BOOK OF ABSTRACTS - Politechnika Opolska · PDF fileBOOK OF ABSTRACTS POLITECHNIKA OPOLSKA Opole 2017 ISBN 978-83-65235-89-3 ... (CEKIT). Here it is important to point out the commitment

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

POLITECHNIKA OPOLSKA Opole 2017 ISBN 978-83-65235-89-3

13th–15th September 2017Polanica-Zdrój, Poland

© Copyright by Politechnika Opolska 2017

Editor and printing: Publishing house of Opole University of Technology

OPOLE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE:• Prof. Janusz POSPOLITA, Opole University of Technology, Poland – chairman,• Prof. Jerzy BUZEK, Chairman of Industry, Research and Energy ITRE Committee in EU Parliament,• Prof. Tomasz BOCZAR, Opole University of Technology, Poland,• Prof. Andrea CAPODAGLIO, University of Pavia, Italy,• Prof. Somnath CHATTOPADHYAYA, Indian School of Mines, India,• Ass. Prof. Agostina CHIAVOLA, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy,• Prof. Robert ĆEP, VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic,• Prof. Lidia DĄBEK, Kielce University of Technology, Poland,• Ass. Prof. Bolesław DOBROWOLSKI, Opole University of Technology, Poland,• Prof. Neven DUIĆ, Univeristy of Zagreb, Croatia,• Doc. Radomír GOŇO, VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic,• Prof. Yashar JAVADI, IAU-Semnan Branch, Iran,• Prof. Orest KOCHAN, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine,• Prof. Dražan KOZAK, University of Osijek, Croatia,• Prof. Zdravko KRAVANJA, University of Maribor, Slovenia,• Ass. Prof. Anna KRÓL, Opole University of Technology, Poland,• Ass. Prof. Grzegorz KRÓLCZYK, Opole University of Technology, Poland,• Prof. Stanisław LEGUTKO, Poznan University of Technology, Poland,• Prof. Zhixiong LI, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia,• Prof. Tadeusz ŁAGODA, Opole University of Technology, Poland,• Prof. Natasa MARKOVSKA, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Macedonia,• Prof. Thomas G. MATHIA, L.T.D.S. Ecole Centrale de Lyon, France,• Prof. Tomasz MRÓZ, Poznan University of Technology, Poland,• Prof. Vincenzo NADDEO, Univeristy of Salerno, Italy,• Prof. Wojciech NOWAK, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland,• Prof. Pero RAOS, University of Osijek, Croatia,• Prof. Alessandro RUGGIERO, University of Salerno, Italy,• Prof. Joachim SCHENK, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, Germany,• Prof. Aleksandar SEDMAK, University of Belgrade, Serbia,• Prof. Biljana SKRBIC, University of Novi Sad, Serbia,• Prof. Janusz SKOREK, Silesian University of Technology, Poland,• Ass. Prof. Norbert SZMOLKE, Opole University of Technology, Poland,• Prof. Leon TRONIEWSKI, Opole University of Technology, Poland,• Prof. Roman ULBRICH, Opole University of Technology, Poland,• Prof. Michał WIECZOROWSKI, Poznan University of Technology, Poland,• Prof. Aneta WIERZBICKA, Lund University, Sweden,• Prof. Stanisław WITCZAK, Opole University of Technology, Poland,• Ass. Prof. Małgorzata WZOREK, Opole University of Technology, Poland,• Doc. Ersel YILMAZ, Adnan Menderes University, Turkey,• Prof. Ireneusz ZBICIŃSKI, Lodz University of Technology, Poland,• Prof. Andrzej ZIĘBIK, Silesian University of Technology, Poland,• Ass. Prof. Izabela ZIMOCH, Silesian University of Technology, Poland.

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE:• Ass. Prof. Anna KRÓL – chairman,• Ass. Prof. Małgorzata WZOREK – vice-chairman,• Ass. Prof. Paweł FRĄCZ,• Ass. Prof. Grzegorz KRÓLCZYK,• PhD. Eng. Stanisław ANWEILER,• PhD. Eng. Iwona KŁOSOK-BAZAN,• PhD. Eng. Mariusz TAŃCZUK,• MSc. Adriana SOKULSKA,• MSc. Anna ZABAWCZUK,• MSc. Kamila MIZERNA,• Regina OBROCKA.

DEAR CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS It is a great pleasure for us to welcome you to International Conference

for Energy Environment and Material Systems (EEMS 2017) organized by Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at Opole University of Technology and Center for Education, Competence, Innovations and Technology (CEKIT).

Here it is important to point out the commitment of academic staff of Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. It was their intention to create a thought-provoking meeting place for academics, investors and entrepre-neurs from Poland and abroad.

