephen, and Godula Kosak. (1985) Immigrant Workers and the Class Structure in Western Europe. Second ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Geoff Dench et al The New East End: Kinship, Race and Conflict. London: Profile Books.

* Duffield, Mark. (1985) ‘Rationalisation and the Politics of Segregation: Indian Workers in Britain’s Foundry Industry, 1945-62’, in Kenneth Lunn (ed) Race and Labour in Twentieth Century Britain. London: Cass.

Jewson, Nick. and Mason, David. (1991) ‘Economic Change and Employment Practice: Consequences for ethnic minorities’, in M. Cross and G. Payne (eds) Work and the Enterprise Culture. London: Falmer.

Kundnani, A. (2000) ‘“Stumbling on”: race, class and England’, Race and Class, 41.4:1-18.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Pilkington, Andrew (2003) Racial Disadvantage and Ethnic Diversity in Britain London: Palgrave

Phizacklea, Annie. (1990) Unpacking the Fashion Industry: Gender, Racism and Class in Production, London: Routledge

* Ram, Monder. (1992) ‘Coping with Racism: Asian Entrepreneurs and the Inner City’, Work, Employment and Society 6.4:

Wrench, John. and Virdee, Satnam. (1996) ‘Organising the Unorganised: Race, Poor Work and Trade Unions’, in Peter Ackers et al (eds) The New Workplace and Trade Unionism, London: Routledge

3. Discuss the construction of ethnic identities in Britain and assess their relationship to the economic and political context of post-war British society.

Braham, Peter. et al (eds) (1992) Racism and Anti-Racism: Inequalities, Opportunities and Policies, London: Sage.

* Cohen, Robin. (1994) Frontiers of Identity: the British and Others. Harlow: Longmans.

Geoff Dench et al The New East End: Kinship, Race and Conflict. London: Profile Books, chapters 2 and 3.

50

Duffield, Mark. (1985) ‘Rationalisation and the Politics of Segregation: Indian Workers in Britain’s Foundry Industry, 1945-62’, in Kenneth Lunn (ed) Race and Labour in Twentieth Century Britain. London: Cass.

* James, Winston. (1993) ‘Migration, Racism and Identity Formation: the Caribbean Experience in Britain’, in W. James and C. Harris (eds) Inside Babylon London: Verso.

* Ram, Monder. (1992) ‘Coping with Racism: Asian Entrepreneurs and the Inner City’, Work, Employment and Society 6.4: 601-618.

Modood, Tariq. et al. (1997) Ethnic Minorities in Britain: Diversity and Disadvantage London: Policy Studies Institute

Phizacklea, Annie. (1990) Unpacking the Fashion Industry: Gender, Racism and Class in Production, London: Routledge

Pilkington, Andrew (2003) Racial Disadvantage and Ethnic Diversity in Britain London: Palgrave

Wrench, John. and Virdee, Satnam. (1996) ‘Organising the Unorganised: Race, Poor Work and Trade Unions’, in Peter Ackers et al (eds) The New Workplace and Trade Unionism, London: Routledge.

Background

Useful pieces of descriptive background reading are:

Brown, Colin. (1992). ‘“Same difference”: the persistence of racial disadvantage in the British employment market’, in P. Braham, A. Rattansi and R. Skellington (eds) Racism and Antiracism: Inequalities, Opportunities and Policies, pp 46-63. London: Sage.

Kushner, Tony. (1994) ‘Immigration and “race relations” in post-war Britain’, in Twentieth-Century Britain: Economic, Social, and Cultural Change, edited by P. Johnson. 411-26. Harlow: Longmans.

Brooks, Libby. (2003) ‘Five tough questions on asylum’, The Guardian 1/5.

Alibhai-Brown, Yasmin. (2000) Who do we think we are? London, Allen Lane. Chap 2 & 3

Further reading

Cashmore, Ernest, and Troyna, Barry. (1990) Introduction to Race Relations. Second ed. London: Falmer. Chap 2-4.

Gilroy, Paul. (1999) ‘Between Camps: Race and Culture in Postmodernity. An Inaugural Lecture’, Economy and Society, 28.2: 183-197.

51

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Hall, Stuart. (1992) ‘The west and the rest: discourse and power’, In Formations of Modernity. Edited by S. Hall and B. Gieben. 275-332. Cambridge: Polity. Also published in Hall, S. et al (1996.). Modernity: an introduction to modern societies. Oxford, Blackwel, chap 6.

McLennon, Gregor. (2000) ‘Sociology’s Eurocentrism and the “rise of the west” revisited’, European Journal of Social Theory, 3.3: 275-291.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Web Sites

The SociologyOnline section on race:

http://www.sociologyonline.f9.co.uk/Race4NN.htm

The SocioRealm section on race:

http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Quad/5889/index.htm

The One World web site is:

http://www.oneworld.org/guides/racism/

The Observer newspaper has an extensive web site devoted to the debate about racism in Britain:

http://www.observer.co.uk/race

For material to supplement Fryer’s ideas on colonialism and its legacy see The Internet Modern History Sourcebook on imperialism:

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook34.html

andHunt, M. (1993). "Racism, Imperialism, and the Traveller’s Gaze in Eighteenth-Century England." Journal of British Studies 32(4): 333-357. Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR

52

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-9371%28199310%2932%3A4%3C333%3ARIATTG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A

53

11. GENDER AND PAID WORK

In this lecture our focus is on gender divisions of paid work and how these have changed since the second world war with the post-war growth of the welfare state and the service sector of the economy. Married women’s participation in the workforce has increased dramatically since the second world war although patterns of occupational segregation have changed remarkably slowly. This can partly be explained by women’s concentration in part-time work and their continued responsibilities for domestic labour and childcare but it also relates to the way work is organised, the cultures of different workplaces and the relation between work, gender identities and sexuality. We shall explore three questions in this lecture.

