Book_01 Air Law

iiIntroduction AVIATION LAW Oxford Aviation Academy (UK) Limited 2008All Rights ReservedThis text book is to be used only for the purpose of private study by individuals and may not be reproduced in any Inrm nr mcdium cnpicd stnrcd in a rctricva! systcm !cnt hircd rcntcd transmicd nr adaptcd inwhn!cnrinpartwithnutthcprinrwricncnnscntnIOxInrdAviatinnAcadcmyCoyrighlinaIIdocumenlsandmaleriaIsboundvilhinlhesecoversoraachedhereloexcIudinglhalmaleriaIvhichisreroducedbylhekindermissionoflhirdarliesandacknovIedgedassuchbeIongsexcIusiveIyloOxford Aviation Academy.CerlaincoyrighlmaleriaIisreroducedvilhlheermissionoflheInlernalionaICiviIAvialionOrganisalionthe United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).Thistcxtbnnkhasbccnwricnandpub!ishcdasarcIcrcnccwnrktnassiststudcntscnrn!!cdnnanapprnvcdEA5A Air Transpnrt Pi!nt Liccncc ATPL cnursc tn prcparc thcmsc!vcs Inr thc EA5A ATPL thcnrctica!knnw!cdgccxaminatinnsNnthinginthccnntcntnIthisbnnkistnbcintcrprctcdascnnstitutinginstructinnnradviccrc!atingtnpractica!yingWhiIsleveryeorlhasbeenmadeloensurelheaccuracyoflheinformalionconlainedvilhinlhisbookneilherOxfordAviationAcademynorthedistributorgivesanywarrantyastoitsaccuracyorotherwise.Students preparing for the EASA ATPL theoretical knowledge examinations should not regard this book as a substitute fortheEASA ATPLtheoreticalknowledgetrainingsyllabuspublishedinthecurrenteditionofEASA-FCL1 IIighl Crev Licensing AeroIanes lhe SyIIabus The SyIIabus conslilules lhe soIe aulhorilalive denilionoflhesub|eclmaerlobesludiedinanIASAATILlheorelicaIknovIedgelrainingrogrammeNosludenlshouId reare for or is currenlIy enlilIed lo enler himseIfherseIf for lhe IASAATIL lheorelicaI knovIedgeexaminalions vilhoul rsl being enroIIed in a lraining schooI vhich has been granled arovaI by an IASAauthorised national aviation authority to deliver EASA ATPL training.OxfordAvialionAcademyexcIudesaIIIiabiIilyforanyIossordamageincurredorsueredasaresuIlofanyrelianceonallorpartofthisbookexceptforanyliabilityfordeathorpersonalinjuryresultingfromOxford Aviation Academys negligence or any other liability which may not legally be excluded.Cover Photograph:Approach in to Cork (EICK) EirePhotographed by L ten Hoopen ThisediliondislribuledbyTransairUKLldShorehamIngIandPrinted in Singapore by KHL Printing Co. Pte LtdiiiIntroduction AVIATION LAWTcxtbnnk5cricsBook Title IASARefNo Subject 1 010 Air Law 0102 020 Aircraft General Knowledge 1 021 01 Airframes & Systems021 01 01-04 IuseIageWingsSlabiIisingSurfaces021 01 05 Landing Gear021 01 06 Flight Controls021 01 07 Hydraulics021 01 08-09 Air Systems & Air Conditioning021 01 10 Anti-icing & De-icing021 01 11 Fuel Systems021 04 00 Emergency Equipment3 020 Aircraft General Knowledge 2 021 02 Electrics Electronics021 02 01 Direct Current021 02 02 Alternating Current021 02 05 Basic Radio Propagation.4 020 Aircraft General Knowledge 3 021 00 Powerplant021 03 01 Piston Engines021 03 02 Gas Turbines5 020 Aircraft General Knowledge 4 022 Instrumentation 022 01 Flight Instruments022 03 Warning & Recording022 02 Automatic Flight Control022 04 Power Plant & System Monitoring Instruments6 030 Flight Performance & Planning 1 031 Mass & Balance032 Performance7 030 Flight Performance & Planning 2 033 Flight Planning & Monitoring8 040 Human Performance & Limitations 0409 050 Meteorology 05010 Navigalion 061 GeneraINavigalion11 Navigalion 062 RadioNavigalion12 070 Operational Procedures 07013 080 Principles of Flight 08014 090 Communications 091 VFR Communications092 IFR CommunicationsivIntroduction AVIATION LAWvIntroduction AVIATION LAWBook ContentsDIIINITIONS..........................................1INTIRNATIONALAGRIIMINTSANDORGANISATIONS..............19AIRWORTHINISSOIAIRCRAIT.............................. 47AIRCRAITNATIONALITYANDRIGISTRATIONMARKS............... 53ILIGHTCRIWLICINSING.................................61RULES OF THE AIR ......................................85INSTRUMINTIROCIDURISDIIARTURIS ...................... 131APPROACH PROCEDURES................................. 145CIRCLINGAIIROACH................................... 177HOLDINGIROCIDURIS.................................. 185ALTIMITIRSITTINGIROCIDURIS........................... 195IARALLILORNIARIARALLILRUNWAYOIIRATION............... 207SSRANDACAS........................................ 221AIRSPACE ........................................... 229AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES................................... 245SIIARATION.......................................... 263CONTROLOIAIRCRAIT.................................. 297AIRONAUTICALINIORMATIONSIRVICIAIS.................... 323AIRODROMISIHYSICALCHARACTIRISTICS..................... 341AIRODROMISVISUALAIDSMARKINGSANDSIGNS................ 363AIRODROMILIGHTING.................................. 389AIRODROMISIRVICISANDOSTACLIMARKING ................. 409IACILITATION......................................... 423SIARCHANDRISCUI.................................... 431SICURITY............................................ 441AIRCRAITACCIDINTANDINCIDINTINVISTIGATION.............. 455RIVISIONQUISTIONS.................................... 465viIntroduction AVIATION LAW1Chapter1 DenitionsINTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3AIR LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3ARIVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3DIIINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6CHAPTERONEDEFINITION5Contents2Chapter1Denitions3Chapter1 DenitionsINTRODUCTIONThe content of the Oxford Aviation College Aviation Law course meets the requirements of the JAA-FCLsyllabus(Subject010-AirLaw)andtheassociatedLearningObjectives(LOs).The main reference documents are the Annexes to the Convention on International Aviation (The Chicago Convenlion and lhe associaled IANS documenls AddilionaI references are lakenfrom JAR FCL and JAR OPS.AIRLAWThesub|eclofAirLavisamisnomerTheconlenloflhesub|ecliseecliveIyairmanshivilhtheadditionofinformationconcerningsomeoftheinternationalconventionsthathavebeen adoptedtoregularisetheadministrationofaviationandtheaviationindustry.Thesubject maerisdiverserangingfrominlernalionaIagreemenlslhroughlheruIesoflheairighlcrevIicensinginslrumenlroceduresATCandlhehysicaIcharaclerislicsofaerodromesAsludenldoesnolneedlobeaIavyerloasslhissub|eclMosloflherequiremenlsarecommonsensethe majority of which will be familiar to a PPL holder. The ab initio student should approach the subject from the need to know principle and be guided by the examination feedback as well as the syllabus. The end of chapter questions are based on examination questions and should give the student a feel for the level of knowledge required on completion of the course.ABBREVIATION5AirLaverhasmorelhananyolhersub|eclisinundaledvilhabbrevialionssomeofvhichare examinabIe Where lhis is lhe case lhe abbrevialions are secied in lhe arorialechapter and decoded. The following is a list (not exhaustive) of abbreviations commonly used in aviation.AAIBAir Accident Investigation BoardAALAbove Aerodrome LevelAN AerodromeeaconAc AircraflACCArea Control CentreADAAdvisory AirspaceADFAutomatic Direction FindingADRAdvisory RouteADTApproved Departure TimeAFIAssistant Flying InstructorAFISAerodrome Flight Information ServiceAFSAeronautical Fixed ServiceAITN AeronaulicaIIixedTeIecommunicalionsNelvorkAGLAbove Ground LevelAICAeronautical Information Circular AIPAeronautical Information Publication AIREPAir ReportAISAeronautical Information Service AMEAuthorised Medical Examiner AMSLAbove Mean Sea LevelANO AirNavigalionOrderAOC AirOeralorsCerlicaleARPAerodrome Reference Point ARN ATSRouleNelvork4Chapter1DenitionsASDAAccelerate-Stop Distance AvailableASR AIlimelerSeingRegionATAS AirTracAdvisoryServiceATC AirTracConlroIATCC AirTracConlroICenlreATCU AirTracConlroIUnilATCRU AirTracConlroIRadarUnilATIM AirTracIIovManagemenlATISAutomatic Terminal Information ServiceATS AirTracServiceATSU AirTracServiceUnilATZ AirTracZoneAUWAll up weightAWDAirworthiness DivisionAWY AirvayCAACivil Aviation AuthorityCANI CiviIAvialionNolicalionIrocedureCASControlled AirspaceCofA CerlicaleofAirvorlhinessCTRControl ZoneDADecision Altitude DFDirection Finding DHDecision HeightDMEDistance Measuring EquipmentDRDead ReckoningEATExpected Approach TimeECACEuropean Civil Aviation AuthorityEDEmergency DistanceEETEstimated Elapse TimeILT ImergencyLocalionTransmierEPIRBEmergency Position Indicating Radio BeaconETAEstimated Time of Arrival ETOPSExtended Twin Jet Operations FALFacilitation of Air Transport FCLFlight Crew LicensingFIFlying InstructorFIRFlight Information Region FISFlight Information Service FLFlight LevelFLPFMFoot Launched Powered Flying MachineFTLFlight Time LimitationsGASIL GeneraIAvialionSafelyInformalionLeaelGCAGround Controlled Approach H DayandNighlOeralingHoursHFHigh FrequencyHz HerRadioIrequencyIASIndicated Air Speed Ibn IdenlicalioneaconICAOInternational Civil Aviation OrganisationIFRInstrument Flight RulesILSInstrument Landing SystemIMCInstrument Meteorological ConditionsIRInstrument RatingIREInstrument Rating ExaminerIRVRInstrument Runway Visual Range 5Chapter1 DenitionsISAInternational Standard Atmosphere JAAJoint Aviation AuthorityJARJAA RegulationsKHz KiIoHerKtKnotsLARSLower Airspace Radar Service LATCC LondonAirTracConlroICenlreLDALanding Distance AvailableLFLow FrequencyMATZ MiIilaryAirTracZoneMDHMinimum Descent Height MEHTMinimum Eye Height (PAPIs) MELMinimum Equipment ListMETARAviation Routine Weather ReportMFMedium FrequencyMHz MegaherMNIS MinimumNavigalionIerformanceSecicalionMoDMinistry of DefenceMOTNI MeleoroIogicaIOeralionaITeIecommunicalionsNelvorkMRSAMandatory Radar Service AreaMTOM MaximumTakeoMassMTWA MaximumTakeoWeighlAulhorisedNAIs NoiseAbalemenlIroceduresNATS NalionaIAirTracServicesND NonDireclionaIeaconNOH NoliedOeralingHoursNOSIG NoSignicanlChangeNOTAM NoliceloAirmenOCAOceanic Control AreaOCAObstacle Clearance Altitude OCHObstacle Clearance Height OCLObstacle Clearance Limit OIS ObslacIeIdenlicalionSurfaceIANS IroceduresforAirNavigalionPARPrecision Approach RadarPAPIPrecision Approach Path IndicatorPaxPassengersPICPilot in ChargePTPublic TransportRCCRescue Co-ordination Centre RISRadar Information Service RLCERequest level change en-route RNOTAM RoyaINOTAMRTFRadio TelephonyRTOW ReguIaledTakeoWeighlRTGRadio TelegraphyRVRRunway Visual RangeRVSMReduced Vertical Separation MinimaRwyRunwaySARSearch and RescueSARPStandard and Recommended Practice (ICAO) SARSATSearch and Rescue Satellite Tracking System SELCALSelective CallingSfcSurfaceSIDStandard Instrument Departure 6Chapter1DenitionsSIGMIT SignicanlMeleoroIogicaIWarningSNOCLO CIosedbySnovSPECISpecial Met ReportSPLSupplementary Flight Plan SSRSecondary Surveillance Radar STARStandard Instrument Arrival SVFRSpecial Visual Flight RulesTAFAerodrome Meteorological ForecastTASTrue AirspeedTCATerminal Control AreaTMATerminal Maneuvering Area TODA TakeoDislanceAvaiIabIeTOM TakeoMinimaTORA TakeoRunAvaiIabIeTRType RatingTREType Rating ExaminerTLTransition LevelTVORTerminal VHF Omni Ranging TwrTower (Aerodrome Control) UHFUltra High FrequencyUIRUpper Information RegionUs UnserviceabIeUTCCo-ordinated Universal Time VASIVisual Approach Slope Indicator VFRVisual Flight RulesVHFVery High FrequencyVMCVisual Meteorological ConditionsVORVHF Omni-rangingVSTOL VeryShorlTakeoandLandingWII WilheeclfromWIPWork in Progress WptWaypointDEFINITION5Some of lhe examinalion queslions reIale lo lhe vording of denilions and lhe LOs requirelhesludenllobeabIeloidenlifylhecorrecldenilionfromaIislofoeredaIlernalivesThefoIIoving are lhe denilions used in lhe Annexes lo lhe Convenlion on InlernalionaI CiviIAviation.Advisnry Airspacc Airsace of dened dimensions or designaled roule vilhin vhich airlracadvisoryserviceisavaiIabIeAdvisnryRnutcAdesignaledrouleaIongvhichairlracadvisoryserviceisavaiIabIeAcria!WnrkAircraItmeansanaircraflolherlhanaubIiclransorlaircraflyingorinlendedbylheoeralorloyforlheuroseofaeriaIvorkAcria!WnrkUndertaking means an undertaking whose business includes the performance of aerial work.AcrnbaticManncuvrcsincIudesIoossinsroIIsbunlsslaIIlurnsinverledyingandanyother similar manoeuvre.7Chapter1 DenitionsAcrndrnmcmeansanyareaofIandorvalerdesignedequiedselaarlorcommonIyusedforaordingfaciIiliesforlheIandinganddearlureofaircraflandincIudesanyareaorsacevhelheronlhegroundonlheroofofabuiIdingoreIsevherevhichisdesignedequiedorselaarlforaordingfaciIiliesforlheIandinganddearlureofaircraflcaabIeofdescendingorcIimbingverlicaIIybulshaIInolincIudeanyarealheuseofvhichforaordingfaciIiliesforthe landing and departure of aircraft has been abandoned and has not been resumed.Acrndrnmc Cnntrn! 