We extend our sincere appreciation to all our Sponsors and Partners for their financial assistance, interest, involvement and for being an inspiration for further development of scientific cooperation.

The conference EEMS 2017 captures various aspects of progress in the aspect of energy, environment, and production technologies, contributing to the increase of competitiveness of industry with regard to the sustain-able development, preservation of the environment and natural resources. The conference aims to create practice-research synergies to increase the potential and commercial viability of research and development in the field of advanced technologies, materials in environment and energy industries. We have pleasure to host 140 attendees from different countries (Croatia, France, Germany, Ukraine, Spain, Turkey and Poland).

The central thrust of the EEMS is to create opportunities for inter disciplinary cooperation, exchange of views and ideas, analysis of research results and cross-fertilization.

Dear Participants – without you this conference would have not taken place. It is thanks to you that we meet in Polanica-Zdrój to share our wide range of experience, present research achievements and find inspiration to our future studies and collaboration.

We do hope that attending a conference will be a professionally reward-ing and enjoyable experience for all of us.

The Organizing Committee International Conference Energy Environment and Material Systems EEMS 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Krzysztof Adamczuk, Stanisław Legutko, Alicja Laber,Wojciech SerwaINVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF COOLANT-LUBRICANT MODIFICATION ON SELECTED EFFECTS OF PULL BROACHING. . . . . . . 15Ryszard Beniak, Oleksandr Gudzenko, Tomasz PykaNOISE VARIANCE ESTIMATION FOR KALMAN FILTER. . . . . . . . . . . . 17Ryszard Beniak, Oleksandr GudzenkoONLINE IDENTIFICATION OF WIND MODEL FOR IMPROVING QUADCOPTER TRAJECTORY MONITORING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Paul Bere, Jolanta B. KrólczykTHE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DETERMINATION BY TENSILE STRESS TEST OF CARBON/EPOXY PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Andrzej BieniekANALYSIS OF WIND ENGINE ENERGY GENERATION AT DISADVANTAGE WINDINESS AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Tomasz Boczar, Paweł Frącz, Dariusz Zmarzły, Norbert Adamkiewicz, Włodzimierz StanisławskiCALIBRATION OF PARAMETERS OF WATER SUPPLY NETWORK MODEL USING GENETIC ALGORITHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Joanna Boguniewicz-Zabłocka, Andrea Capodaglio, Daniel VogelANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT EFFICIENCY IN A SOFT DRINKS INDUSTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Grzegorz Borsuk, Sławomir Pochwała, Jacek WydrychINFLUENCE OF CALCINATION PROCESS ON THE FORMATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Katarzyna Botwińska, Remigiusz Mruk, Mateusz Wata, Karol TuckiSIMULATION OF FUEL DEMAND FOR WOOD-GAS IN COMBUSTION ENGINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Katarzyna Botwińska, Remigiusz Mruk, Mateusz Zaleski, Jacek SłomaSIMULATION OF DIESEL ENGINE EMISSIONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF FIAT PANDA IN THE NEDC TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Marta BożymTHE STUDY OF HEAVY METALS LEACHING FROM WASTE FOUNDRY SANDS USING A ONE-STEP EXTRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Artur Bugała, Karol Bednarek, Leszek Kasprzyk, Andrzej TomczewskiSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTRIC ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION USING MOBILE AND FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Krystian Czernek, Stanisław WitczakFORMING OF FILM SURFACE OF VERY VISCOUS LIQUID FLOWING WITH GAS IN PIPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Wojciech Depczyński, Artur Piasecki, Magdalena Piasecka, Kinga StrąkIMPACT OF THE POROUS HEATED SURFACE PRODUCTION PROCESSES: SINTERING AND SOLDERING OF FE POWDER, ON FLOW BOILING HEAT TRANSFER IN MINICHANNELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Bolesław Dobrowolski, Grzegorz Borsuk, Jacek WydrychNUMERICAL STUDIES OF METROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF VENTURI TUBE IN THE AIR-COAL PARTICLE MIXTURE FLOW MEASUREMENT IN POWER INDUSTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43M. Sami Donduren, Ozlem SisikMATERIALS, USED IN HISTORICAL BUILDINGS, ANALYSIS METHODS AND SOLUTIONS PURPOSALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Dawid Drabik, Jarosław Mamala, Michał Śmieja, Krzysztof PrażnowskiPOSSIBILITY OF REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Stanisław Duer, Dariusz BernatowiczTHE COMPUTER DIAGNOSTIC PROGRAM (DIAG 2) FOR IDENTIFYING STATES OF COMPLEX TECHNICAL OBJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Stanisław Duer, Paweł Wrzesień, Radosław DuerCREATING STRUCTURE OF FACTS IN THE KNOWLEDGE BASE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR WIND POWER PLANT’S EQUIPMENT DIAGNOSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Roman Dyga, Małgorzata PłaczekSELECTED PROBLEMS OF GAS-LIQUID FLOW THROUGH THE CHANNELS FILLED WITH METAL FOAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Waldemar Fedak, Stanisław Anweiler, Wojciech Gancarski, Roman UlbrichDETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE BLADES BASED ON POWER SPECTRUM . . . . . . . . . . 