1. The changes that have taken place in the sorts of jobs women and men are doing and the positions they occupy at work since the second world war.

2. The way organisations are structured along lines of class, gender and ‘race’/ethnicity and how organisational cultures affect the jobs women and men do.

3. The way gender identities and sexuality influence social processes at work and contribute to the maintenance of divisions of labour based on gender.

Seminar reading

Charles, N (2002) Gender in Modern Britain, Oxford University Press, chapter 2

Halford, S and Leonard, P (2001) Gender, power and organisations, Palgrave, chapter 3

Seminar Questions

1. What sorts of jobs do women and men do and how do they differ?

2. Are there differences in the positions occupied by women and men in occupational and organisational hierarchies?

3. What are organisational cultures and how do they relate to gender divisions of work?

4. Why is it that women and men might be resistant to changes in gender divisions of labour?

Class essay titles

1. How can we explain the fact that despite women’s increasing participation in the workforce men still occupy the most highly paid and powerful positions at work?

* Cockburn, C (1991) Brothers: Male dominance and technological change, 2nd edi-tion, Pluto*Cockburn, C In the way of women, Macmillan, 1991

54

*Walby, S Patriarchy at Work, Polity Press, 1986

Cheng, C (ed.) Masculinities in organisations, Sage, 1996

Collinson, D and Hearn, J (eds.) Men as managers, managers as men, Sage, 1996

Collinson, D et al. Managing to discriminate, Routledge, 1990

Crompton, R Women and Work in Modern Britain, Oxford University Press, 1997

Crompton, R, Gallie, D & Purcell, K (eds.) Changing forms of employment: organisations, skills and gender, Routledge, 1996, especially Part III

Feminist Review (ed.) Waged Work: A Reader, Virago, 1986

Hakim, C Key issues in women's work, Athlone, 1996

Halford, S, Savage, M and Witz, A (1997) Gender, careers and organisation: current developments in banking, nursing and local government, Macmillan

Hatt, S Gender, work and labour markets, Macmillan, 1997

Jackson, S and Scott, S (2002) Gender: a sociological reader, Routledge, part II

Walby, S Gender transformations, Routledge, 1997

MacEwen Scott, A (ed.) Gender segregation and social change, Oxford University Press,1994

Pettinger, L. ‘Gendered Work Meets Gendered Goods: Selling and Service in clothing retail’ Gender, Work and Organization 12.5 2005

Pilcher, J (1999) Women in contemporary Britain, Routledge, chapter 3

Rees, T Women and the labour market, Routledge, 1992

Reskin, B Women and men at work, Sage, 1994

Savage, M & Witz, A (eds.) Gender and bureaucracy, Sociological Review Monograph/Blackwell, 1992

Siltanen, J Locating gender: occupational segregation, wages and domestic responsibilities, UCL Press, 1994

Wajcman, J. Managing like a man, Polity, 1998

Williams, C Doing women's work, Sage, 1993

Witz, A Professions and patriarchy, Routledge, 1992

55

2. How does a consideration of sexuality help in explaining gender divisions of paid work?

*Adkins, L Gendered work: sexuality, family and the labour market, Open University Press, 1995

*Dunne, G (1997) Lesbian lifestyles: women's work and the politics of sexuality, Macmillan

Bradley, H. Gender and power in the workplace, Macmillan, 1999

Cockburn, C In the way of women, Macmillan, 1991

Filby, M. ‘The Figures, the personalities and the “Bums”’, Work, Employment and Society 10.1 1996

Halford, S, Savage, M and Witz, A (1997) Gender, careers and organisation: current developments in banking, nursing and local government, Macmillan

Hearn, J et al. The sexuality of organisation, Sage, 1989

Hearn, J and Parkin, W. Sex at work, second edition, 1999

Itzin, C and Newman, J (eds.) Gender, culture and organizational change, Routledge, 1995

Pollert, A Girls, wives, factory lives, Macmillan, 1981

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12. FAMILY AND GENDER RELATIONS

Alongside changes in women’s and men’s working patterns there have also been changes in families and households. The number of children women have continued to fall throughout the 20th century with fewer women having children at all and, by the end of the century, increasing numbers of women, choosing to combine having children and running a home with paid employment. Women’s increasing participation in paid work has not, however, led to any significant change in domestic divisions of labour and they continue to shoulder the bulk of domestic labour and childcare. Despite this it has been argued that family forms are changing and that the male breadwinner family, which was widespread during the 1950s, has been undermined by increasing job insecurity for men and women’s increased economic activity rates. In this lecture we’ll focus on the changes in families and gender relations that have taken place since the second world war looking at the immediate post-war years and the support of the welfare state for a male breadwinner/ female dependent family form. This ‘ideal’ family was enshrined in the Beveridge report in 1942 and structured the social security system established with the welfare state. The 1950s saw the emergences of the housewife as consumer, and household goods were reducing the burden of domestic labour and freeing women to undertake paid employment. We shall investigate whether women’s increasing participation in paid work is leading to men’s increasing participation in domestic and care work; how access to resources within households is shaped by gender; and whether the male breadwinner family is in terminal decline.