5crvicc means an air lrac conlroI service for any aircrafl on lhemanoeuvring area or apron of the aerodrome in respect of which the service is being provided orvhichisyinginorinlhevicinilyoflheaerodromelraczoneoflhalaerodromebyvisuaIreference to the surface.Acrndrnmc F!ight InInrmatinn Unit meansapersonappointedbytheAuthorityorbyany other person maintaining an aerodrome to give information by means of radio signals to aircraft yingorinlendingloyvilhinlheaerodromelraczoneoflhalaerodromeandaerodromeighlinformalionserviceshaIIbeconslruedaccordingIyAcrndrnmc A dened area on Iand or valer incIuding any buiIdings inslaIIalions andequimenlinlendedlobeusedeilhervhoIIyorinarlforlhearrivaIdearlureandsurfacemovement of aircraft.AcrndrnmcCnntrn!TnwcrAunileslabIishedlorovideairlracconlroIserviceloaerodromelracAcrndrnmcOpcratingMinimain relation to the operation of an aircraft at an aerodrome means lhe cIoud ceiIing and runvay visuaI range for lakeo and lhe decision heighl or minimumdescenlheighlrunvayvisuaIrangeandvisuaIreferenceforIandingvhicharelheminimumfor the operation of that aircraft at that aerodrome.AcrndrnmcTracAIIlraconlhemanoeuvringareaofanaerodromeandaIIaircraflyingin the vicinity of an aerodrome.AcrndrnmcTracZnncAirsaceofdeneddimensionseslabIishedaroundanaerodromeforlheroleclionofaerodromelracAcrnnautica!GrnundLightmeansanyIighlsecicaIIyrovidedasanaidloairnavigalionother than a light displayed on an aircraft.Acrnnautica!PartThat part of an aerodrome including buildings to which access is limited by security measures (airside).Acrnnautica!Radin5tatinnmeansaradioslaliononlhesurfacevhichlransmilsorreceivessignals for the purpose of assisting aircraft.Acrnnautica!5tatinnAIandslalioninlheaeronaulicaImobiIeserviceIncerlaininslancesanaeronaulicaIslalionmaybeIocaledforexamIeonboardshioronaIalformalseaAcrnp!anc A over driven heavier lhan air aircrafl deriving ils Iifl in ighl chiey fromaerodynamicreaclionsonsurfacesvhichremainxedundergivencondilionsofighlAircraItAny machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earths surface.AircraIt Catcgnry CIassicalion of aircrafl according lo secied basic characlerislics egaeroIaneheIicolergIiderfreebaIIoon8Chapter1DenitionsAircraItccrticdInrsing!cpi!ntnpcratinnA type of aircraft which the State of Registry has delerminedduringlhecerlicalionrocesscanbeoeraledsafeIyvilhaminimumcrevofone pilot.AircraItTypcnIAIIaircrafloflhesamebasicdesignincIudingaIImodicalionslhereloexcellhosemodicalionsvhichresuIlinchangeinhandIingorighlcharaclerislicsAirTracAIIaircraflinighloroeralingonlhemanoeuvringareaofanaerodromeAirTracAdvisnry5crviccAservicerovidedvilhinadvisoryairsaceloensuresearalioninsofarasraclicaIbelveenaircraflvhichareoeralingonIIRighlIansAir Trac Cnntrn! C!carancc Authorisationforanaircrafttoproceedunderconditions seciedbyanairlracconlroIunilNcic|crccntcnicnccincicrnairiracccnirc|c|caranccisjrcqucni|qa||rctiaic!icc|caranccuncnusc!inapprcpriaicccnicxisNcicTnca||rctiaic!icanc|caranccnaq|cprcxc!|qincucr!siaxiiakcc!cpariurccnrcuicapprcacncr|an!ingicin!icaicincpariicu|arpcriicncjigniicunicnincairiracccnirc|c|caranccrc|aicsAirTracCnntrn!5crviccA service provided for the purpose of:Preventing collisions: elveenaircrafl Onlhemanoeuvringareabelveenaircraflandobslruclions IxedilingandmainlaininganorderIyovofairlracAir Trac Cnntrn! Unit A generic lerm meaning variousIy area conlroI cenlre aroachconlroIoceoraerodromeconlroIloverAir Trac 5crviccs Airspaccs Airsaces of dened dimensions aIhabelicaIIy designaledvilhinvhichseciclyesofighlsmayoeraleandforvhichairlracservicesandruIesofoeralionareseciedAirTrac5crviccsRcpnrtingOccA unit established for the purpose of receiving reports concerningairlracservicesandighlIanssubmiedbeforedearlureNcicAnairiracrcpcriingcccnaq|ccsia||isnc!asscparaicuniicrccn|inc!uiinancxisiinguniisucnasancincrairiracscrticcsuniicrauniicjincacrcnauiica|injcrnaiicnAir Trac 5crviccs Unit A generic lerm meaning variousIy air lrac conlroI unil ighlinformalioncenlreorairlracservicesreorlingoceAirTranspnrtUndcrtakingmeans an undertaking whose business includes the undertaking of ighlsforlheurosesofubIiclransorlofassengersorcargoAirbnrnc Cn!!isinn Avnidancc 5ystcm ACA5 Anaircraftsystembasedonsecondary surveillanceradar(SSR)transpondersignalswhichoperatesindependentlyofground-based equimenllorovideadvicelolheiIolonolenliaIconiclingaircrafllhalareequiedvilhSSR transponders. 9Chapter1 DenitionsAirwayA control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor equipped with radio navigation aids.A!crting5crviccA service provided to notify appropriate organisations regarding aircraft in needofsearchandrescueaidandloassislsuchorganisalionsasrequiredA!tcrnatcAcrndrnmcAn aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either imossibIe or inadvisabIe lo conlinue lo or lo Iand al lhe aerodrome of inlended IandingAlternate aerodromes include the following: Takeo aIlernale An aerodrome lo vhich an aircrafl can Iand shouId lhis becomenecessaryshorlIyaflerlakeovhereilisnolossibIelouselheaerodromeofdearlureEn-routealternate.Anaerodromeatwhichanaircraftwouldbeabletolandafter experiencing an abnormal or emergency condition while en route.Destination alternate. An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed should it become either impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing.NcicTncacrc!rcncjrcnunicnaigni!cparisnaqa|sc|ccnrcuiccra!csiinaiicna|icrnaicacrc!rcncjcrinaiigniA!titudcTheverlicaIdislanceofaIeveIaoinloranob|eclconsideredasaoinlmeasuredfrom mean to sea level.Annua! Cnsts inrelationtotheoperationofanaircraftmeansthebestestimatereasonably raclicabIeallhelimeofaarlicuIarighlinresecloflheyearcommencingonlhersldayof}anuaryrecedinglhedaleoflheighloflhecoslofkeeingandmainlainingandlheindireclcoslsofoeralinglheaircraflsuchcoslsineilhercaseexcIudingdireclcoslsandbeinglhoseacluaIIyandnecessariIyincurredvilhoulavievlorolAnnua!F!yingHnursThebesleslimalereasonabIyraclicabIeallhelimeofaarlicuIarighlbyanaircrafloflhehoursovnorlobeovnbylheaircraflinresecloflheyearcommencingonlhersldayof}anuaryrecedinglhedaleoflheighlApprnachCnntrn!OccAunileslabIishedlorovideairlracconlroIserviceloconlroIIedighlsarrivingalordearlingfromoneormoreaerodromesApprnach Cnntrn! 5crvicc Air lrac conlroI service for arriving or dearling conlroIIedighlsApprnachtnLandingmeanslhalorlionoflheighloflheaircraflvhenaroachingloIandinvhichilisdescendingbeIovaheighlofflabovelhereIevanlsecieddecisionheighlor minimum descent height.Apprnpriatc AT5 Authnrity TherelevantauthoritydesignatedbytheStateresponsiblefor rovidingairlracservicesinlheairsaceconcernedApprnpriatcAuthnrity RegardingighloverlhehighseaslhereIevanlaulhorilyoflheSlaleofRegislry RegardingighlolherlhanoverlhehighseaslhereIevanlaulhorilyoflheSlalehavingsovereignlyoverlhelerrilorybeingoverovn10Chapter1DenitionsAprnnAdenedareaonaIandaerodromeinlendedloaccommodaleaircraflforlheurosesofIoadingorunIoadingassengersmaiIorcargofueIIingarkingormainlenanceArcaCnntrn!CcntrcAnairlracconlroIunileslabIishedlorovideanareaconlroIserviceloaircraflyingvilhinanoliedighlinformalionregionvhicharenolreceivinganaerodromecontrol service or an approach control service.ArcaCnntrn!5crviccAirlracconlroIserviceforconlroIIedighlsinconlroIareasArcaNavigatinnEquipmcntRNAVEquipment carried on board an aircraft which enables lheaircrafllonavigaleonanydesiredighlalhvilhinlhecoverageofarorialegroundbased navigation aids or within the limits of that on-board equipment or a combination of the two.AT5RnutcAseciedrouledesignedforchanneIinglheovoflracasnecessaryforlherovisionofairlracservicesNcicTncicrnATSrcuicisusc!icncantaricus|qairuaqa!tiscrqrcuicccnirc||c!crunccnirc||c!rcuicarrita|cr!cpariurcrcuiccicAuthnriscdPcrsnnmcansAny constable Any erson aulhorised by lhe Secrelary of Slale vhelher by name or by cIass ordescription) either generally or in relation to a particular case of class of casesAnypersonauthorisedbytheAuthority(whetherbynameorclassordescription) either generally or in relation to a particular case or class of casesCabinAcndantinreIalionloanaircraflmeansaersononaighlforlheuroseofubIictransportcarriedforthepurposeofperformingintheinterestsofthesafetyofpassengers duties to be assigned by the operator or the commander of the aircraft but who shall not act as amemberoflheighlcrevCaptiveFlightmeans ighl by an unconlroIIabIe baIIoon during vhich il is aached lo lhesurface by a restraining device.Cargo includes mail and animals.CcrticdInrsing!cpi!ntnpcratinnmeans an aircraft which is not required to carry more than one pilot by virtue of one or more of the following.ChangcnvcrPnintTheoinlalvhichanaircraflnavigalingonanATSroulesegmenldenedby reference to very high frequency omni directional radio ranges (VOR) is expected to transfer its primary navigational reference from the facility behind the aircraft to the next facility ahead of the aircraft. NcicCnangcctcrpcinisarccsia||isnc!icprcti!cinccpiinun|a|anccinrcspccicjsigna|sircnginan!qua|iiq|ciuccnjaci|iiicsaia|||ctcrsic|cusc!an!iccnsurcaccnncnscurcccjazinuingui!anccjcra||aircrajicpcraiinga|cngincsancpcriicncjarcuicscgncniC!caranccLimitTheoinllovhichanaircraflisgranledanairlracconlroIcIearance11Chapter1 DenitionsCloudCeilinginrelationtoanaerodromemeanstheverticaldistancefromtheelevationof lheaerodromelolheIoveslarlofanycIoudvisibIefromlheaerodromevhichissucienlloobscure more than one-half of the sky so visible.Commanderin reIalion lo an aircrafl means lhe member of lhe ighl crev designaled ascommanderoflhalaircraflbylheoeralorlhereoforfaiIingsuchaersonlheersonvhoisfor the time being the pilot in command of the aircraft.Cnmmcrcia! Pi!nt Liccncc CPL Alicenceheldbyaprofessionalpilotwhichpermitsthe holder to:Exercise all the privileges of a PPLActasPICinanyaeroplaneengagedinoperationsotherthancommercialair transport Acl as IIC in commerciaI air lransorl in any aeroIane cerlicaled for singIe iIoloperationTo act as co-pilot in commercial air transport in aeroplanes required to be operated with a co-pilotCnmpctcntAuthnrityThe authority responsible under the law of the State for promoting the safety of civil aviation.Cnntracting5tatc means any state which is party to the Convention on International CivilAviation signed at Chicago on the 7 December 1944.Cnntrn!ArcaAconlroIIedairsaceexlendinguvardsfromaseciedIimilabovelheearlhCnntrn!!cd Acrndrnmc An aerodrome al vhich air lrac conlroI service is rovided loaerodromelracNcicTncicrnccnirc||c!acrc!rcncin!icaicsinaiairiracccnirc|scrticcisprcti!c!icacrc!rcncirac|ui!ccsncincccssari|qinp|qinaiaccnirc|zcnccxisisCnntrn!!cdAirspaccAnairsaceofdeneddimensionsvilhinvhichairlracconlroIserviceisrovidedloIIRighlsandloVIRighlsinaccordancevilhlheairsacecIassicalionNcicCcnirc||c!airspaccisagcncricicrnunicncctcrsATSairspaccC|asscsABCOan!