55Eugene Feldshtein, Oleg G. Devojno, Marharyta A. Kardapolava, Nikolaj I. LutskoFEATURES OF SINGLE LASER TRACKS IN COAXIAL LASER CLADDING OF A NI-BASED SELF-FLUXING ALLOY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Eugene Feldshtein, Szymon WojciechowskiWEAR OF CARBIDE INSERTS DURING TURNING OF C45 STEEL IN DRY CUTTING CONDITIONS AND IN PRESENCE OF EMULSION MIST . . 59Przemysław Gościński, Zbigniew Nadolny, Grzegorz Dombek, Bolesław BródkaHEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT AS PARAMETER DESCRIBING ABILITY OF INSULATING LIQUIDS TO HEAT TRANSPORT . . . . . . . . . . 61Sławomir Gułkowski, Ewelina KrawczakEXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THIN FILMS DEPOSITION BY MAGNETRON SPUTTERING METHOD FOR CIGS SOLAR CELL FABRICATION . . . . . . . 63Munish Kumar Gupta, Marian BartoszukSURFACE ROUGHNESS EVALUATION IN MQL ASSISTED TURNING OF TITANIUM ALLOY BY USING TOPSIS-AHP METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Arkadiusz Gużda, Norbert SzmolkeTHE EFFICIENCY OF THE HEAT PUMP WATER HEATER, RELATED TO TAPPING CYCLE OF DHW . . . . . . . . . . 67Joanna Guziałowska-TicTHE USE OF QSAR METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF N-OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT USING THE EXAMPLE OF HYDROXYESTER HE-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Joanna Guziałowska-Tic, Wilhelm Jan TicENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PAINT AND VARNISH ADDITIVES BASED ON ISOBUTYRATE ALDEHYDE CONDENSATION PRODUCTS . . . . 71Wojciech P. Hunek, Paweł MajewskiNEW APPROACH TO WIRELESS DATA COMMUNICATION IN A PROPAGATION ENVIRONMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Wojciech P. Hunek, Łukasz WachNEW APPROACHES TO MINIMUM-ENERGY DESIGN OF INTEGER- AND FRACTIONAL-ORDER PERFECT CONTROL ALGORITHMS . . . . . . . 75Jarosław Jajczyk, Arkadiusz Dobrzycki, Michał Filipiak, Dariusz KurzANALYSIS OF POWER AND ENERGY LOSSES IN POWER SYSTEMS OF ELECTRIC BUS BATTERY CHARGING STATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Paweł Albert JelecTHE MICROCLIMATE PARAMETERS CHANGE IN THE OCCUPIED ZONE INSIDE SOME LARGE-VOLUME BUILDINGS WITH SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE OF THE HEAT EMISSION FROM PEOPLE STAYING INSIDE . . . . 79Jerzy Józwik, Andrzej ŁukaszewiczIDENTIFICATION OF INTERNAL DEFECTS OF HARDFACING COATINGS IN REGENERATION OF MACHINE PARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Anatol Kałasznikow, Mariusz MichalskiSURFACE PHENOMENA ACCOMPANYING PLASMA GOUGING OF S355 STEEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Mehmet Kamanli, Alptuğ ÜnalBEHAVIOUR OF STRENGTHENED RC FRAMES WITH ECCENTRIC STEEL BRACED FRAMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Ewa Kamińska, Tomasz KamińskiECO-BALLANCE ANALYSIS OF THE DISUSED LEAD-ACID BATTERIES RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Kamila Kasperska, Michał Wieczorowski, Jolanta KrólczykTHE USE OF 3D SCANNER FOR TESTING CHANGES IN SHAPE OF HUMAN LIMBS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL MECHANICAL LOAD . . . . 89Leszek Kasprzyk, Andrzej Tomczewski, Karol Bednarek, Artur BugałaTHE LCOE MINIMISATION OF THE HYBRID POWER SYSTEM WITH THE LEAD-ACID ENERGY STORAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Mirosława Kaszubska, Małgorzata Wzorek, Robert JungaEVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF FUEL FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE AND SEWAGE SLUDGE ON POWER BOILER EFFICIENCY AND EMISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Mariola Kędra, Łukasz WiejaczkaLONG-TERM TRENDS IN RIVER WATER TEMPERATURE: A CASE STUDY OF THE RABA RIVER (POLISH CARPATHIANS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Mariola KędraLONG-TERM TRENDS IN RIVER FLOW: A CASE STUDY OF THE SOŁA RIVER (POLISH CARPATHIANS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Beata Klojzy-Karczmarczyk, Said MakoudiANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE GENERATION RATE IN POLAND COMPARED TO SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Iwona Klosok-Bazan, Robert OlszewskiGEOTHERMAL WATER DEIRONING PROCESS MODEL ON THE BASIS OF A TRIANGULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Orest Kochan, Jun SU, Roman KochanDESIGNING AN ACCURATE SYSTEM FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS . 103Orest Kochan, Jun SU, Roman KochanDESIGNING AD HOC TEMPERATURE FIXED POINT CELLS . . . . . . . . . 105Szymon Kołodziej, Grzegorz LigusANALYSIS OF CAPABILITIES OF MANAGING IC ENGINE FILLING DEGREE VS ENGINE ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Ewa Korzeniewska, Jerzy Józwik, Joanna MichałowskaANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGY THIN METALLIC LAYERS APPLIED ON COMPOSITE TEXTILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Michał KoziołMATHEMATICAL MODEL OF OPTICAL SIGNALS EMITTED BY ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES OCCURING IN ELECTROINSULATING OIL . . . . . . . . . . 111Tomasz Kozlowski, Lidia Dąbek, Ewa OziminaSORPTION PROPERTIES OF BENTONITES TOWARDS HEAVY METALS AS PREDICTED FROM SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. . . . . . . . . . . . 113Ewelina Krawczak, Sławomir GułkowskiELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM CONTACTS DEPOSITED BY DC SPUTTERING METHOD FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS . . . . 115Damian Krzesimowski, Artur PawelecAPPLICATION OF NUMERICAL MODEL OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE TO THE PRACTICAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Anna Kuczuk, Janusz Pospolita, Stefan WacławENERGY AND EMERGY ANALYSIS OF FARM WITH DIVERSIFIED PRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Anna KuczukENERGY VALUE OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND COSTS OF ITS RESTORATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Michal KunickiCOMPARISON OF CAPACITIVE AND INDUCTIVE SENSORS DESIGNED FOR PARTIAL DISCHARGES MEASUREMENTS IN ELECTRICAL POWER APPARATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Andrzej KurekEFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE FATIGUE LIFE OF STEEL-TITANIUM BIMETAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Marta KurekDETERMINATION OF THE CRITICAL PLANE ORIENTATION TAKING INTO ACCOUNT SCATTER ANALYSIS OF FATIGUE LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . 127Sławomir Kurpaska, Norbert PedrycANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF A HYBRID FOIL TUNNEL HEATING SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Dariusz KURZ, Ryszard NawrowskiTHE ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF THE THERMAL RESISTANCE OF THE ROOF ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC ROOF TILES . . 131Justyna Kuterasińska-Warwas, Anna KrólLEACHING OF HEAVY METALS FROM CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES MADE OF NEW TERNARY CEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Joanna Lach, Agnieszka Ociepa-KubickaTHE ADSORPTION REMOVAL CHLORAMPHENICOL ON ACTIVATED CARBON FROM WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Grzegorz Ligus, Szymon KołodziejEXPERIMENTAL IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSING OF BYPASS AND LEAKAGE STREAMS IN THE SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER . . . 137Seweryn Lipiński, Tomasz OlkowskiESTIMATION OF THE COST OF ELECTRO-MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT FOR SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTS – REVIEW AND COMPARISON OF METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Ewelina Łukasiewicz, Mariusz RząsaEXAMINATION OF COAGULANT ADDITIVES ON QUALITATIVE COMPOSITION OF SELECTED THERMAL WATERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Tomasz Malec, Tomasz Boczar, Daria Wotzka, Paweł FrączCOMPARISON OF LOW FREQUENCY SIGNALS EMITTED BY WIND TURBINES OF TWO DIFFERENT GENERATOR TYPES. . . . . . . . 143Maciej MasiukiewiczSMALL PHOTOVOLTAIC SETUP FOR THE AIR CONDITIONIG SYSTEM . . . . 145Mirjam Matthes, Ingo Hartmann, Joachim SchenkCHARACTERIZATION AND INTEGRATION OF OXIDATION CATALYSTS AT SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS COMBUSTION FURNACES. . . . . . . . . . . 147Mariusz Michalski, Ferdynand RomankiewiczALSI21CUNI SILUMIN MODIFICATION WITH PHOSPHOR AND STRONTIUM MICRO ADDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Kamila Mizerna, Anna Król, Adrian MrózENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF APPLICABILITY OF MINERAL-ORGANIC COMPOSITE FOR LANDFILL AREA REHABILITATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Eliseo Monfort, Ana López-Lilao, Alberto Escrig, Maria Jesus Ibáñez, Guliana Bonvicini, Otto Creutzenberg, Christina ZiemannADDITIVES FOR REDUCING THE TOXICITY OF RESPIRABLE CRYSTALLINE SILICA. SILIFE PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Zbigniew Nadolny, Grzegorz DombekTHERMAL PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES OF MINERAL OIL AND NATURAL ESTER IN TERMS OF THEIR APPLICATION IN THE TRANSFORMER . . . . . . 155Łukasz NagiDETECTION OF IONIZING RADIATION GENERATED BY ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES IN THE AIR USING SPHERE-SPHERE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . 157