Key reading

Charles, N (2002) Gender in Modern Britain, Oxford University Press, chapter 3

McRae, S (1999) ‘Introduction: family and household change’ in S. McRae (ed) Changing Britain, Oxford University Press

Seminar questions

1. How have families changed since the second world war?

2. What changes have there been in domestic divisions of labour? Are domestic and childcare tasks now shared equally between women and men?

3. What factors lead to more equal domestic divisions of labour and access to resources within family-households?

4. How do patterns of family formation vary with class and ethnicity?

Class essay titles

1. Discuss the relationship between women’s increased participation in paid employment and men’s participation in domestic labour.

* Gershuny, J (et al) (1994) ‘The domestic labour revolution: a process of lagged adaptation’ in M.Anderson, F.Bechhofer and J.Gershuny (eds) The social and political economy of the household, Oxford University Press

57

* Glucksmann, M Cottons and Casuals: The gendered organisation of labour in time and space, Sociologypress: York, 2000

* Jackson, S and Scott, S (2002) Gender: a sociological reader, Routledge, part III

* Morris, L (1990) The workings of the household, Polity

Brannen, J & Moss, P Managing mothers: dual earner households after maternity leave, Unwin Hyman, 1991

Fine, B Women's employment and the capitalist family, Routledge, 1992

Lewis (1992) Women in Britain since 1945, Blackwell, chapter 1

Oakley, A The Sociology of Housework, Martin Robertson, 1974

Phizacklea, A & Wolkowitz, C Home working women: gender, racism and class at work, Sage, 1995

Wilson, E (1980) Only Halfway to Paradise: Women in post-war Britain 1945-1968, Tavistock

2. Discuss the gendered distribution of resources within households and attempt to explain it sociologically.

*Charles, N and Kerr, M (1988) Women, food and families, Manchester University Press

* Delphy, C and Leonard, D Familiar exploitation: a new analysis of marriage in contemporary, Western societies, Polity, 1992

*Pahl, J Money and Marriage, Macmillan, 1989

Anderson, M et al. (eds.) The social and political economy of the household, Oxford University Press,1994

Blumberg, R L (ed.) Gender, family and economy: the triple overlap, Sage, 1991

Brannen, J & Wilson, G (eds.) Give and Take in Families, Allen and Unwin, 1987

Chapman, T (2004) Gender and domestic life, Palgrave

Dunne, G Lesbian lifestyles: women's work and the politics of sexuality, Macmillan, 1997

Elliot, F R Gender, family and society, Macmillan, 1995

Fraad, H et al. Bringing it all back home: class, gender and power in the modern household, Pluto Press, 1994

58

Land, H ‘Poverty and gender: the distribution of resources within the family' in The Structure of Disadvantage, Brown, M. (ed.), Heinemann, 1983

McKie, L et al (eds.) Gender, power and the household, Macmillan, 1999

Pahl, J ‘The allocation of money and the structuring of inequality within marriage' in The Sociological Review, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1983

Morris, L The workings of the household, Polity, 1990

Seccombe, W Weathering the storm: working class families from the Indus trial Revolution to the fertility decline, Verso, 1993

Wheelock, J Husbands at home, the domestic economy in a post - industrial society , Routledge, 1990

Wilson, G Money in the family: financial organisation and women's responsibility, Avebury, 1987

3. Assess evidence for and against the argument that the male breadwinner family is in terminal decline.

* Crompton, R (ed) (1999) Restructuring gender relations and employment: the decline of the male breadwinner, Oxford University Press

* Charles, N and James, E (2005) ‘“He earns the bread and butter and I earn the cream”: job insecurity and the male breadwinner family in South Wales, Work, Employment and Society, 19: 481-502

* Glucksmann, M Cottons and Casuals: the gendered organisation of labour in time and space, York: Sociology Press, 2000

Creighton, C. (1999). "The Rise and Decline of the 'Male Breadwinner Family' in Britain." Cambridge Journal of Economics 23(5): 519-541.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Hakim, C Work-lifestyle choices in the 21 st century: preference theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000

Janssens, A. (1997). "The Rise and Decline of the Male Breadwinner Family? An Overview of the Debate." International Review of Social History 42(supplement 5): 1-23. {No electronic source 09/04}

59

MacInnes, J (1998) The end of masculinity, Open University Press

Mansfield, P and Collard, J (1988) The beginning of the rest of your life?: a portrait of newly-wed marriage, Macmillan

* Seccombe, W (1993) Weathering the storm: working class families from the industrial revolution to the fertility decline, Verso, especially the conclusion

60

13. THE 1960s, LIBERALISATION AND NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

For many social theorists the 1960s are pinpointed as the beginning of a period of rapid social change. Some argue that this change was precipitated by new social movements, such as the feminist movement, gay liberation, environmental and peace movements and that it heralds the emergence of a type of society marked by material security and ‘post-material’ values. This new type of society is, allegedly, no longer a class society, the class-based labour movement is now ‘old’ and other social divisions and identities are equally, if not more, important. This social transition is talked about in terms of postmodernity, post-industrialism and post-capitalism (disorganised capitalism) to name but a few. In this lecture we shall explore the social reforms that marked the 1960s, the new collective social actors that emerged and the social and cultural, as well as political, changes of the period. We shall focus on three questions.

1. What were the new social movements that emerged during the 1960s and early 1970s and how do they relate to the ‘old’ social movement, i.e. the labour movement?

2. What reforms were brought in during the 1960s and early 1970s?

3. What social and cultural changes characterise the 1960s and do they mark a new era or social transition from one type of society to another?