|Cnntrn!!cdF!ightAnyighlvhichissub|eclloanairlracconlroIcIearanceCnntrn! Znnc Acontrolledairspaceextendingupwardsfromthesurfaceoftheearthtoa secieduerIimilCnnguratinnasapp!icdtnthcacrnp!ancA particular combination of the positions of the moveabIeeIemenlssuchasvingasIandinggearelcvhichaecllheaerodynamicsoflheaeroplane.Cnpi!nt Alicencedpilotservinginanypilotingcapacityotherthanaspilot-in-command bul excIuding a iIol vho is on board lhe aircrafl for lhe soIe urose of receiving ighlinstruction.12Chapter1DenitionsCPL Currcnt F!ight P!an The IIighl IIan incIuding changes if any broughl aboul bysubsequent clearances.Crew meansamemberoflheighlcrevaersoncarriedonlheighldeckvhoisaoinledby lhe oeralor of lhe aircrafl lo give or lo suervise lhe lraining exerience raclice anderiodicaIleslsasrequiredandinresecloflheighlcrevorasacabinaendanlCritica!PnwcrUnitssTheoverunilsfaiIureofvhichgiveslhemosladverseeeclonlheaircraft characteristics relative to the case under consideration.Cruisc C!imb Anaeroplanecruisingtechniqueresultinginanetincreaseinaltitudeasthe aeroplane mass decreases.CruisingLcvc!AIeveImainlainedduringasignicanlorlionofaighlDangcrArcaAnairsaceofdeneddimensionsvilhinvhichacliviliesdangerouslolheighlofaircraflmayexislalseciedlimesDaymeansthetimefromhalfanhourbeforesunriseuntilhalfandhouraftersunset(both limesexcIusivesunselandsunrisebeingdelerminedalsurfaceIeveIDecision Height in relation to the operation of an aircraft at an aerodrome means the height inaprecisionapproachatwhichamissedapproachmustbeinitiatediftherequiredvisual reference to continue that approach has not been established.Declared DistanceshaslhemeaningvhichhasbeennoliedDcsign Landing Mass The maximum mass of lhe aircrafl al vhich for slrucluraI designurosesilisassumedlobeIannedloIandDcsignTakcnMassThemaximummassalvhichlheaircraflforslrucluraIdesignurosesisassumedlobeIannedlobeallheslarloflhelakeorunDcsignTaxiingMassThemaximummassoflheaircraflalvhichlheslrucluraIrovisionismadeforIoadIiabIelooccurduringlheuseoflheaircraflonlhegroundriorlolheslarloflakeoDcstinatinn A!tcrnatc Analternateaerodrometowhichanaircraftmayproceedshouldit become either impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing.Dua!InstructinnTimcIIighllimeduringvhichaersonisreceivingighlinslruclionfromaproperly authorised pilot on board the aircraft.EnrnutcC!caranccWhereanATCcIearanceisissuedforlheiniliaIarlofaighlsoIeIyasameansofexedilingdearlinglraclhesubsequenlcIearancelolheaerodromeofinlendedlanding is an en-route clearance.EstimatcdOB!ncksTimc The estimated time at which the aircraft will commence movement associated with departure.Estimatcd Timc nIArriva! Ior IIR ighls lhe lime al vhich il is eslimaled lhal lhe aircraflviIIarriveoverlhaldesignaledoinldenedbyreferencelonavigalionaidsfromvhichilisinlendedlhalaninslrumenlaroachrocedureviIIbecommencedorifnonavigalionaidisassocialedvilhlheaerodromelhelimealvhichlheaircraflviIIarriveoverlheaerodrome13Chapter1 DenitionsExpcctcdApprnachTimcThelimealvhichATCexeclslhalanarrivingaircraflfoIIovingadeIayviIIIeavelhehoIdingoinllocomIeleilsaroachloIandingNoleTheacluaIlimeofleaving a holding point will dependnnthcapprnachc!caranccFina! apprnach and takcn arcaFATO cxccpt hc!icnptcrsA dened area over vhich lhenaIhaseoflhearoachmanoeuvrelohoverorIandingiscomIeledandfromvhichlhelakeomanoeuvreiscommencedandvherelheIATOislobeusedbyerformancecIassheIicolersincIudeslhere|ecledlakeoareaavaiIabIeFi!cd F!ight P!an The ighl Ian as Ied vilh an ATS unil by lhe iIol or a designaledreresenlalivevilhoulanysubsequenlchangesNcicWncnincucr!ncssagcisusc!asasuxicinisicrnii!cncicsincccnicnian!jcrnaicjinc|c!ignip|an!aiaasiransnic!F!ightCrcwMcmbcrA licensed crew member charged with duties essential to the operation ofanaircraflduringighllimeF!ightInInrmatinn5crviccA service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information usefuIforlhesafeandecienlconduclofighlsF!ightLcvc!AsurfaceofconslanlalmoshericressurevhichisreIaledloasecicressuredalumhIaandissearaledfromolhersuchsurfacesbysecicressureinlervaIsNcicAprcssurciqpca|iincicrca|i|raic!inacccr!anccuiinincSian!ar!Aincspncrc WncnsciicQNHa|iincicrui||in!icaica|iiiu!c WncnsciicQ||a|iincicrui||in!icaicncignia|ctcincQ||rcjcrcncc!aiun WncnsciaiaprcssurccjnPanaq|cusc!icin!icaicigni|ctc|s NcicTncicrnsncignian!a|iiiu!cusc!inNcica|ctcin!icaica|iinciricraincrinangccnciricncigniscra|iiiu!csF!ightP!anSeciedinformalionrovidedloairlracservicesunilsreIaliveloaninlendedighlororlionofaighlofanaircraflF!ightPrnccdurcsTraincrSeeSynlhelicighllrainerF!ight5imu!atnrSeeSynlhelicighllrainerF!ightRccnrding5ystcmmeansasyslemcomrisingeilheraighldalarecorderoracockilvoice recorder or both.F!ightTimcThelolaIlimefromlhemomenlanaircraflrslmovesunderilsovnoverforlheuroseoflakingounliIlhemomenlilrslcomesloreslallheendoflheighlNcic||igniiincasncrc!cnc!issqncnqncusuiinincicrn||cckic||cckiinccrcncckiccncckiincingcncra|usagcunicnisncasurc!jrcninciincanaircrajinctcsjrcninc|ca!ingpciniunii|iisicpsaiincun|ca!ingpciniNcicWncnctcrnc|iccpicrrcicrsarccngagc!inciincui|||cinc|u!c!inincigniiincF!ight Timc as 5tudcnt Pi!nt in Cnmmand IIighl lime during vhich lhe ighl inslruclorviIIonIyobservelhesludenlaclingasIICandshaIInolinuenceorconlroIlheighloflheaircraft.14Chapter1DenitionsF!ightVisibi!ityThevisibiIilyforvardfromlhecockilofanaircraflinighlFree BalloonmeansabaIIoonvhichvheninighlisnolaachedbyanyformofreslrainingdevice to the surface.Free ControlledFlight means ighl during vhicha baIIoonisnolaachedlo lhe surfacebyanyformofrestrainingdevice(otherthanatethernotexceeding5metresinlengthwhich maybeusedasarloflhelakeorocedureandduringvhichlheheighloflhebaIIoonisconlroIIabIebymeansofadeviceaachedlolhebaIIoonandoeraledbylhecommanderofthe balloon or by remote control.GrnundVisibi!ityThevisibiIilyalanaerodromeasreorledbyanaccrediledobserverGnvcrnmcnt Acrndrnmc meansanyaerodromeintheUnitedKingdomwhichisinthe occupation of any Government Department or visiting force.HcadingThedireclioninvhichlheIongiludinaIaxisofanaircraflisoinledusuaIIyexressedindegreesfromNorlhlruemagneliccomassorgridHcightTheverlicaIdislanceifaIeveIaoinloranob|eclconsideredasaoinlmeasuredfromasecieddalumIFRThesymboIusedlodesignalelheinslrumenlighlruIesIFRF!ightAighlconducledinaccordancevilhlheinslrumenlighlruIesIMC The symbol used to designate instrument meteorological conditions.InstrumcntApprnachPrnccdurcAseriesofredelerminedmanoeuvresbyreferenceloighlinslrumenls vilh secied roleclion from obslacIes from lhe iniliaI aroach x or vhereaIicabIefromlhebeginningofadenedarrivaIrouleloaoinlfromvhichaIandingcanbe comIeled and lhereafler if a Ianding is nol comIeled lo a osilion al vhich hoIding oren-route clearance criteria apply.Instrumcnt Mctcnrn!ngica! Cnnditinns Meteorologicalconditionsexpressedintermsof visibiIilydislancefromcIoudandceiIingIesslhanlheminimaseciesforvisuaImeleoroIogicaIconditions. Ncic|naccnirc|zcncaV||igninaqprcccc!un!crinsiruncninciccrc|cgica|ccn!iiicnscjan!asauincrisc!|qairiracccnirc|InstrumcntF!ightTimcTime during which a pilot is piloting an aircraft solely by reference to instruments and without external reference points.InstrumcntGrnundTimcTimeduringvhichaiIolisraclisingonlhegroundsimuIaledinslrumenlighlinasynlhelicighllrainerarovedbylheLicensingAulhorilyInstrumcnttimcInslrumenlighllimeorinslrumenlgroundlimeJAAmeanslhe}oinlAvialionAulhoriliesanassocialedbodyoflheIuroeanCiviIAvialionConference.JARmeansa|oinlavialionrequiremenloflhe}AAbearinglhalnumberasilhaseeclunderthe Technical Harmonisation Regulation and reference to a numbered JAR is a reference to such a requirement.15Chapter1 DenitionsLandingArcaThalarlofamovemenlareainlendedforlheIandingorlakeoofaircraflLanding 5urIacc Thatpartofthesurfaceofanaerodromewhichtheaerodromeauthority hasdeclaredavailableforthenormalgroundorwaterrunofaircraftlandinginaparticular direction. Lcvc! A generic lerm reIaling lo lhe verlicaI osilion of an aircrafl in ighl and meaningvariousIyheighlaIliludeorighlIeveILiIc|ackct includes any device designed to support a person individually in or on the water.Lng Bnnk in lhe case of an aircrafl Iog book engine Iog book or variabIe ilch roeIIer IogbookorersonaIyingIogbookincIudesarecordkeleilherinabookorbyanyolhermeansapproved by the Authority in the particular case.ManncuvringArcaThalarlofanaerodromelobeusedforlhelakeoIandingandlaxiingofaircraflexcIudingaronsMaintcnancc Tasksrequiredtoensurethecontinuedairworthinessofanaircraftincluding any one or combinalion of overhauI reair inseclion reIacemenl modicalion or defeclreclicalionMcdica!AsscssmcntThe evidence issued by a Contracting State that the licence holder meets secicrequiremenlsofmedicaIlnessIlisissuedfoIIovinganevaIualionbylheLicensingAulhorily of lhe reorl submied by lhe designaled medicaI examiner vho conducled lheexamination of the applicant for the licence.MinimumDcsccntHcightin relation to the operation of an aircraft at an aerodrome means the height in a non-precision approach below which descent may not be made without the required visual reference.Mu!tip!cPi!ntAcrnp!ancsAeroIanescerlicaledforoeralionvilhaminimumcrevofalleast two pilots.Mu!ticrcwCnnpcratinnThefunclionoflheighlcrevasaleamofcooeralingmembersled by the pilot-in-command.MnvcmcntArcaThalarlofanaerodromelobeusedforlhelakeoIandingandlaxiingofaircraflconsislingoflhemanoeuvringareaandlhearonsNautica!mi!cmeanslheInlernalionaINaulicaIMiIelhalislosayadislanceofmelresNighl The hours belveen lhe end of evening civiI lviIighl and lhe beginning of morningciviI lviIighl or such olher eriod belveen sunsel and sunrise as may be rescribed by lheappropriate authority. NcicCiti|iui|ignicn!sinincctcninguncnincccnirccjincsuns!iscis!cgrccs|c|cuincncrizcnan!