Tomislav Novosel, Hrvoje Dorotić, Neven Duić, Tomislav PukšecIMPACT OF DISTRICT HEATING ON LOCAL AND REGIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS – HEAT MAPPING AND ENERGY PLANNING FOR VELIKA GORICA. 159Agnieszka Ociepa-Kubicka, Krzysztof WilczakWATER LOSS REDUCTION AS THE BASIS OF GOOD WATER SUPPLY COMPANIES’ MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Tomasz Olkowski, Seweryn Lipiński, Aneta OlędzkaCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HEAT PUMP AND BIOMASS BOILER FOR SMALL DETACHED HOUSE HEATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Tomasz OlszowskiPARTICULATE MATTER IN THE RURAL SETTLEMENT DURING WINTER TIME. 165Tomasz OlszowskiAEROSOL IN SELECTED LABORATORIES AT FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, OPOLE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . 167Agnieszka Patyna, Małgorzata PłaczekTECHNICAL EVALUATION OF PHOTOBIOREACTORS FOR MICROALGAE CULTIVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Agnieszka Patyna, Stanisław WitczakSTUDY OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS SEDIMENTATION PROCESS. . . . . . . . 171Monika Pawlita-Posmyk, Małgorzata WzorekASSESSMENT OF APPLICATION OF SELECTED WASTES FOR PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Katarzyna Peta, Karol GrochalskiTHE MEASUREMENTS OF TEMPERATURE AND DEFORMATIONS OF CAR RADIATORS RESISTANCE TENSOMETRY METHOD AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS WITH THE USE OF THERMOELEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . 175Izabela Pietkun-GreberEFFECTS OF HYDROGEN-CHARGINGON THE PROPERTIES OF S235 STEEL . 177Dawid Piwowarski, Stanisław Anweiler, Roman UlbrichUNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HEAT LOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Mariusz Prażmowski, Henryk Paul, Michał Najwer, Anna PocicaINFLUENCE OF LONG-LASTING SIMULATED HEAT TREATMENTS ON THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE ZIRCONIUM-STEEL BOND . . . . . 181Justyna PyssaTHE INFLUENCE OF SHALE GAS MINING ACTIVITIES ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN POLAND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Justyna PyssaENVIRONMENTAL, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN POLAND . . . . . . . . . . . 185Paweł RatusznyTHERMAL ENERGY STORAGE IN GRANULAR DEPOSITS . . . . . . . . . . 187Grzegorz Robak, Artur CichańskiNUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STATES OF STRESS IN THE STEEL-TITANIUM BIMETAL DURING CYCLIC BENDING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Rafał Sarzyński, Agnieszka Gąszczak, Daniel Janecki, Grażyna BartelmusAIR PURIFICATION FROM A MIXTURE OF VOCS IN THE PILOT-SCALE TRICKLE-BED BIOREACTOR (TBB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Ewa Siemianowska, Andrzej Wesołowski, Marcin Kurzyński, Krystyna A. Skibniewska, Józef TyburskiSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FARMERS’ CONCISENESS OF THE NEED OF BALANCED FERTILIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Katarzyna Stala-Szlugaj, Zbigniew GrudzinskiENVIRONMENTAL COSTS RESULTING FROM THE USE OF HARD COAL TO ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN POLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Agnieszka Staniszewska, Magdalena Jastrzębska, Krzysztof ZiemińskiTHE INFLUENCE OF THE MICROBIOME OF NATURAL GAS PIPELINES ON THE MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF THE TRANSMISSION GAS LINES IN THE LODZ PROVINCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Dariusz SuszanowiczINTERNAL HEAT GAIN FROM DIFFERENT LIGHT SOURCES IN THE BUILDING LIGHTING SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Adriana Szydłowska, Jerzy HapanowiczVISCOSITY OF VEGETAL PARTICLES DILUTE SUSPENSIONS IN WATER . . . 201Mariusz Tańczuk, Wojciech Radziewicz, Eligiusz Olszewski, Janusz SkorekPROJECTED CONFIGURATION OF A COAL-FIRED DISTRICT HEATING SOURCE ON THE BASIS OF COMPARATIVE TECHNICAL-ECONOMICAL OPTIMIZATION ANALYSISPOWE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Wilhelm Jan TicHEALTH-RISK ASSESSMENT BASED ON AN ADDITIVE TO PAINTS MADE FROM ISOBUTYRIC ALDEHYDE CONDENSATION PRODUCTS . . . . 205Tomasz Turba, Paweł FrączCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CELLULOSE PRESSBOARD AND ARAMID PAPER USED IN AIR INSULATION SYSTEMSOF HIGH-VOLTAGE DEVICES . . 207Kamil UrbanowiczCOMPUTATIONAL COMPLIANCE CRITERIA IN WATER HAMMER MODELLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Andrzej Waindok, Paweł PiekielnyCONTROLLING OF PROJECTILE ENERGY IN THE PERMANENT MAGNET ELECTRODYNAMIC ACCELERATOR . . . . . 211Grzegorz Wałowski, Gabriel FilipczakKLINKENBERG EFFECT IN HYDRODYNAMICS OF GAS FLOW THROUGH ANISOTROPIC POROUS MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Grzegorz WałowskiASSESSMENT OF POROUS MATERIAL ANISOTROPY AND ITS EFFECT ON GAS PERMEABILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Angelika Więckol-Ryk, Adam SmolińskiCO-FIRING COAL AND BIOMASS BLENDS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE POST-COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . 217