Seminar reading

Scott, Alan. 1990. Ideology and the New Social Movements. London: Unwin Hyman. Chap 1

Charles, N (2002) Feminism, the state and social policy, Macmillan, pages 30-39

Seminar questions

1. What are ‘new’ social movements?

2. What are ‘post-material’ values?

3. Have ‘new’ social movements taken the place of the ‘old’ labour movement?

4. Did the 1960s herald a period of social transition?

Class essay titles

1. Assess the claim that the labour movement has now been succeeded by other, 'new', social movements.

* Bagguley, P (1992) ‘Social change, the middle class and the emergence of “new social movements”’ in Sociological Review, 40 (1): 26-48

61

* Barker, C. and G. Dale (1999). “Protest waves in western Europe: a critique of 'new social movement' theory.” Critical Sociology 24(1/2): 65-104. (available from IP) {No electronic source 09/04}

* Buechler, S M (1995) ‘New social movement theories’ in The Sociological Quarterly, 36 (3): 441-64

* Plotke, D (1990) ‘What’s so new about new social movements?’ in Socialist Review 20: 35-65

Crossley, N (2002) Making sense of social movements, Open University Press

Melucci, A (1985) ‘The symbolic challenge of contemporary movements’ in Social Research 52: 789-816

Porta, D. D. and M. Diani (1999). Social Movements: an Introduction. Oxford, Blackwell

Scott, Alan. 1990. Ideology and the New Social Movements. London: Unwin Hyman. Chap 1Note this is in preference to the following which, though accessible, is disappointing

Scott, Alan. 1992. Political culture and social movements. In Political and Economic Forms of Modernity. Edited by J. Allen, P. Braham and P. Lewis. 127-178. Cambridge: Polity.

Steinmetz, G. (1994). "Regulation Theory, Post-Marxism, and the New Social Movements." Comparative Studies in Society and History 36(1): 176-212.

Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010-4175%28199401%2936%3A1%3C176%3ARTPATN%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X

Tarrow, S (1994) Power in movement: social movements, collective action, and politics, Cambridge University Press

Touraine, A (2002) ‘The importance of social movements’ in Social Movement Studies, 1 (1): 89-95

2. Describe and assess the cultural changes associated with ‘new’ social movements. How far do these changes herald the birth of a new type of society?

Abercrombie, Nicholas, Alan Warde, Keith Soothill, John Urry, and Sylvia Walby. 1994. Contemporary British Society. Second ed. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp 562-56

Anderson, T H (1995) The movement and the sixties, Oxford University Press

62

Boggs, C (1995) ‘Rethinking the sixties legacy: from New Left to new social movements’ in Lyman, S.A (ed) Social movements: Critiques, concepts, case studies, Macmillan

Bouchier, D (1983) The Feminist Challenge Macmillan

Buechler, S M (1990) Women’s movements in the United States: Woman Suffrage, Equal Rights, and Beyond, Rutgers University Press

Byrne, Paul. 1994. Pressure groups and popular campaigns. In Twentieth-Century Britain: Economic, Social, and Cultural Change. Edited by P. Johnson. 422-59. Harlow: Longmans.

* Charles, N (2000) Feminism, the state and social policy, Macmillan, esp. chapters 2 and 3

* Edmunds, J and Turner, B. (2002) Generations, culture and society, Open University Press, especially chapter 2

Eyerman, R and Jamison, A (2000) Music and social movements: mobilizing traditions in the twentieth century, Cambridge University Press

Eyerman, R and Jamison, A (1991) Social movements: a cognitive approach, Polity Press, esp chapter 6

Forbes, D (ed) (1994) The Sixties: from memory to history, University of North Carolina Press

Gelb, J and Palley, M (1982) Women and public policies, Princeton University Press

Gelb, J (1989) Feminism and politics: a comparative perspective, University of California Press

Inglehart, R (1990) Culture shift in advanced society, Princeton University Press

Johnston, H and Klandermans, B (eds) (1995) Social movements and culture, UCL Press

Lewis (1992) Women in Britain since 1945, Blackwell, chapter 2

Marwick, A (1998) The sixties, cultural revolution in Britain, France, Italy and the United States c. 1958 – c. 1974, Oxford University Press

Melucci, A (1989) Nomads of the present: social movements and individual needs in contemporary society, Hutchinson Radius

Melucci, A (1985) ‘The symbolic challenge of contemporary movements’ in Social Research 52: 789-816

63

Offe, C (1985) ‘New social movements: challenging the boundaries of institutional politics’ in Social Research, 52 (4): 817-68

Porta, D. D. and M. Diani (1999). Social Movements: an Introduction. Oxford, Blackwell.

* Scott, Alan. 1990. Ideology and the New Social Movements. London: Unwin Hyman. Chap 1

Note this is in preference to the following which, though accessible, is disappointing

Scott, Alan. 1992. Political culture and social movements. In Political and Economic Forms of Modernity. Edited by J. Allen, P. Braham and P. Lewis. 127-178. Cambridge: Polity.