|cginsinincncrninguncnincccnirccjincsuns!iscis!cgrccs|c|cuincncrizcnNnnprccisinnApprnach means an instrument approach using non-visual aids for guidance in azimuth or elevation but which is not a precision approach.Privatc Pi!nts Liccncc PPL Thelicenceheldbyapilotwhichprohibitsthepilotingofan aircraft for which remuneration is given.16Chapter1DenitionsTnPi!ntTomaniuIalelheighlconlroIsofanaircraflduringighllimePilot-In-Command.Thepilotresponsiblefortheoperationandsafetyoftheaircraftduring ighllimePnwcrunitA system of one or more engines and ancillary parts which are together necessary lorovidelhruslindeendenlIyoflheconlinuedoeralionofanyolheroverunilsbulnolincluding short period thrust-producing devices.Prccisinn apprnach means an inslrumenl aroach using Inslrumenl Landing SyslemMicrowaveLandingSystemorPrecision ApproachRadarforguidanceinbothazimuthand elevation. Prcssurca!titudcAn atmospheric pressure expressed in terms of altitude which corresponds to the pressure in the Standard Atmosphere.PrncicncyChcckDemonslralionofskiIIlorevaIidaleorrenevralingsandincIudingsuchoral examinations as the examiner may require.PrnhibitcdArcaAnairsaceofdeneddimensionsabovelheIandareasorlerriloriaIvalersofaSlalevilhinvhichighlofaircraflisrohibiledRating An aulhorisalion enlered on or associaled vilh a Iicence and forming arl lhereofslalingseciaIcondilionsriviIegesorIimilalionserlaininglosuchIicenceRcncwa!The administrative action taken after a rating has expired.RcndcringaLiccnccVa!idTheaclionlakenbyaConlraclingSlaleasanaIlernaliveloissuingils ovn Iicence in acceling a Iicence issued by any olher slale as an equivaIenl of ils ovnlicence.RcpctitivcF!ightP!anRPLAighlIanreIaledloaseriesoffrequenlIyrecurringreguIarIyoeraledindividuaIighlsvilhidenlicaIbasicfealuressubmiedbyanoeralorforrelenlionand repetitive use by ATS units.RcpnrtingPnintAseciedgeograhicaIIocalioninreIalionlovhichlheosilionofanaircraflcan be reported.RcstrictcdArcaAnairsaceofdeneddimensionsabovelheIandareasorlerriloriaIvalersof a Slale vilhin vhich ighl of aircrafl is reslricled in accordance vilh cerlain seciedconditions.Rcva!idatinn Theadministrativeactiontakenwithintheperiodofvalidityofaratingor approval that allows the holder to continue to exercise the privileges of a rating or approval for afurlherseciederiodconsequenluonlhefuIIImenlofseciedrequiremenlsRunwayAdenedreclanguIarareaonaIandaerodromerearedforlheIandingandlakeoof aircraft.RunwayVisua!RangcinreIalionloarunvaymeanslhedislanceinlhedireclionoflakeoor landing over which the runway lights or surface markings may be seen from the touchdown zone as calculated by either human observation or instruments in the vicinity of the touchdown zoneorvherelhisisnolreasonabIyraclicabIeinlhevicinilyoflhemidoinloflherunvayandlhedislanceifanycommunicaledlolhecommanderofanaircraflbyoronbehaIfoflheperson in charge of the aerodrome as being the runway visual range for the time being.17Chapter1 Denitions5chcdu!cdJnurncymeans one of a series of journeys which are undertaken between the same two places and which together amount to a systematic service.5igna!ArcaAn area of an aerodrome used for the display of ground signals.5ki!!TcstDemonstration of skill for licence or rating issue including such oral examinations as the examiner may require.5n!nF!ightTimc Flight time during which a student pilot is the sole occupant of an aircraft. 5pccia!VFRF!ightAVIRighlcIearedbyairlracconlroIlooeralevilhinaconlroIzonein meteorological conditions below VMC.5tatc nI Dcsign Thestatehavingjurisdictionovertheorganisationresponsibleforthetype design.5tatcnIRcgistry The State on whose register the aircraft is entered.5ynthctic F!ight Traincr Any one of lhe foIIoving lhree lyes if aaralus in vhich ighlconditions are simulated on the ground: AIIighlSimuIalorWhichrovidesanaccuralereresenlalionoflheighldeckofaarlicuIaraircrafllyelolheexlenllhallhemechanicaIeIeclricaIeIeclronicelcaircraflconlroIfunclionslhenormaIenvironmenlofighlcrevmembersandlheerformanceandighlcharaclerislicsoflhallyeofaircraflarereaIislicaIIysimuIaled AIIighlIroceduresTrainerWhichrovidesareaIislicighldeckenvironmenlandvhichsimuIalesinslrumenlresonsessimIeconlroIfunclionsofmechanicaIeIeclriceIeclronicelcaircraflsyslemsandlheerformanceandighlcharaclerislicsofaircraflof a particular class A asic Inslrumenl IIighl Trainer Which is equied vilh aroriale inslrumenlsandvhichsimuIaleslheighldeckenvironmenlofanaircraflinighlininslrumenlighlcondilionsTakcn 5urIacc Thatpartofthesurfaceofanaerodromewhichtheaerodromeauthority hasdecIaredavaiIabIeforlhenormaIgroundorvalerrunofaircrafllakingoinaarlicuIardirection.TaxiingMovemenlofanaircraflonlhesurfaceofanaerodromeunderilsovnoverexcIudinglakeoandIandingTaxivay A dened alh on a Iand aerodrome eslabIished for lhe laxiing of an aircrafl andinlendedlorovideaIinkbelveenonearloflheaerodromeandanolherincIudingAircraft stand taxi-lane. A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and Intended to provide access to aircraft stands onlyAprontaxiway. Aportionofataxiwaysystemlocatedonanapronandintendedto provide a through taxi route across the apronRapid exit taxiway. A taxiway connected to a runway at an acute angle and designed loaIIovIandingaeroIaneslolurnoalhigherseedslhanareachievedonolherexiltaxiways thereby minimising runway occupancy times18Chapter1DenitionsTcrmina! Cnntrn!Arca TCA A conlroI area normaIIy eslabIished al lhe Conuence ofATSroutes in the vicinity of one or more major aerodromes.Tnta! Estimatcd E!apscd Timc Ior IIR ighls lhe eslimaled lime required from lakeo loarrive over lhal designaled oinl dened by reference lo navigalion aids from vhich il isinlendedlhananinslrumenlaroachrocedureviIIbecommencedorifnonavigalionaidisassocialedvilhlhedeslinalionaerodromeloarriveoverlhedeslinalionaerodromeIorVIRighlslheeslimaledlimerequiredfromlakeoloarriveoverlhedeslinalionaerodromeTrackThero|ecliononlheIarlhssurfaceoflhealhofanaircrafllhedireclionofvhichalhalanyoinlisusuaIIyexressedindegreesfromNorlhlruemagnelicorgridTracAvnidancc5crviccAdvicerovidedbyanairlracserviceunilsecifyingmanoeuvresto assist a pilot to avoid a collision.Trac InInrmatinn Informalion issued by an air lrac service unil lo aIerl a iIol lo olherknovnorobservedairlracvhichmaybeinroximilylolheosilionorinlendedrouleofighlandloheIlheiIolavoidacoIIisionTransitinn A!titudc Thealtitudeatorbelowwhichtheverticalpositionofanaircraftis controlled by reference to altitudes.VFRThesymboIusedlodesignalelhevisuaIighlruIesVFRF!ightAighlconducledinaccordancevilhlhevisuaIighlruIesVisibi!ity The abiIily as delermined by almosheric condilions and exressed in unils ofdislanceloseeandidenlifyrominenlunIighledob|eclsbydayandrominenlIighledob|eclsby night.Visua!Mctcnrn!ngica!CnnditinnsMeleoroIogicaIcondilionsexressedinlermsofvisibiIilydislancefromcIoudandceiIingequaIloorbeerlhanseciedminimaVMCThe symbol used to designate visual meteorological conditions.19Chapter2 International Agreements and OrganisationsCHAPTERTWOINTERNATIONALAGREEMENT5ANDORGANI5ATION5 ContentsTHICHICAGOCONVINTION. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 21INTIRNATIONALLAW. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 22CUSTOMSANDIXCISIANDIMMIGRATION. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 24INTIRNATIONALOLIGATIONSOICONTRACTIDSTATIS . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 24DUTIES OF ICAO MEMBER STATES. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 25STATUSOIANNIXCOMIONINTS .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 26THIINTIRNATIONALCIVILAVIATIONORGANISATIONICAO .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 26THIORGANISATIONOIICAO. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 27RIGIONALSTRUCTURIOIICAO . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 28RIGIONALSTRUCTURIANDOIIICIS .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 29ICAOIULICATIONS. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 29OTHIRINTIRNATIONALAGRIIMINTS. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 30THICONVINTIONSOITOKYOTHIHAGUIANDMONTRIAL.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 31THIWARSAWCONVINTION. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 33THIROMICONVINTION . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 33IATA. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 33ECAC.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 34EASA .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 34JAA. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 35IUROCONTRO. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . L36GINIVACONVINTION . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 36SUMMARY . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 37QUISTIONS . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 41ANSWIRS. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 4620Chapter2International Agreements and Organisations21Chapter2 International Agreements and OrganisationsTHE CHICAGOCONVENTION Histnrica! BackgrnundAs far as modes of lransorl is concerned civiI avialion hasbeen lhe faslesl groving and lhe mosl lechnicaIIy innovalive of any Irom lhe rsl aemlsal overed manned ighl lo reguIar sace ighl ve have onIy |usl exceeded years ofaviation and we have had scheduled commercial air services since 1919. In this day and age of informalion lechnoIogy comulerised lickeling syslems and comulerised ighl Ians hovdid lhey coe in lhose earIy days Il is robabIy no coincidence lhal lhe rsl International ConferenceonCiviIAvialionaIsolookIaceinalIarisSincelhenlheeIdofourchosenrofession has been sub|ecled lo far more inlernalionaI IegisIalion and reguIalion lhan anyolherTheoverridingneedvhichisrecognisedbyaIIregardIessofoIilicaIincIinalionisforhigher and higher safety standards. The degree of international co-operation in this respect is oulslandingandshovslhalvherelhereisagenuinedesireloachieveinlernalionaIagreemenlit is forthcoming. Thc 5ccnnd Wnr!d War The Second WorId War had a ma|or eecl uon lechnicaIdevelopmentoftheaeroplanetelescopingaquarterofacenturyofnormalpeacetime development into just six years. The strategic use of aeroplanes for the movement of men and materiel to and from theatres of war laid the foundation for the air transport industry we have today. It was foreseen that a vast network of passenger and freight services would be set up but aIsomanyrobIemsvereforeseenlovhichsoIulionshadlobefoundlobenelandsuorlaworld subsequently at peace. There was the question of commercial rights - what arrangements vouIdbemadeforlheairIinesofonecounlryloyinloandlhroughlhelerriloriesofanolherThere vere olher concerns vilh regard lo lhe IegaI and economic conicls lhal mighl comevilheacelimeyingacrossnalionaIborderssuchashovlomainlainexislingairnavigalionfaciIilies many of vhich vere Iocaled in sarseIy ouIaled areas Hovever inlernalionaIcommerciaI avialion vas considered lo be of such imorlance and a riorily issue lhal lhegovernment of the United States conducted exploratory discussions with other allied (friendly) nalionsduringlheearIymonlhsofSubsequenlIyinvilalionsveresenlloslaleslomeelinChicagoinNovember ThcMcctingatChicagnIorveveekslhedeIegalesoflhenalionsvhoaendedconsideredtheproblemsofinternationalcivilaviation.TheoutcomewastheConventionon