Michał Wiśnios, Jacek PaśTHE ASSESSMENT OF EXPLOITATION PROCESS OF POWER FOR ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Michał Wiśnios, Jacek Paś, Adam RosińskiRELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF POWER CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE . . . . . . 221Barbara Włodarczyk, Paweł P. Włodarczyk, Antonina KalinichenkoSINGLE CHAMBER MICROBIAL FUEL CELL WITH NI-CO CATHODE . . . . . 223Paweł P. Włodarczyk, Barbara Włodarczyk, Antonina KalinichenkoPOSSIBILITY OF DIRECT ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM WASTE CANOLA OIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225Szymon Wojciechowski, Maciej TABASZEWSKI, Grzegorz M. Królczyk,Radoslaw MarudaTHE STUDY ON DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES OF MONOLITHIC BALL END MILLS WITH VARIABLE SLENDERNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Karolina Wojtacha-Rychter, Adam SmolińskiTHE SORPTION OF GAS MIXTURES ON COAL AS REGARDS THE ASSESSMENT OF THE SELF-HEATING PROCESS OF COAL . . . . . . . 229Daria WotzkaNUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MICRO-CRACK OCCURRING IN PIPE MADE OF STAINLESS STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Nikodem Wróbel, Michał Rejek, Grzegorz KrólczykTESTING OF CRIMP CONNECTIONS MADE ON A PROTOTYPE STAND. . . . 233Alpaslan YararANALITICAL AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODELS TO ESTIMATE THE DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT FOR OGEE SPILLWAY. . . . . . . . . . . . 235Ersel Yilmaz, Mustafa Ali KaptanENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS IN AYDIN REGION IN TURKEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Konrad ZajkowskiANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE LIGHT OF WHITE CERTIFICATES . . . . . . 239Konrad ZajkowskiAN INNOVATIVE HYBRID INSULATION SWITCH TO ENABLE/DISABLE ELECTRICAL LOADS WITHOUT OVERVOLTAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Ireneusz Zbiciński, Aleksandra Ziemińska-StolarskaANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE LARGE WATER BODIES ON THE BASIS OF MONITORING AND INTEGRATED 3D MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Aleksandra Ziemińska-Stolarska, Magda H. Barecka, Ireneusz ZbicińskiEFFECT OF REPLACEMENT OF TIN DOPED INDIUM OXIDE (ITO) BY ZNO: ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CATEGORIES . . . . . . . . . . . 245Krzysztof Żak, Piotr NiesłonyANALYSIS OF GEOMETRIC STRUCTURE OF THE SURFACE AFTER TURNING THIN-WALLED COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND MATERIAL SYSTEMS 2017 POLANICA-ZDRÓJ, SEPTEMBER 13th-15th, 2017