* Scott, J et al (1996) ‘Generational changes in gender-role attitudes: Britain in a cross-national perspective’ in Sociology 30 (3): 471-92

Todd, M and Taylor, G (2004) Democracy and participation: popular protest and new social movements, Merlin Press

Touraine, A (1981) The voice and the eye: an analysis of social movements, Cambridge University Press

Web Sites

For material on current labour movement organisation and activism see

http://directory.netscape.com/Society/Organizations/Labor

The British Trades Union Congress website is

http://www.TUC.org.uk

The SocioSite for Unions is:

http://www.pscw.uva.nl/sociosite/topics/indrel.html#UNIONS

The SOSIG site for social movements is:

http://www.sosig.ac.uk/roads/subject-listing/World-cat/socmov.html

The SocioSite page on social movements is:

http://www.pscw.uva.nl/sociosite/topics/activism.html#ACTIVISM

The Internet Modern History Sourcebook provides access to original sources for

social movements at:

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook4.html#Social Movements

Most social movements develop their campaigning web sites. Some examples are:

http://www.greenpeace.org/

64

http://www.cnduk.org/

http://feminist.com/

http://www.igc.apc.org/women/feminist.html

65

14. CONSUMPTION, LIFESTYLES AND SOCIAL DIVISIONS

Summary

For a number of reasons some sociologists have shifted away from how people earn their living to how they consume the products of work as a basis of social cohesion and cleavage. These reasons include the availability of mass consumption goods, the amount of time people spend away from work, and the apparent breakdown of differences based simply upon class in the classical senses.

We will consider two arguments about the implications of such developments:

1) Consumption at least supplementing, even replacing, production as the basis for significant social divisions. Here we will look at the ideas of Peter Saunders who argues for the importance of the division between those who possess their own means of consumption (house, car, medical insurance...) and those who depend upon state provided facilities.

2) Consumption as defining the classes. Here we will consider the ideas of Pierre Bourdieu who defines class partly in terms of economic power but more centrally in terms of cultural capital and style of life. These arguments have focused particularly upon the implications of consumption patterns for the formation and possible fragmentation of the middle class, an issue addressed directly by Mike Savage and his colleagues.

Next week we will address a third argument, about the role of changing patterns of consumption in changing patterns of paid work, specifically through the formation of new forms of service work.

Seminar reading

Mike Savage et al (1992) Property, Bureaucracy and Culture: Middle-class formation in contemporary Britain, London: Routledge chapter 6: ‘Culture, Consumption and Lifestyle’

Crompton, Rosemary. (1993) Class and Stratification. Cambridge: Polity. Chap 7 includes an introduction to both Bourdieu and Saunders. HC 7601.1.C7

Seminar questions

1. In what senses might modern society be a ‘consumer’ society?

2. Does the social organisation of consumption generate important social divisions?

3. What is the relationship between consumption and class formation? (with particular reference to the middle class)

Class essay titles

1. ‘...so the main division arising out of the process of consumption is that between those who satisfy their main consumption needs through personal ownership (eg through home ownership, personal means of transportation, private medical insurance and private

66

schooling) and those who rely on collective provision through the state.’ (Saunders: 1984, 208) Discuss.

Bocock, Robert. 1993. Consumption. London: Routledge.

* Crompton, Rosemary. (1993) Class and Stratification. Cambridge: Polity. Chap 7 includes an introduction to both Bourdieu and Saunders.

Dupuis, A. and D. C. Thorns (1998). ‘Home, Home Ownership and the Search for Ontological Security.’, The Sociological Review 46(1): 24-47.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:

E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Hamnett, Chris. (1989) ‘Consumption and Class in Contemporary Britain’ in C. Hamnett, L. McDowell and P. Sarre (eds) Restructuring Britain: The Changing Social Structure, pp 199-243. London: Sage.

# Nicholson-Lord, David. (1993) ‘Rambutan for the rich, beans for the broke’. Independent on Sunday 23/5

Rosenbaum, E. F. 1999. ‘Against Naive Materialism: Culture, Consumption and the Causes of Inequality’, Cambridge Journal of Economics 23(3): 317-336.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:

E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

* # Saunders, Peter. (1984) ‘Beyond housing classes: the sociological significance of property rights in means of consumption’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 8.2: 202-25.

Saunders, Peter. (1990) A Nation of Home Owners. London: Unwin Hyman. (Chap 4). Note: this is long and rather involved, scan through it first.

Savage, Mike. et al. 1992. Property, Bureaucracy and Culture: Middle-class Formation in Contemporary Britain, London: Routledge. Chapters 4 and 5.

Walker, D. (2002). ‘Home truths’, The Guardian. 23/8 Available at:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/analysis/story/0,,779273,00.html

Middleton, C. (2002). ‘The roof, the whole roof’, Daily Telegraph, Property Section. 13/4. Available at:

67

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml;sessionid= AQJCWREDQROUDQFIQMFCM54AVCBQYJVC ?xml=/ property/2002/04/13/pown13.xml&secureRefresh=true&_requestid=85452

2. Outline and assess Bourdieu’s theory of class in modern societies.

* Bocock, Robert. (1992) ‘Consumption and lifestyles’, in R. Bocock and K. Thompson (ed) Social and Cultural Forms of Modernity, pp 119-161. Cambridge: Polity.

Brubaker, Rogers. 1985. ‘Rethinking classical theory: the sociological vision of Pierre Bourdieu’, Theory and Society 14: 745-75. Note: this is rather obscure early on, scan this and pick up the discussion from page 754

(Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0304-2421%28198511%2914%3A6%3C745%3ARCTTSV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6

* Chaney, D. (1998). ‘Review article: the new materialism? the challenge of consumption’, Work, Employment and Society 12(3): 533-544. {No electronic source 09/04}

Isin, Engin F. and Wood, Patricia, K. (1999) Citizenship and Identity, London: Sage, chapter 6: ‘Cultural Citizenship: Consuming Identities’.