InlernalionaICiviIAvialionlheuroseofvhichvaslofoslerlhefuluredeveIomenlofInlernalionaICiviIAvialionloheIlocrealeandreservefriendshiandunderslandingamongeoIesoflhevorIdsoaslorevenlilsabusebecomingalhreallolhegeneraIsecurilylhuspromotingco-operationbetweenpeoples.The52statesagreedonpolicyandarrangements so that civil aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly manner and that international air transport services might be established on the basis of equality of opportunity and economically sound operation. A permanent body was subsequently charged with the administration of the rinciIeslheInternational Civil Aviation Organisation (known throughout the world by the acronym ICAO pronounced eye-kay-oh). ThcChicagnCnnvcntinn. The ChicagoConvenlionconsislingofninelysixarlicIesIegisIaliveilemsofagreemenlaccelslherinciIelhaleveryslalehascomIeleandexcIusivesovereignty over the airspace above its territory and provides that no scheduled international air service may operate over or into the territory of a contracting state without that states previous consenlIleslabIishedlheriviIegesandreslriclionsofaIIconlraclingslaleslorovideforlheadoption of International Standards and Recommended Practices for: Regulating air navigation The installation of navigation facilities by contracting states The facilitation of air transport by the reduction of customs and immigration formalities22Chapter2International Agreements and OrganisationsINTERNATIONALLAW App!icab!c !aw.Thereisnoworldparliamentorgloballegislativebodysothereis IegaIIynosuchlhingasinlernalionaIIavHoveveralconvenlionsofslalesmeelingsforlheurose of reaching consensus belveen slales arrangemenls are made lo reguIale acliviliesaeclingmorelhanoneslalelhroughcommonagreemenlTheagreemenlslhemseIvesarenolIegaIIyenforceabIeaslhereisnogIobaIoIiceforceandaIIslalesareenlilIedlolheirsovereignlyseedenilionWhalhaensislhallhenalionaIdeIegalionlolheconvenlionIacesbeforelhenational parliament (or legislative body) a proposal to make the text of the agreement (and any codiciIs aendices rolocoIs elclhe Iavoflhal slale Thisrocessisknovnas adolionandsubsequenlIyralicalionInlhismannervhalhasbeenagreedinlernalionaIIybecomesIocaIIyenforceabIeIavinlheslalesconcernedAnoencecommiedagainslsuchIavvouIdbe try-able and punishable under national penal legislation in any contracting state anywhere in the world. Territorial airspace. The application of national law is only applicable to the territory over vhich lhal slale has |urisdiclion In avialion lhe exlenl of |urisdiclion is Iimiled by lheIaleraIIimilsoflerriloriaIairsacebulunIimiledverlicaIIyAninlereslingsilualionregardingsatellites and space craft!). Lateral territorial limits have been agreed internationally where such a Iimil is nol coincidenl vilh a Iand boundary The airsace of SvierIand is easiIy denedbecause lhe counlry is IandIocked Ior lhe UK hovever lhe Iimil is dened by lhe Iimil oflerriloriaI valers vhich vas agreed al lhe Geneva Convenlion on lhe TerriloriaI Sea andContiguous Zones (1958). High5cas. The early international maritime agreements concerned the right to use the highseasunhinderedTherighloffreeavialionoeralionoverlhehighseasvasembodiedinlheGenevaConvenliononlheHighSeasaIsoofinvhichlhehighseasaredenedas aII lhe seas oulside of lerriloriaI seas In lhese and olher convenlions lhe eslabIishedriviIegesandfreedomsofmarinersincIudinglhoseoflheagslalelheSlaleinvhichavesseIis regislered and lhe ag of vhich lhe vesseI is aIIoved lo y vere aIied lo aeroIanesThe righls of noncoaslaI slales lo Iy lhe seas under lhe ag of lhose counlries requires lhecooeralionofcoaslaIslalesloaIIovfreeaccesslolheseaInavialionsimiIarfreedomsareembodiedinlheChicagoConvenlionloaIIovconlraclingslalesloyoverlhelerriloryofolhercontracting states for the purpose of international civil aviation operations. At the subsequent UN Convenlion on lhe Lav of lhe Sea lhe originaI agreemenls vere udaled andreinforced. Territory As dened in inlernalionaI IegisIalion in avialion lerms aIies lo lheairsaceexislingoverlhedenedIimilsofacounlryslerriloryalgroundIeveI 5nvcrcignty. This is the right of a country (or contracting ICAO state) to impose national law to users of the States territorial airspace. 5uzcraintyfromlheIrenchSuzerainIeudaIoverIordislheaccelancebyaSlaleofaIIlheruIesandreguIalionsagreedbycommonconsenlalinlernalionaIconvenlionsevenifthere is no practical requirement for a state to adopt all of the rules.23Chapter2 International Agreements and OrganisationsCOMMERCIALCON5IDERATION5 Intcrnatinna!Civi!AviatinnAmaerlovhichlheChicagoConferenceaachedgrealimportance was the question of exchange of commercial rights in international civil aviation. The slales addressed lhe sub|ecl resuIling in conlracling slales agreeing biIaleraIIy lo granleach other certain rights regarding the commercial exploitation of civil aviation. These rights are now known as the IreedomsoflheAirandaredelaiIedalThefreedomsgiverighlslolransillheairsaceofconlraclingslalesloscheduIedighls Bi!atcra!AgrccmcntsDuelooIilicaIandnalionaIrivaIriesilvasnolfoundossibIeloreachasingIeagreemenlsalisfacloryloaIISlaleslhereforelvosuIemenlarybiIaleraIagreements were set up which gave each state the opportunity to enter into agreements with other states on a one-to-one basis if considered desirable between those states: ThcIntcrnatinna!Air5crviccsTransitAgrccmcnt permits aircraft of a signatory State loyoverorIandforlechnicaIreasonsinlhelerriloryofanolhersignaloryslale Thc Intcrnatinna! Air Transpnrt Agrccmcnt aIIovs lhe carriage of lrac belveenlhe Slale of Regislralion and anolher signalory slale Trac lhe carriage of maiI cargo orpassengers). DcnitinnsThefoIIovingdenilionsarerequiredknovIedge5chcdu!cd F!ight is a ighl for vhich agreemenl has been reached belveenslalesalgovernmenlIeveIconcerninglhescheduIeIorinslancehovmanyighlsvouIdbeaIIovedinanyeriodvhalaerodromescouIdbeusedvhallime of day lhe ighls vouId be aIIoved and vhal recirocaI arrangemenlswould be required. A state is not obliged to grant permission for an operator to operate a schedule. Nnnschcdu!cd ights are lhose lo vhich a scheduIe is nol aached ieoneo ighls or charler ighls lhal are nol ovn on a reguIar basis Il is anembodimenloflhefreedomslhalaslalecannolrefuseonoIilicaIoreconomicgroundsloaccelanonscheduIedighl Cabotage Cabolage is dened as lhe lransorl of goods or assengersbelveenlvooinlsinlhesamecounlryInavialionlhelermcabolageisusedinassociationwithinternal(domestic)scheduledcommercialairtransport. ItallowsaStatetherighttorestrictinternaldomesticscheduled(ornon-scheduled)airservicestoaircraftandoperatorsregisteredinthatstate.In inlernalionaIavialioncabolageisermiedandlheUSislherimeexamIeNoforeigncarrierisermiedlooeraleinlernaIIyinlheUSInlheIClhetreaty of Rome demands free access to territory of all EC states and cabotage in aviation within individual EC states is forbidden. This is why Ryanair (an Irish airIineisermiedlooeralescheduIedservicesvilhinlheUKandolherICslalesHoveverlheICaIiescabolageanddoesnlermilnonICslaleslooperate internally within the EC! 24Chapter2International Agreements and OrganisationsCU5TOM5ANDEXCI5EANDIMMIGRATION Faci!itatinn Under inlernalionaI Iav lhe imosilion of cusloms laris and lherohibilion of lhe imorlalion of roscribed ilems is aIIoved In order lo aIIov conlraclingstates to maintain national CuslomsandIxcisereguIalionsinlernalionaIighlsarerequiredlomakelhersloinlofIandinginaconlraclingslalealarecognisedinlernalionaIairorlvhichrovides cusloms heaIlh and immigralion faciIilies In lhe UK lhese are knovn as cuslomsairorlsWilhinlheIUlheremovaIofreslriclionslofreelradenovaIIovsighlsfromoneIUslaleloanolherlomakelhersloinlofIandingalanoncuslomsaerodromerovidingcertainrulesareobserved.Theserulesareexploredinthesectionofthismanualconcerning Facilitation. Other rules apply to immigration.INTERNATIONALOBLIGATION5OFCONTRACTED5TATE5 Natinna!andIntcrnatinna!LawInbecominganICAOConlraclingSlaleslalesagreeloobservelheInlernalionaISlandardsseciedbyICAOIromlheslandardslheinlernalionaIruIesandreguIalionsgoverningciviIavialionaredravnyaccelingconlracledslaluseachstate accepts the responsibility for enforcement of the rules and regulations within its sovereign territoryandairspace(throughnationallaw). Article38oftheChicagoConventionrequires eachSovereignSlalelonolifyICAOofanydierencesbelveenlheirnalionaIreguIalionsandthe International Standards adopted. Thus a situation is recognised where national legislation andregulationshaveprecedentoverinternationalruleswithintheterritorialairspaceofthat Slale Where ighls are conducled over lhe high seas lhe inlernalionaI ruIes aIy vilhoulexception. The International (ICAO) Rules of the Air are promulgated (Annex 2) to standardise lhe rocedures for civiI avialion secicaIIy for lhe safely of aircrev and assengers OlherreguIalions are eslabIished lo faciIilale lhe smoolh and exedilious ov of air lrac by lheadoption of Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS). RighttnPrnsccutcOcndcrsWhereanoenceiscommiedinanaeroIaneconlrarylo lhe inlernalionaI Iav lhe slale in vhose airsace lhe oence occurs has lhe righl lo lryandunishoendersIflheoenceoccursoverlhehighseaslheslaleofregislralionoflheaircrafl has lhe righl lo rosecule lhe oenders Nole The inlernalionaI agreemenls obIigestates to prosecute. If a state doesnt want to (for political reasons) another state may do so.For instance: A bomb is placed on an American aeroplane (contrary to the Montreal Convention and IrolocoIsbyLibyansinIrankfurlorRomeTheaeroIaneexIodesoverScolIandWhohasthe power to prosecute? The order is as follows: TheUKunderScoishIavlheoencehaenedoverScolIand The United States the aeroplane was registered in the USA The Italians because the bomb was placed on board in Rome The Germans because the aeroplane made an intermediate stop in Frankfurt AnyolherslalelhecilizensofvhichverekiIIedorin|ured Libya because the suspects are Libyan Nntc IflheUKhadnolroseculedlheUSmoslcerlainIyvouIdhave 5carch and Rcscuc In acceling conlracled Slale slalus each slale secicaIIyundertakes to provide procedures and facilities for Search and Rescue (SAR) within the territory of lhal slale The rovision of SAR services in areas of high seas and areas of undelerminedsovereignly viII be eslabIished on lhe basis of RegionaI Air Navigalion RAN agreemenlsThe standards governing the provision of SAR services oblige the state to provide at least the minimumservicecomalibIevilhlhelyeandfrequencyoflheairlracusinglheairsacefor vhich lhe slale is resonsibIe and lhal service is lo be avaiIabIe hours er day Therequirementalsoimposesuponthestatetheneedtomaintainadegreeofco-operationwith adjacent states and the readiness to assist with SAR operations if requested.25Chapter2 International Agreements and OrganisationsDUTIE5OFICAOMEMBER5TATE5 5tandardsandRccnmmcndcdPracticcs5ARPs The stated aim of the Convention on InlernalionaICiviIAvialionandsubsequenlIylheaimsofICAOareloensuresafelyreguIarilyandeciencyofinlernalionaIciviIavialionoeralionsInorderloachievelhislheconlraclingstates are required to comply with the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs). There are annexes lo lhe Convenlion