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Krzysztof ADAMCZUK1, Stanisław LEGUTKO2*, Alicja LABER3, Wojciech SERWA4

1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, 4 Prof. Z. Szafrana Street, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Management, Poznan University of Technology 3 Piotrowo Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

3 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, 4 Prof. Z. Szafrana Street, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

4 Faculty of Mechanical Engineerin1g, University of Zielona Gora, 4 Prof. Z. Szafrana Street, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF COOLANT-LUBRICANT MODIFICATION

ON SELECTED EFFECTS OF PULL BROACHING

Keywords: wear, pull broach, lubricant modification, surface layer

ABSTRACTThe paper presents the results of testing the wear of the tool (pull broach)

and a gear wheel splineway surface roughness after the friction node of pull broach/gear wheel (CuSn12Ni2) had been lubricated with metal ma-chining oil and the same oil modified with chemically active exploitation additive. Exploitation tests have proved purposefulness of modifying metal machining oil. Modification of the lubricant has contributed to reduction of the wear of the tools – pull broaches and to reduction of roughness of the splineway surfaces.

* corresponding author


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Ryszard BENIAK1, Oleksandr GUDZENKO2*, Tomasz PYKA3

1 Opole University of Technology, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland, [email protected]



NOISE VARIANCE ESTIMATION FOR KALMAN FILTER

Keywords: noise variance estimation, Kalman filter, Krough method, online filtering

ABSTRACTThe problem of estimating noise in real-time is a difficult but very current

issue, especially for measurements made in industrial environment, where measured signals are exposed to strong disruptions. The correct noise es-timation prevents loss of information that can be extremely important. The speed of the algorithm used for noise estimation is also important, as too complex calculation methods may prove to be ineffective, and instead of improving the measurement results, this results may become distorted. The noise information is used in many filters, including the widely known Kalman filter, which is using noise information in the filtering process.

This article presents an algorithm for noise estimation that can be used for real time measurements. Up to now, commonly used filters which are working in the real time measurement mode, had no adaptive character-istics and were estimating the noise backwards, resulting in rapid signal changes going through the undesired filtration. Therefore, the article pro-poses an algorithm that evaluates the noise variance using the numeri-cal integration method. For the estimation of noise variance, the Krough method with variable integration step was used. The study was limited to the fourth-order method. In the first step, simulation tests were performed for randomly generated signals that were related to the transition state



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and steady state. Three methodologies (research hypotheses) were also formulated, to estimate the variance of the noise, and then they were com-pared in terms of efficiency. Simulation results were compared for both steady state and transient signals. The most reliable hypothesis or method for determining noise signal was used in the Kalman filter and the proposed algorithm was verified for real measurement data. A satisfactory result of filtration obtained in this case confirms the usefulness of the proposed algorithm.


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Ryszard BENIAK1, Oleksandr GUDZENKO2*

1 Opole University of Technology, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45- 758 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

2 Opole University of Technology, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45- 758 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

ONLINE IDENTIFICATION OF WIND MODEL FOR IMPROVING QUADCOPTER TRAJECTORY

MONITORING

Keywords: quadcopter, identification, wind model, monitoring

ABSTRACTIn the last 20 years, unmanned aerial vehicles have been actively used

to monitor the state of the environment. The advantage of such devices is mobility, cheapness and universality for solving various problems. The dis-advantages of using such devices include the complexity of control and the significant influence of external disturbances on their operation.

One type of unmanned aerial vehicle is a quadcopter. On its board can be placed measuring equipment. It can reach speeds of up to 70 km/h. Quadcopter can work in extreme conditions [1, 2]. For this, it is necessary to use high-precision control and a detailed mathematical model of the object.

To solve the problem of monitoring the environment, it is necessary to quadcopter work stably in all conditions. Strong winds can affect the trajec-tory of motion, and work in extreme conditions can lead to damage to the quadcopter, for example, damage to engine blades.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the mathematical models of the wind on the motion of a quadcopter, as well as the development of a control algorithm for the implementation of aggressive maneuvers.

The quadcopter’s control algorithm has to quickly respond to changes in the dynamic characteristics of the object and accurately control them. Therefore, the paper analyzes adaptive control, which is the most promising for solving this problem.



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This paper is a continuation of the research presented in [3]. The paper presents deterministic and stochastic mathematical models of the wind. Based on the simulation results, the application area of the adaptive control algorithm for various weather conditions is shown.

REFERENCES[1] M. Sudarma, I.B.A. Swamardika, A.M. Pratama, Design of Quadcopter Robot as

a Disaster Environment Remote Monitor, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), Vol. 6, No. 1 (2016), pp. 188–197.

[2] S. Sharma, A. Muley, R. Singh, A. Gehlot, UAV for Surveillance and Environmen-tal Monitoring, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 9 (43) (2016).

[3] R. Beniak, O. Gudzenko, Comparing control algorithms of quadrocopters to implement their atypical maneuvers, in 21th International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics (MMAR) (2016).