* Miller, Daniel. (1992) ‘Material culture and mass consumption’, in R. Bocock and K. Thompson (eds) Social and Cultural Forms of Modernity, pp 161-6. Cambridge: Polity.

When you have gained some bearings from the above, have a look at:

Bourdieu, Pierre. (1984) Distinction, a Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (translated by Richard Nice). London: Routledge Kegan Paul.

Rather more advanced discussion can be found in:

Anheier, H. K., J. Gerhards, et al. (1995). ‘Forms of Capital and Social Structure in Cultural Fields: Examining Bourdieu’s Social Topography’, American Journal of Sociology, 100.4: 859-903. Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9602%28199501%29100%3A4%3C859%3AFOCASS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6

Gartman, D. (1991). ‘Culture as Class Symbolization or Mass Reification? A Critique of Bourdieu’s Distinction’, American Journal of Sociology, 97.2: 421-447.

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Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9602%28199109%2997%3A2%3C421%3ACACSOM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G

Savage, Mike. et al. (1992) Property, Bureaucracy and Culture: Middle-class Formation in Contemporary Britain, London: Routledge. Chapters 4 and 6.

Web Sites

An essay by Michael Kearl called ‘Temples of consumption: shopping malls as secular cathedrals’ can be found at:

http://www.trinity.edu/mkearl/temples.html

An essay by Michael Kearl called ‘Credit card crazy ‘ can be found at:

http://www.trinity.edu/mkearl/credcard.html

A synopsis of Bourdieu’s ‘Distinction’ can be found on:

http://www.spc.uchicago.edu/ssr1/PRELIMS/Strat/stmisc1.html#BOURDIEU

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15. CONTEMPORARY TRENDS: THE NEW SERVICE ECONOMY

Summary

The contemporary predominance and continuing growth of the service sector have prompted a range of arguments about the distinctive character of a post-industrial economy and society. One strand of these debates has focused on the emergence of a ‘knowledge society’, characterised by increasingly skilled and autonomous knowledge work. Another strand has offered a very different vision of ‘McDonaldized’, low skill and tightly controlled service labour.

One obvious response to these polarised views is to argue that the service sector is characterised by a more varied and contradictory pattern of work and employment. However, we then need some way of conceptualising the character of this diversity and the social processes that are influencing the dominant patterns of work organisation and employment relations in the service sector now and for the future.

In examining these questions the implications of three further features of the contemporary evolution of service sector employment deserve particular attention. These are the increasingly explicit emphasis placed on the importance of ‘customer service’ (and thus ‘emotional labour’) in direct relations between service workers and consumers, the gendered character of service sector work and the extent to which service work is characterised by ‘non-standard’ (part-time, temporary, self-employed or ‘portfolio’) employment.

Against this background we can examine the changing ways in which employers may be seeking to organise service sector work and employment (an interesting but not necessarily typical example is the rise of the ‘call centre’). However, we also need to consider how workers, unions and professional associations may be responding to these changes, and the role that broader economic and political conditions may play in influencing patterns of change.

Seminar Reading

Herzenberg, Stephen J., John A. Alic and Howard Wial, (1998) selections from New Rules for a New Economy: Employment and Opportunity in Postindustrial America Ithica: Cornell University Press pp 5-19 and 37-55 and tables 9, 12, 13 and 14.

Korczynski, Marek. (2002) Human Resource Management in Service Work London: Palgrave, chapter 3

Seminar Questions

1. In what ways is service sector work characterised by Taylorised work processes?

2. What are the alternatives to such tightly constrained and rationalised service sector work processes?

3. How does the demand for ‘customer care’ influence work in the service sector?

4. How do wider social, economic and political conditions influence work and employment in the service sector?

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Class essay titles

1. Compare and contrast two interpretations of trends in work and employment in the service sector.

Recommended

* Herzenberger, Stephen. et al. (1998) New Rules for a New Economy: Employment and opportunity in Postindustrial America Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

* Korczynski, Marek. (2002) Human Resource Management in Service Work London: Palgrave, esp chapters 3 and 4.

Taylor, Stephen. (1997) ‘“Empowerment” or “degradation”: TQM and the service sector’ in Richard Brown (ed) The Changing Shape of Work London: Macmillan.

Thompson, Paul. et al. (2000) ‘Human Capital or Capitalising on Humanity? Knowledge, Skills and Competencies in Interactive Service Work’ in C. Pritchard et al (eds) Managing Knowledge London: Macmillan.

Further

Adams, Fran. (2002) Below the Breadline: Living on the Minimum Wage London: Profile Books, parts I and III.

Frenkel, Steve. et al (1998) ‘Beyond Bureaucracy? Work Organization in Call Centres’, International Journal of Human Resource Management 9.6: 957-979.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:

E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Frenkel, Steve. (2005) ‘Service Workers in Search of Decent Work’, in S. Ackroyd et al (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Work and Organization, Oxford: OUP.

Du Gay, Paul. (1996) Consumption and Identity at Work London: Sage, esp. chapters 3, 4 , 5 and 6.

Higgins, Winton. (1996) ‘The Swedish Municipal Workers Union: a study in the New Political Unionism’ Economic and Industrial Democracy 17: 167-97.

Korcynski, Marek. (2001) ‘The Contradictions of Service Work: Call centre as customer-oriented bureaucracy’ in Andrew Sturdy et al (eds) Customer Service: Empowerment and Entrapment London: Palgrave, or (2000) ‘Service Work in Consumer Capitalism: customers, control and contradictions’ Work, Employment and Society 14.4: 669-687.