of vhich are aIicabIe lo air navigalion The SARIsareestablishedafterconsultationwiththecontractingstatesandinterestedinternational organisalionsnaIisedbylheICAOAirNavigalionCommissionandsubmiedlolheCounciIwhere a two-thirds majority is required for adoption.The SARPs are considered binding on conlracling slales bul if a slale nds il imossibIe lo imIemenl lhe SARIs il musl informICAOunderlhelermsofArlicIeofanydierenceslhalviIIexislonlheaIicabiIilydaleof lhe amendmenl Such dierences viII be delaiIed in lhe nalionaI aeronaulicaI informalionpublication (AIP) and summarised in a supplement to each Annex of the Chicago Convention.2.24Customs Duty and ExciseICAOhasaddressedlaxalioninlheeIdofinlernalionaIaviationandmemberstatesarerequiredtofollowtheresolutionsandrecommendationof lhe CounciI in lhis resecl Slales are asked lo exeml fueI Iubricanls and olher lechnicaIconsumabIes laken on an aircrafl in a slale olher lhan lhe Slale of regislry roviding suchsuIies are for consumlion in ighlAIso lo reduce or eIiminale laxes on inlernalionaI airlransorlfaresandlogranlrecirocaIIyloairlransorlenlerrisesofolherSlalesexemlionfromlaxaliononincomeandrolsWilhinlheareaofcuslomsdulyandexcisechargesAnnexIaciIilalionrequiresSlalesloaIyroceduresvhichaIIovexedilioushandIingofgoodsand cargo intended for import or which are passing through. The establishment of free zones is encouraged. AircraIt Ccrticatcs Rcgistratinn and Liccnscs Annex Aircrafl NalionaIily andRegistration Markings) requires contracting states to apply standard procedures for registration. Il incIudes lhe formal of regislralion marks and nalionaIily symboIs incIuding lhe size andwhere these are to be displayed on aircraft. The annex also calls for the registration of all aircraft androvidesasamIeofacerlicaleofregislralionforusebySlalesAnnexAirvorlhinessofAircraflrequiresSlaleslorovideaCerlicaleofAirvorlhinessforeachregisleredaircrafldecIaringlhallheaircraflislloyUnderlhelermsofAnnexIersonneILicensingSARIsareestablishedrequiringeachstatetoapplystandardisationinthelicensingofpersonnel invoIvedininlernalionaIavialionincIudingighlcrevmembersiIolsighlengineersairlracconlroIIersandmainlenancelechniciansTheoverridinguroseofsuchslandardisalionis to ensure that all involved in air transport operations are licensed to common standards and abIelooeralelhroughoullhevorIdlhusgeneralinggrealerlruslinavialiononlhearloflhetraveller. A licence issued by the authority in one state is not automatically valid in another State. InlhisinslancelheAnnexrequiresslalesloeslabIishroceduresforlhevaIidalionofIicencesissuedinolherslalesanddeneslhemelhodbyvhichsuchvaIidalionshaIIbeannolaled CarriagcnIDangerous Cargo.Morethanhalfthecargocarriedbyallmodes of lransorl in lhe vorId is cIassied as dangerous ecause of lhe seed advanlages of airlransorl a greal deaI of lhis cargo is carriedby aircraflInAnnex The Safe TransorlofDangerousGoodsbyAirSlalesarerequiredloaccellheSARIsassocialedvilhlhecarriageofdangerousgoodsandtoimplementtheTechnicalInstructionsfortheSafeTransportof Dangerous Goods by Air.26Chapter2International Agreements and Organisations DncumcntatinnandCcrticatcs. Other duties of member states include the provisions forlhecarriageofholograhicequimenlinaircraflandsecicalionofvhaldocumenlalionis required to be carried. Documentation includes: CerlicalesofAirvorlhiness Flight Crew licences Load sheets Maintenance documentation5TATU5OFANNEXCOMPONENT5 DcnitinnAnannexismadeuoflhefoIIovingcomonenlarlsnolaIIofvhicharenecessarily found in every Annex. They have the status indicated: 5tandardsandRccnmmcndcdPracticcs5ARPs are adopted by the Council and areconsideredbindinguonaIIconlraclingslalesunIessaslalehasnoliedadierenceasdenedunderarlicIeoflheconvenlionSARIsdenedlhus A 5tandard is any secicalion for hysicaI characlerislics conguralionmalerieI erformance ersonneI or rocedure lhe uniform aIicalion ofwhich is recognised as necessary for the safety or regularity of international air navigationandtowhichContractingStateswillconforminaccordancewith lheConvenlionInlheevenlofimossibiIilyofcomIiancenolicalionlolheCouncil is compulsory under article 38 of the Convention. A Rccnmmcndcd Practicc is any secicalion for hysicaI characlerislicsconguralion malerieI erformance ersonneI or rocedure lhe uniformaIicalionofvhichisrecognisedasdesirabIeinlheinlereslofsafelyreguIarilyor eciency of inlernalionaI air navigalion and lo vhich Conlracling Slaleswill endeavour to conform in accordance with the Convention.THEINTERNATIONALCIVILAVIATIONORGANI5ATIONICAO 5tatusICAOcrealedbylheChicagoConvenlionisaninlergovernmenlaIorganisalionvhichhasbecomeaseciaIisedagencyinreIalionshivilhlheUniledNalionsTheheadquarlersof ICAO is in Montreal and it provides the machinery to achieve standardisation and agreement belveen Conlracling Slales of aII lechnicaI economic and IegaI asecls of inlernalionaI civiIaviation.27Chapter2 International Agreements and Organisations ICAO Aims and Ob|cctivcs.TheaimsandobjectivesofICAOaretodevelopthe principlesandtechniquesofinternationalcivilairnavigationandtofostertheplanningand development of international air transport so as to: Ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world. Encourage arts of aircraft design and operation. IncouragelhedeveIomenlofairvaysairorlsandairnavigalionfaciIilies MeellheneedforsafereguIarecienlandeconomicaIairlransorl Prevent waste caused by unreasonable competition. Ensure the rights of Contracting States are fully respected. Avoid discrimination between Contracting States. IromolelhesafelyofighlininlernalionaIavialion Generally promote all aspect of international civil aeronautics.THEORGANI5ATIONOFICAO The Assembly (all contracting States)(The Sovereign body)The Council (33 members elected by the Assembly)(The Governing body)The SecretariatCommittees and Commissions ThcAsscmb!yThesovereignbodyofICAOislheAssembIyvhichmeelsalIeaslonceevery three years and is convened by the Council. Each Contracting State is entitled to one vote and decisions of the Assembly are by majority vote of the Contracting States. ThcCouncil.The Council of ICAO is a permanent body responsible to the Assembly and is composed of 33 Contracting States elected by the Assembly for a three-year term. The Council is the governing body of ICAO.28Chapter2International Agreements and Organisations ThcCnmmissinnsandCnmmiccsofICAOarecomosedofmembersaoinledbylheCounciIfromnominalionsofconlraclingslalesoreIecledfromamongslCounciImembersThey are: TheAirNavigalionCommission TheAirTransorlCommiee TheLegaICommiee TheCommieeon}oinlSuorlofAirNavigalionServices TheIersonneICommiee TheIinanceCommiee TheCommieeonUnIavfuIInlerference AirNavigatinnCnmmissinnThisislhebodylhalroosesformuIalesandnaIisesthe SARPs and presents them for adoption by the Council. ThcICAO5ccrctariatisdividedinloseclionseachcorresondingloaCommieeandsuIieslechnicaIandadminislraliveaidlolheCounciIIlisheadedbyaSecrelaryGeneraIaoinledbylheCounciIandisdividedinlovemaindivisions AirNavigalionureau Air Transport Bureau Technical Assistance Bureau Legal Bureau Bureau of Administration and ServicesREGIONAL5TRUCTUREOFICAO Rcginns and Occs ICAO mainlains seven regionaI oces angkok Cairo DakarLimaMexicoCilyNairobiandIarisIachregionaIoceisaccrediledloagrouofConlraclingSlalesmakinguninerecognisedgeograhicregionsandlhemainfunclionofregionaIocesismainlainingencouragingassislingexedilingandfoIIovingulheimIemenlalionofairnavigation plans. The nine geographic regions are:AIIAfricaIndianOceanNAMNorlhAmericaASIAAsiaCARCaribbeanNATNorlhAlIanlicIURIuroeIACIacicMIDMiddIeIaslSAMSoulhAmerica ThcNccdInraRcginna!5tructurcIndeaIingvilhinlernalionaIciviIavialionlhereare many subjects that ICAO considers on a regional basis as well as on a worldwide scale. In order to facilitate: The planning of facilities and services The formuIalion of suIemenlary rocedures lo suorl increases in lracdensity Nevairroules The introduction of new types of aircraft29Chapter2 International Agreements and OrganisationsREGIONAL5TRUCTUREANDOFFICE5 Rcginna! Air Navigatinn RANmeetingsareheldperiodicallytoconsiderthe requiremenls of air oeralions vilhin secied geograhic areas The Ian vhich emergesfrom a regionaI meeling is so designed lhal vhen lhe slales concerned imIemenl il il viIIIeadloaninlegraledecienlsyslemforlheenlireregionandconlribulelolhegIobaIsyslemIn addilion lo lhe dulies delaiIed above lhe regionaI oces are resonsibIe for keeing lheregional plans up to date. Financia! Assistancc Through lhe regionaI oces nanciaI assislance is rovide loassislslalesinseciccircumslancesTherovisionofairlracconlroInavigalionaidsandmeleoroIogicaIservicesinGreenIandandIceIandareexamIesoflhissecicaidvhereduelolheinlenseairlracusinglheairsaceoflhoseslalessuchexendilureisdisroorlionaleto the gross national product of those states.ICAOPUBLICATION5 ThcAnncxcs.OneofthemajordutiesoftheICAOCouncilistoadoptInternational StandardsandRecommendedPractices(SARPS)andincorporatetheseasannexestothe Convention on International Civil Aviation. There are now 18 annexes to the 1944 convention which are constantly under review to ensure that the content realistically meets the requirements of civiI avialion nov You are required lo be abIe lo idenlify lhe annex and conlenl The annexes are:Annex 1.Personnel LicensingAnnex 2.Rules of the AirAnnex MeleoroIogicaIServicesforInlernalionaIAirNavigalionAnnex 4.Aeronautical ChartsAnnex 5.Units of Measurement to be used in Air and Ground OperationsAnnex 6.Operation of AircraftAnnex AircraflNalionaIilyandRegislralionMarksAnnex 8.Airworthiness of AircraftAnnex 9.FacilitationAnnex 10.Aeronautical TelecommunicationsAnnex AirTracServicesAnnex 12.Search and RescueAnnex 13.Aircraft Accident InvestigationsAnnex 14.AerodromesAnnex 15.Aeronautical Information ServicesAnnex 16.Environmental ProtectionAnnex 17.Security - Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts ofUnlawful InterferenceAnnex 18.The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air PAN5.WherethecontentoftheSARPSissomewhattechnicalandrequiresfurther exIanalion or discussion Irocedures for Air Navigalion Services IANS are ubIished byICAOIANSarearovedbylheCounciIunIikeSARISvhichareadoledbylheCounciI PAN5 OP5 Doc Irocedures for Air Navigalion Services AircraflOperations.Thispublication(intwoparts)describestheOperationalProcedures recommendedforlheguidanceofighloeralionsersonneIVoIandroceduresfor specialists in the essential areas of obstacle clearance requirements for the production ofinslrumenlighlcharlsVoI30Chapter2International Agreements and Organisations PAN5ATMDocIroceduresforAirNavigalionAirTracManagemenlThisdocumenlsecieslherequiremenlsforlheeslabIishmenlofanAirTracConlroIService. Rcginna! 5upp!cmcntary Prnccdurcs Doc Where navigalionaI roceduresvhichdierfromlhevorIdvideroceduresaredeemednecessaryforasecicgeograhicregionbylhearorialeRegionaIAirNavigalionMeelingsuchroceduresarerecordedinlhereIevanlregionseclionofDocandareknovnasRegionaISuIemenlaryIroceduresSUIISAs in lhe case of IANS SUIIS are aroved by lhe CounciI bul onIy for regionaIuse.OTHERINTERNATIONALAGREEMENT5 ThcIntcrnatinna!Air5crviccsTransitAgrccmcntandthcIntcrnatinna!AirTranspnrtAgrccmcntTheChicagoConvenlionaachedgrealimorlancelolhequeslionoflheexchangeofcommercialrightsininternationalcivilaviation.Itwasnotfoundpossibletoreachan agreemenlsalisfacloryloaIIlheoriginaIslalesbullheconferenceselulvosuIemenlaryagreemenls lhe InlernalionaI Air Services Transil Agreemenl and lhe InlernalionaI AirTransorlAgreemenlTherslagreemenlmaderovisionforaircraflofanyarlicialingslaleloyoverorloIandforlechnicaIreasonsinlhelerriloryofanyolherarlicialingslaleThesecond rovided among olher lhings for lhe carriage of lrac assengers maiI and cargobetween the State of Registration of the aircraft and any other signatory state. ThcFrccdnmsnIthcAir The International Air Services Transit Agreement established lvolechnicaIfreedomsoflheairknovnaslherslandsecondfreedomsInlhisconlexllhewordfreedomreferstotheprivilegeconferredbyvirtueofsignatorystatustoabilateral agreemenlecauselhelvoagreemenlsrequirebiIaleraIunderslandingsbelveenlhearliesICAOhasproducedtheChicagoStandardFormforBilateralAgreementforRegularAir TransorlbasedonlhedenilionsforlheIreedomsoflheAirasdenedinlheInlernalionaIAir Services Transit and the International Air Transport Agreements. For general aviation and nonscheduIedcommerciaIoeralionslheIingofaninlernalionaIighlIanislhemelhodbyvhichaighlgivesnolicalionloexerciselheriviIegesoflhearorialefreedoms ThcTcchnica!FrccdnmsThesecomriselhersllvofreedomsandvereeslabIishedthrough the International Air Services Transit Agreement: FirstFrccdnmTheriviIegeloyacrosslhelerriloryofanolherarlicialingstate without landing. 5ccnnd FrccdnmTheprivilegetolandinanotherparticipatingstatefor nonlrac uroses ie refueIIing or reair bul nol for uIifl or discharge of lracassengerscargoormaiI Thc CommercialFreedoms.TheInternationalAirTransportAgreementestablished lhreefurlherfreedomsThesearedenedascommerciaIandvhiIslsliIIbiIaleraIaresub|ecllointer-government negotiation. ThirdFrccdnmTheriviIegelouldovninanolherslaleeglheUSAlractaken on in the state of registration (e.g. the UK). FnurthFrccdnmTheriviIegelolakeoninanolherslaleeglheUSAlracdestined for the state of airline registration (e.g. the UK).31Chapter2 International Agreements and Organisations FiIthFrccdnm The privilege for an airline registered in one state (e.g. the UK) andenrouleloorfromlhalslalelolakeonlracinasecondslaleegGreeceandput them down in a third state (e.g. Italy). MndcrnFrccdnms. Due to the process of growth in air transport and the evolution of airIinesoeralingonagIobaIbasisfurlhercommerciaIfreedomshaveevoIvedHoveverlheseare not covered by the LOs for Air Law. BcrmudaAgrccmcntTherslbiIaleraIAirTransorlAgreemenlATAvassignedalBermuda in 1946 between the UK government and the US government and set an example for other states to follow. Currently there are some 3000 ATAs in force globally. THECONVENTION5OFTOKYOTHEHAGUEANDMONTREAL ThcTnkynCnnvcntinnnI. This convention provides that the State of Registration ofanaircrafliscomelenlloexercise|urisdiclionoveroencesandaclscommiedonboardIlsob|eclisloensurelhaloencesvherevercommiedshouIdnolgoununishedAscerlainaclscommiedonboardanaircraflmay|eoardiselhesafelyoflheaircraflorersonsandroerlyon board or may re|udice good order and disciIine on board lhe aircrafl commander andolhersareemoveredlorevenlsuchaclsbeingcommiedandlodeIiverlheersonconcernedto the appropriate authority. In the case of an anticipated or actual unlawful or forcible seizure of an aircrafl in ighl by a erson on board lhe Slales arly lo lhe Convenlion are obIigedtotakeallappropriatemeasurestorestoreandpreservecontroloftheaircrafttoitslawful commander. ThcHagucCnnvcntinnnI. After a spate of politically motivated terrorist hijackings ofaircraflinlheslheinlernalionaIcommunilyunderlheausicesofICAOresoIvedlowork together to prevent or deter (suppress) such acts. Otherwise known as the Convention for lhe Suression of UnIavfuI Seizure ofAircrafl signed al The Hague in December lheconvenliondeneslheaclofunIavfuIseizureofaircraflhi|ackingandIislsvhichconlraclingslaleshaveunderlakenlomakesuchoencesunishabIebysevereenaIliesTheconvenlionconlainsdelaiIedrovisionsonlheeslabIishmenlof|urisdiclionbyslalesoverlheoenceonlhelakingoflheoenderinlocuslodyandonlheroseculionorexlradilionoflheoenderThisconvenlioncameinloeeclonOclober ThcMnntrca!CnnvcntinnnI. This Convention is correctly titled the Convention forlheSuressionofUnIavfuIAclsagainsllheSafelyofCiviIAvialionIlmakesilanoenceloaemlanyoflheunIavfuIaclsseciedorlobeanaccomIicelosuchaclsTheconlraclingslaleshaveunderlakenlomakelheseoencesunishabIebysevereenaIliesTheconvenlionconlainssimiIardelaiIedrovisionsregarding|urisdiclioncuslodyroseculionandexlradilionoflheaIIegedoenderaslheHagueConvenlionofThisconvenlioncameinloforceon26 January 1973. It is mainly concerned with acts other than those pertaining to the unlawful seizure i.e.: Acts of violence on board which endanger people and property and the safety of the aeroplane Thedestructionofanaircraftinserviceorcausingdamagewhichrendersit incaabIeofighlorvhichisIikeIyloendangerilssafelyinighl IIacinginanaircraflanydeviceIikeIylodeslroydamageorrenderunlforighlanyaircrafl32Chapter2International Agreements and Organisations Destroyingordamaginganyairnavigationfacilityorinterferencewithits correct operation Thecommunicationofinformationknowntobefalsewhichendangersthe safelyofanaeroIaneinighl ThcPrntncn!5upp!cmcntarytnthcMnntrca!CnnvcntinnnI. This protocol was adoledbyaconferencevhichmelalMonlreaIinIlexlendslhedenilionofoencegivenin lhe Convenlion lo incIude secied acls of vioIence al airorls serving inlernalionaIcivil aviation. Such acts include: The inlenlionaI and unIavfuI use of any device subslance or veaon inperformingan act of violence against a person at an airport serving international civiIavialionvhichcausesorisIikeIylocauseseriousin|uryordealh TheinlenlionaIandunIavfuIuseofanydevicesubslanceorveaonlo DeslroyorseriousIydamagelhefaciIiliesofanairorl DeslroyorseriousIydamageaircraflnolinserviceallheairorl Disrullheservicesalanairorl EnInrccmcnt ConlraclingSlaleshave underlakenlomakelheseoencesunishabIeby severe penalties. The protocol also contains provisions on jurisdiction. Anncx. The measures taken by ICAO have resulted in the adoption of the SARPS detailed in Annex 17 - Security. The provisions of the SARPS are applicable to all Contracting States. The Annex requires all contracting States to: Establish national civil aviation security programmes To designate an authority responsible for security To keep the level of threat under constant review To co-ordinate activities with other relevant national agencies and liaise with the corresponding authority in other States Prngrammcsandp!ansInorderlomakesuchacliviliesvorkabIeandecienlSlalesareaIsorequiredloselulrainingrogrammeseslabIishairorlsecurilycommieesandlohave contingency plans drawn up. Intcrnatinna! cnnpcratinn As an ongoing commilmenl lo securily each Slale isrequired to co-operate with other States in research and development of security systems and equimenlvhichviIIbeersalisfyciviIavialionsecurilyob|eclives ThcAuthnritynIthcCnmmandcr. The aircraft commander may order or authorise the assislanceofolhercrevmembersandmayrequeslandaulhorisebulnolorderlheassislanceof assengers lo reslrain any erson he is required lo reslrain The aircrafl commander mayvhenhehasreasonabIegroundlobeIievelhalaersonhascommiedorisaboullocommilan act which may or does jeopardize the safety of the aircraft or persons or property on board orvhich|eoardizegoodorderanddisciIineonboardimosereasonabIemeasuresvhichmayincIudereslrainlnecessary Torolecllhesafelyoflheaircraflorofersonsorroerlyonboard To maintain good order and discipline on board To enable him to deliver such a person to competent authorities or to disembark him in accordance with provision of the Convention33Chapter2 International Agreements and OrganisationsTHE WAR5AWCONVENTION Liabi!ity nI thc Carricr.TheWarsawConventionof1929concerneditselfwith resonsibiIiliesandIiabiIiliesoflheCarrierandlheAgenlsofaircrafllogelhervilhmaersofcomensalionforIossofIifeorin|uryloassengersdeIaysandIossofbaggageThisIimiledlhe IiabiIily excel in cases of gross negIigence lo roughIy lhe equivaIenl of US inInternational Bank Special Drawing Rights (SDRs). In 1955 an amendment to the Convention wasadoptedbyadiplomaticconferenceatTheHague(knownasTheHagueProtocol) whichdoubledtheexistinglimitsofliabilityandthepresentlimitisamaximumamountof USerersonyagreeinglolhelermsoflheWarsavagreemenlanairIineagreesloaycomensalionvilhoulfurlherrocessofIavhoveverlheamounlsayabIearenovadaysreIaliveIysmaIIinIiligalioncircumslancesSomeairIinesslalelhallheyviIInolbeboundbythe Warsaw agreement and will pay higher amounts of compensation if awarded by a Court. IssucnIaTickctTheissuingofaassengerlickelIuggagelickelorcargoconsignmenlnoleformsaconlraclbelveenlhecarrierandlheersonreceivinglhelickelnoleTheconlraclisdenedbylheWarsavConvenlionincIudinglhereviousIymenlionedexcIusionorIimilalionofIiabiIiliesIfacarrieraccelsaassengerIuggageorcargoonboardanaeroIanevilhoulalickelnolelhenlhecarrierisIiabIeforanyIossvhichisoccasionedvilhoullheroleclionoflheIimilsselbylheWarsavConvenlionTheIossirreguIarilyorabsenceofalickelnoledoesnolaecllheexislenceorlhevaIidilyoflheconlraclIfaIicabIelheOeralorisrequiredlodravlheassengersaenlionlolheWarsavConvenlionIimilsofIiabiIilyvhereeIeclronictickets are issued.THE ROMECONVENTIONTheRomeConventionof1952dealtwithdamagecausedbyforeignaircrafttothird parties on the ground. It permits a claimant to pursue a claim against a foreign operator through the Court in the state of residence. Any resulting judgement would then be enforceable in the state of the Operator.IATA Thc Intcrnatinna! AirTranspnrt Assnciatinn IATAistheair transportindustryglobaltrade organisalion Over years IATA hasdeveloped the commercial standards that have buiIl a gIobaI induslry TodayIATAsmissionisloreresenlIeadandservetheairlineindustry.Itsmembers comprise some 260 airlines - the worlds leadingpassengerandcargoairlines among them - representing 94 percent of inlernalionaI scheduIed air lrac IATAseekstoimproveunderstandingofthe industryamongdecisionmakersand increase avareness of lhe benels lhalaviationbringstonationalandglobal economies Il ghls for lhe inleresls of airIines across lhe gIobe chaIIenging unreasonabIe ruIes andchargeshoIdingreguIalorsandgovernmenlsloaccounlandslrivingforsensibIereguIalion34Chapter2International Agreements and OrganisationsECAC EurnpcanCivi!AviatinnCnnIcrcnccECAC is the driving force for a common civil aviation policy in Europe. It was set up under the auspices of the Council for Europe and ICAO. Membership now extends from Iceland to Turkey (all the European Commission countries are membersofECAC).ECACisaninter-governmentalorganisationfoundedin1955fromthe ConferenceonlheCoordinalionofAirTransorlinIuroeCATIvilhlheaimofromolinglheconlinueddeveIomenlofasafeecienlandsuslainabIeIuroeanairlransorlsyslemECAC seeks to: Harmonise civil aviation policies and practices amongst its member states Iromole underslanding on oIicy maers belveen member slales