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Kumar, Krishan. (1995) ‘The Information Society’ in his From Post-Industrial to Post-Modern Society Oxford: Blackwell, chapter 2.

Leidner, Robin. (1993) Fast Food, Fast Talk: Service Work and the routinisation of everday life Berkeley: University of California Press.

Macdonald, Cameron. and Sirianni, Carmen. (1996) ‘The Service Society and the Changing Experience of Work’ in their (eds) Working in the Service Society Philidelphia: Temple University Press.

Reed, Mike. (1996) ‘Expert Power and Control in Late Modernity: an empirical review and theoretical synthesis’ Organization Studies 17.4: 573-97.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:

E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Rees, Gareth. and Fiedler, Susan. (1992) ‘The Services Economy, Subcontracting & the New Employment Relations: Contract Catering & Cleaning’ Work Employment & Society 6.3: 347-368.

Ritzer, George. 1993 The McDonaldization of Society London: Sage pp 1-17 and 147-155.

Taylor, Phil. and Bain, Peter. (1999) ‘“An assembly line in the head”: work and employee relations in the call centre’, Industrial Relations Journal, 30.2:101-117.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:

E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Wrigley, Neil. and Lowe, Michelle. (2002) Reading Retail: a geographical perspective on retailing and consumption spaces, London: Arnold, chapter 5.

2. Discuss the implications of the requirement that employees perform ‘emotional labour’ in much service sector work.

Recommended

Bolton, Sharon. and Boyd, Carol. (2003) ‘Trolley Dolly or Skilled Emotion Manager? moving on from Hochschild’s Managed Heart’, Work, Employment and Society, 17.2: 289-308.

(This article is available electronically online but you must access it via the University Library. Go to the Library web site and follow:

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E-ResourcesJournalsFollow the search instructions there)

Hochschild, Arlie. (1983) The Managed Heart: the commercialisation of human feeling Berkeley: University of California Press, esp chapter 6.

Noon, Mike. and Blyton, Paul. (2002) The Realities of Work London: Palgrave, chapter 7. (also 1997 edition)

Taylor, Steve. and Tyler, Melissa. (2000) ‘Emotional labour and sexual difference in the airline industry’, Work, Employment and Society, 14.1: 77-95.

Further

Adkins, Lisa. (1995) Gendered Work: Sexuality, family and the labour market Buckingham: Open University Press.

Cunnison, Sheila. (1986) ‘Gender, Consent and Exploitation among Sheltered Housing Wardens’ in Kate Purcell et al (eds) The Changing Experience of Employment London: Macmillan.

Filby, Mike. (1992) ‘“The figures, the personality and the bums”: service work and sexuality’ Work, Employment and Society 6.1: 23-42. Du Gay, Paul. (1996) Consumption and Identity at Work London: Sage, esp chapters 4, 6 and 7.

Hall, Elaine. (1993) ‘Smiling, Deferring and Flirting: Doing Gender by Giving “Good Service”’ Work and Occupations 20.4: 452-471.

Korczynski, Marek. (2002) Human Resource Management in Service Work, London: Palgrave, chapters 3, 7, 8 and 9.

Leidner, Robin. (1991) ‘Serving Hamburgers and Selling Insurance: gender, work and identity in interactive service jobs’ Gender & Society 5.2: 154-177.

Click on this stable URL to gain direct access to this article via JSTOR http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0891-2432%28199106%295%3A2%3C154%3ASHASIG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U

Leidner, Robin. (1993) Fast Food, Fast Talk: Service Work and the routinisation of everday life, Berkeley: University of California Press. (summarised in previous article).

van Maanen, Jan. (1991) ‘The Smile Factory: Work at Disneyland’, in P. J. Frost et al (eds) Reframing Organisational Culture Newbury Park: Sage.

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Nickson, Dennis. et al. (2001) ‘The Importance of Being Aesthetic: Work, Employment and Service Organisation’, in Andrew Sturdy et al (eds) Customer Service: Empowerment and Entrapment London: Palgrave.

Pettinger, L. ‘Gendered Work Meets Gendered Goods: Selling and Service in clothing retail’ Gender, Work and Organization 12.5 2005

Taylor, Steve. (1998) ‘Emotional Labour and the New Workplace’, in Paul Thompson and Chris Warhurst (eds) Workplaces of the Future London: Macmillan.

Toynbee, Polly. (2003) Hard Work: Life in Low-Pay Britain London: Bloomsbury, chapters 10-14.

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16. CONTEMPORARY TRENDS: PARENTING AND PARTNERING IN THE 21ST CENTURY

In this lecture our focus will be on how gender relations are changing in the 21st century. There is much debate in the media about issues such as the ‘work-life’ balance and the need to encourage men’s greater involvement with their children. There is also concern about the increasing numbers of women choosing not to have children and controversy about gay partnerships and gay parenting. This has led many to claim that becoming a parent has become simply a ‘lifestyle’ choice and that, because women can now support themselves independently of men, men are being made redundant. We shall explore the realities of work, intimate relationships and family life at the beginning of the 21st century, looking at what is involved in partnering and parenting, whether people are becoming more individualistic, whether gender relations are becoming more egalitarian, and the increasing variety of living arrangements which are not only tolerated but are increasingly socially and legally sanctioned.