and olherparts of the world Aims Wilhin Iuroe because of ils eslabIished osilion ICAC is lhe onIy forumfor consideration of major civil aviation topics relevant to all European states. The strength of ECAC is derived from: Membership across Europe Activeco-operationwithinstitutionsoftheEU(includingtheECandthe European Parliament Close liaison with ICAO Establishedrelationshipswithorganisationsrepresentingallpartsoftheair transport industry including consumer and airline interestsEA5A2.74EuropeanAviationSafetyAgency(EASA).TheEuropeanAviationSafety AgencyisthecentrepieceoftheEuropeanUnionsstrategyforaviationsafety.Its missionistopromotethehighestcommonstandardsofsafetyandenvironmental protection in civil aviation. While national authorities continue to carry out the majority of oeralionaI lasks such as cerlicalion of individuaI aircrafl or Iicensing of iIols-theAgencyensurescommonsafetyandenvironmentalstandardsattheEuropean level. The agencys current responsibilities include: Rulemaking: drafting safety legislation and providing technical advice to the European institutions and the member states Inseclions lraining and slandardisalion rogrammes lo ensure uniformimplementation of European aviation safety legislation in all member states SafelyandenvironmenlaIlyecerlicalionofaircraflenginesandarls Approvalandoversightofaircraftdesignorganisationsworld-wideandof production and maintenance organisations outside the EU DalacoIIeclionanaIysisandresearchloimroveavialionsafely35Chapter2 International Agreements and OrganisationsJAA ThcJnintAviatinnAuthnritics. The Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) are an associated body of ECAC representing the civil aviation regulatory authorities of a number of European States who have agreed to co-operate in developing and implementing common safety regulatory standards and procedures. This co-operation is intended to provide high and consistent standards of safety and aIeveIIayingeIdforcomelilioninIuroeThe}AAMembershiisbasedon signing lhe }AAArrangemenls documenl originaIIy signed by lhe lhencurrent member states in Cyprus in 1990. Ob|cctivcs. The JAA objectives and functions may be summarised as follows: ToensurelhroughcooeralioncommonhighIeveIsofavialionsafelyvilhinMember States ThroughlheaIicalionofuniformsafelyslandardsloconlribulelofairandequal competition within Member States To aim for cosleeclive safely and minimum reguIalory burden so as locontribute to European industrys international competitiveness JAA Organisatinn The }AA is conlroIIed by a Commiee vhich vorks under lheauthority of the Plenary Conference of ECAC and reports to the JAA Board of Directors General. TheBoardisresponsibleforreviewofgeneralpolicyandlongtermobjectivesoftheJAA. The }AA Commiee is comosed of one member from eachAulhorily and is resonsibIe forlheadminislraliveandlechnicaIimIemenlalionoflheArrangemenlTheCommieeandlheBoard are supported by a Secretariat. JAA Dncumcntatinn.TheAuthoritiesagreedtoco-operatetoproducecommon comprehensive and detailed requirements and where necessary acceptable means of compliance withandinterpretationsofthem(theJointAviationRequirements-JARs).JARsencompass bolh lechnicaI and adminislralive funclions In deveIoing }ARs lhe }AA lakes inlo accounllhe dulies and obIigalions under lhe Chicago Convenlion consuIls lhe arlies lo vhom lherequirements apply and takes into account other aviation codes so as to facilitate exchange of roduclsservicesorersonsorreIianceonorganisalionsbelveenlhe}AAcounlriesandolhercountries in the world. 36Chapter2International Agreements and OrganisationsEUROCONTROL Histnry and Rn!c.Eurocontrolwasfounded in1960withtheobjectiveofprovidingcommonATC servicesintheupperairspaceofMemberStatesand strengtheningco-operationbetweenMemberStatesin maers of air navigalion IuroconlroI vas eslabIishedundertheInternationalConventionRelatingtoCo-oeralion for lhe Safely of Air Navigalion signed alrusseIs on December IniliaIIy six counlriessignedlheagreemenlGermanyIDReIgiumIranceUniled Kingdom Luxembourg and lhe NelherIands In1999therewere26memberstatesandtheorganisation wasgreatlyreformedthroughtherevisedEurocontrol ConventionofJune1997.TheEurocontrolATCCisat MaaslrichlHoIIandTheroIeofIuroconlroIisnovmuchviderlhanoriginaIIyenvisagedTheIimilofoeralionslo |usl lhe uer airsace vas abandoned in andIuroconlroInovhasamuchviderremilIacedonlheOrganisalionbyICACmoslnolabIyinlheareaofAirTracIIovManagemenlATIMvhichIedlothe establishment of the Eurocontrol Central Flow Management Unit (CFMU) in 1988. Eurocontrol has alrainingcenlreinLuxembourgandanexerimenlaIresearchcenlrealrelignyIrancevilhanevATCC in Vienna (CEATS).GENEVACONVENTION Thc Cnnvcntinn nn Intcrnatinna! Rccngnitinn nI Rights in AircraIt(Geneva1947) established the right of the seller of an aircraft to secure any lending (mortgage) granted to the buyerbyamorlgageagainsllheaircraflSecicaIIylheconvenlion Outlawed double registration Made it a requirement that the registering authority address appeared on the cerlicaleofregislralion Contained requirements regarding salvage of aircraft Stipulated that an aircraft could not be transferred from one register to another unless all interested parties had been informed StipulatedthatthearticlesoftheConventionwouldnotpreventaState imosingilsIavsreIalingloimmigralioncuslomsorairnavigalionEUROCONTROL37Chapter2 International Agreements and OrganisationsDATEPLACETITLECONTINTOctober 1919ParisConvention Relating to the Regulation of AirNavigalionSovereignty over airspace. Standards for airworthiness. CerlicalesofcomelencyforcrevsDenilionofaircraflOctober 1929WarsawConvenlionforlheUnicalionofCerlainRules Relating to International Carriage by AirCarriersIiabiIilyfordamagecausedloassengersbaggageand goods. Damage caused by delay. May 1933RomeConvenlionforlheUnicalionofCerlainRules Relating to Damage Caused by Aircraft to Third Parties on the SurfaceRecognised the liability of carrier for damage caused on the ground. Led to the Brussels Insurance Protocol of 1938Replaced by the Rome Convention of 1952 (drafted by ICAO)May 1933RomeConvenlionforlheUnicalionofCerlainRules Relating to Precautionary Arrest of AircraftSeciedvhichaircraflcanbearresledoraachedIxcIudesgovernmenlaircraflincIoslaIlransorlaircraflinserviceonubIiclransorlandbackuaircraflaircraflapportioned for the carriage of persons or goods for reward. September 1938BrusselsProtocol Supplementing the Convention forlheUnicalionofCerlainRuIesRelating to Damage Caused by Aircraft to Third Parties on the SurfaceObligation of carrier to arrange third party insurance. This isvhalevenluaIIykiIIedoIanAmDecember 1944ChicagoConvention on International Civil AviationRegulation of Civil Aviation. Led to the creation of ICAO. 18 Annexes to the Chicago ConventionDecember 1944ChicagoInternational Air Services Transit AgreementThe two technical freedoms of the airDecember 1944ChicagoInternational Air Transport AgreementThe three commercial freedoms of the Air (Known as the 5 freedomsagreemenlNoleTheolherfreedoms7 and 8 are really no more than minor variations of these 5.5UMMARYRELEVANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS38Chapter2International Agreements and OrganisationsJune 1948GenevaConvention on the International Recognition of Rights in AircraftTorolecllherighlsoflheseIIervhereaircraflareboughlonHImortgage or lease.October 1952RomeConvention on Damage by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the SurfaceReIacedlheConvenlionIoorralicalionUSAUKCanadaGermany and many other major players) refused to ratify because comensalionlooIovNalionaILavmoreoverfuIIIAIcrashinHoIIandneilherslalesconlraclingSeptember 1955The HagueProtocol to Amend the Convention for lheUnicalionofCerlainRuIesReIalingto International Carriage by Aira. Removed exemptions for all except military aircraftb. Raised compensation limit to 250 000 gold francscSimIiedlherequiremenlsforlickelsandbaggagechecksd. Made carrier liable for pilot errorApril 1956ParisMultilateral Agreement on Commercial RighlsofNonScheduIedAirServicesinEuropeAnICACconvenlionCoversinlernalionaIighlsvilhinIuroeofanonscheduIednalureHumanilarianandemergencylaxicIassservicessealingIimiledloandnolloberesoIdhiringbyasingIeersonorcomanysingIeighlsApril 1960ParisMultilateral Agreement relating to CerlicalesofAirvorlhinessforImported AircraftECAC agreement. Allows states to render valid an existing C of A or issue a new one.September 1961GuadalajaraConvention Supplementary to the ConvenlionforlheUnicalionofCerlainRules Relating to International Carriage by Air Performed by a Person Other than the Contracting CarrierCoverscharlerservicesandvelIeasingDenesvholheconlraclingcarrier and the actual carrier is in a charter or wet-lease situation. DeneslheIiabiIilyoflhecarriers39Chapter2 International Agreements and OrganisationsSeptember 1963TokyoConvenliononOencesandCerlainOlherAclsCommiedonoardAircraflDetermines whos penal law is applicable DeneslherighlsandobIigalionsoflheaircraflCommanderDeneslherighlsandobIigalionsoflheaulhoriliesoflheslaleinwhich the aircraft lands afterDenesunIavfuIseizureofaircraflDecember 1970The HagueConvention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of AircraftAIicabIelodomeslicandinlernalionaIighlsDenesinighlAIIocales|urisdiclionafleroencecommieda. State of RegistrationbSlaleofIandingifoendersliIIonboardc. State of OperatordSlaleinvhichoenderisarehendediflhalslaledoesnot wish to extradite March 1971Guatemala CityProtocol to Amend the Convention for lheUnicalionofCerlainRuIesReIalingto International Carriage by AirMakes the carrier absolutely liable. Replaces fault liability with risk liability i.e. in the case of death or injury caused by sabotage or hi|ackingLimilsIiabiIilyloforassengersandbaggageincluding negligence. Exceptions:aseIfinicledorviIfuIdamagebylhecIaimanl b. death or injury resulting from ill health of passengerSeptember 1971MontrealConvention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil AviationDeals with a person who:a. acts violently on board an aircraftb. destroys or damages an aircraft in servicec. places an EOD or similar on board an aircraftd. destroys or damages a nav aid or interferes with operatione. passes false information thus endangering an aircraftSeptember 1971MontrealSupplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil AviationDeaIsvilhoencescommiedalanairorlservinginlernalionaIaviation40Chapter2International Agreements and OrganisationsSeptember 1975MontrealAdditional Protocols (1 - 4) to Amend the ConvenlionforlheUnicalionofCerlainRules Relating to International Carriage by AirAllows payment to be made in IMF Special Drawing Rights (SDR)Replaces limits in Hague Protocol with SDRsReplaces limits in Guatemala Protocol with SDRsChanges liability regarding goods - applies SDRsSeptember 1978MontrealProtocol to Amend the Convention on Damage by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the SurfaceExtended Rome 1952 to include damage caused by an aircraft regisleredlheslaleofOeralorisorlheoeralorIivesorhisIaceofresidence is - in another contracting state. Decembe