Seminar reading

Charles, N (2002) Gender in Modern Britain, Oxford University Press, Chapter 4

McKie, L and Cunningham, S (eds) (2005) Families in society: boundaries and relationships, Policy Press, chapters 13 and 14

Seminar questions

1. How are gender relations changing at the beginning of the 21st century at work and at home?

2. To what extent are women and men free to ‘choose’ careers or parenthood or both?

3. Does the variety of family forms and household types suggest that people are increasingly individualised?

Class essay titles

1. Discuss whether it is any longer possible to speak of ‘the family’ and support your argument with evidence.

Allan, G and Crow, G (2001) Families, households and society, Palgrave

Beck, U and Beck-Gernsheim, E (2003) Individualization, Sage, esp. chapters 5, 6, 8

Beck Gernsheim, E (2002) Reinventing the family, Polity

Carling, A, Duncan, S and Edwards, R (eds) (2002) Analysing Families: morality and rationality in policy and practice, Routledge, Parts I and III

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Jamieson, L., Anderson, M., McCrone, D., Bechhofer, F., Stewart, R. and Li, Y. (2002). Cohabitation and commitment: partnership plans of young men and women. Sociological Review, 50, 356-377.

McRae, S (1999) (ed) Changing Britain: families and households in the 1990s , Oxford University Press

Morgan, D (1996) Family Connections, Polity

E.Silva and C.Smart (eds) The new family? Sage: London

Scott, J. (1997). Changing households in Britain: do families still matter? Sociological Review, 45, 591-620.

Somerville, J (2000) Feminism and the family: politics and society in the UK and USA, Macmillan

Weeks, J., Heaphy, B. and Donovan, C. (1999a). Partners by choice: equality, power and commitment in non-heterosexual relationships, in: G. Allen (Ed.), The sociology of the family (pp. 111-128). Oxford: Blackwell.

Weeks, J., Heaphy, B. and Donovan, C. (1999b). Families of choice: autonomy and mutuality in non-heterosexual relationships, in: S. McRae (Ed.), Changing Britain: families and households in the 1990s (pp. 297-315). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Williams, F (2004) Rethinking Families, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation

2. Discuss the gendering of parenting and how this might be changing at the beginning of the 21st century.

*McRae, S (1999) (ed) Changing Britain: families and households in the 1990s , Oxford University Press

*Richardson, D Women, Motherhood and Child - Rearing, Macmillan, 1993

* Lupton, D and Barclay, L Constructing fatherhood: discourses and experiences, Sage, 1997

Coltrane, S. Gender and families, Sage, 1997

Daniels, C R Lost fathers, Macmillan, 1998

Dennis, N and Erdos, G Families without fatherhood, IEA Health and welfare unit, 1993

Dunne, G Lesbian lifestyles: women's work and the politics of sexuality, Macmillan, 1997

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Hakim, C Work-lifestyle choices in the 21 st century: preference theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000

Hood, J Men, work and family, Sage Publications, 1993

Everingham, C Motherhood and modernity, Open University Press, 1994

Family Policy Studies Centre: Fathers and fatherhood in Britain, 1997

Glenn, E N et al (1994) Mothering: ideology, experience, agency, Routledge

Gordon, T Feminist mothers, Macmillan, 1990

Kimmel, M Changing men: New directions in research on men and masculinity, Sage, 1987

Lewis, C (1986) Becoming a father, Open University Press

Lewis, C (1986) Becoming a father, Open University Press

MacInnes, J. The end of masculinity, Open University Press, 1998

Marsiglio, W (ed.) Fatherhood: contemporary theory, research and social policy, Sage, 1995

Moss, P Father figures, HMSO: Edinburgh, 1995

Oakley, A Becoming a mother, Martin Robertson, 1979

Ribbens, J Mothers and their children: a feminist sociology of child rearing, Sage, 1994

Ribbens McCarthy, J, Edwards, R and Gillies, V (2003) Making Families: moral tales of parenting and step-parenting, Sociologypress

Silva, E B (ed.) Good enough mothering? Feminist perspectives on lone motherhood, Routledge, 1996

Staggenborg, S Gender, family and social movements, Pine Forge Press, 1997

Williams, F (2004) Rethinking Families, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation

17. CONTEMPORARY TRENDS: GLOBALISATION AND NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

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The nation state was a major focus for the mobilisation of earlier social movements. While the labour movement had internationalist aspirations, its practical achievements were mediated through state policies, and though the later ‘new’ social movements often emphasised grass roots campaigning they too benefited from changes in state policies. In recent times, however, it has been argued that ‘globalisation’ has diminished the scope of national states to develop distinctive policies, because of the growing power of transnational economic actors such as international companies and supra-state agencies. In this context some social movements have sought to become ‘global’, by building international networks and developing global campaigns, often directed against international firms and such agencies as the IMF and the WTO.

In this topic we will consider these developments and some of the different ways in which both ‘globalisation’ and ‘global social movements’ have been analysed. While some commentators have emphasised that globalisation does indeed mean the decline of the national state, others argue that some of the more powerful states are sponsoring forms of globalisation that serve their interests or that the decline of the nation state has been much exaggerated. At the same time there has been much discussion of what is distinctive about the new ‘global social movements’. Sceptics argue that on the one hand older social movements were also international, and that on the other hand these new movements are often fragmented and fragile. These arguments direct attention to the difficulties and dilemmas that face such movements, and the diversity of responses to such challenges, but they nevertheless remain important and innovative features of contemporary society.

Seminar Questions and Reading for this topic will be issued in the second term

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18 CONCLUSIONS

This will involve an overview of module themes and arguments, setting the scene for examination revision.

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