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Paul BERE1, Jolanta B. KRÓLCZYK2*,

1 Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Machine Building, B-dul Muncii 103–105, RO-400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania, [email protected]

2 Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DETERMINATION BY TENSILE STRESS TEST OF

CARBON/EPOXY PLATES

Keywords: composite materials, carbon fiber/epoxy, mechanical properties

ABSTRACTUsed in aerospace, military, medical or racing cars manufacturing, the

polymeric composite materials end up being used in our daily life. Whether we refer to the performing vehicles, subassemblies or parts for aircrafts, wind, telegraph poles, or medical prostheses they all are present in our lives and they are made of composite materials (CM). This paper presents research regarding three different composite materials, plates by carbon fiber, in epoxy matrix. Starting with materials presentation, manufacturing methodology and determination of mechanical properties at carbon fiber/epoxy were done. Vacuum bag technology to obtain the composite struc-ture offer opportunity to obtain a very compact and homogeny composite structure. For the moment this technology are adequate for high perfor-mances pieces. The mechanical characteristics of plates made of composite materials reinforced presented indicates closed value like metal materials. Based on the results, a comparative study between the reinforced materials type used to manufacture the plates of CM is carried out.



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Andrzej BIENIEK1*

1 Opole University of Technology, [email protected]

ANALYSIS OF WIND ENGINE ENERGY GENERATION AT DISADVANTAGE

WINDINESS AREAS

Keywords: wind engine, multi-bladed rotor, wind energy conversion, unfavourable wind condition

ABSTRACTThe paper deal with possibilities of energy generation using multi-blade

wind engine operates in the areas with unfavourable wind condition. The paper presents energy generation growth using wind farms in the last de-cade and wind energy resources with wind condition zones. There are also wind energy conversion estimation results presented based on proposed solution of multi-blade wind turbine of outer diameter of 3,25 m. In the study are experimental results of wind engine model included. Theoretical wind turbine operating indexes enable presentation of electricity generation components. Based on the wind distribution histogram from the city of Opole and taking into account design of the considered turbine and espe-cially its estimated parameters annual energy generation was estimated. Also comparison of annual energy production by wind engine placed at various heights in range of 10–30 m are graphically presented.

REFERENCES[1] IEA Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, Eenergiläget i siffror (2011).[2] GWEC Global Wind Report Annual Market Update (2014).[3] IEO, Rynek małych elektrowni wiatrowych w Polsce EC BREC, pp. 1–13 (2010).[4] E. Głodek, Możliwości wykorzystania energii wiatru do wytwarzania energii

elektrycznej w województwie opolskim, Wydawnictwo Instytut Śląski Opole (2008).

[5] K. Nalepa, W. Miąskowski, P. Pietkiewicz, J. Piechocki, P. Bogacz, Poradnik małej energetyki wiatrowej, WFOŚiGW Olsztyn (2011).



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[6] M. Brzezioski, M. Choszowski, J. Homoncik, K. Pierzga, K. Ząber, Z. Ząber, Małe przydomowe elektrownie wiatrowe (2012).

[7] H. Lorenc, Zasoby energii wiatru w Polsce, Materiały Badawcze IMGW Seria 18 (1992).

[8] P.L. Fraenkel, Water lifting devices, Wind Power, FAO paper No. 43 (1986).[9] P.G. Narowski, Dane klimatyczne do obliczeń energetycznych w budownictwie,

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja, 11, (2006)[10] M. Sathyajith, G.S. Philip, Advances in wind energy conversion technology

Springer (2011). [11] Z. Plutecki, P. Sattler, K. Ryszczyk, Wybór lokalizacji zabudowy małych turbin

wiatrowych na podstawie badań symulacyjnych zjawisk w geometrii 3d, In-nowacje w zarządzaniu i inżynierii produkcji, Poland, Zakopane, Vol. XVII (2014)

[12] http//www.darmowa-energia.eko.org.pl[13] http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013

(2013).[14] http://www.eabgld.at/uploads/tx_mddownloadbox/Bericht_Kleinwindkraft__

AEE_20090414.pdf[15] K. Markowicz, Pomiary oraz analiza pola wiatru dla potrzeb energetycznych

(2010). http://www.igf.fuw.edu.pl/meteo/stacja/wyklady/energiaodnawialna/Wiatr/analizazasobowwiatru.pdf


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Tomasz BOCZAR1*, Paweł FRĄCZ2*, Dariusz ZMARZŁY3*, Norbert ADAMKIEWICZ4, Włodzimierz STANISŁAWSKI5

1 Opole University of Technology, 45-758, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland, [email protected]


3 Opole University of Technology, 45-758, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland, [email protected];


5 University of Applied Sciences in Nysa, 4 Chodowieckiego Street, 48-300Nysa, Poland, [email protected]

CALIBRATION OF PARAMETERS OF WATER SUPPLY NETWORK MODEL USING GENETIC

ALGORITHM

Keywords: water supply networks, optimization, genetic algorithm

ABSTRACTComupter simulation models of water supply networks are commonly

applied in the water industry [1–3]. As part of the research works, results of which are presented in the paper, OFF-LINE and ON-LINE calibration of water supply network model parameters using two methods was carried out and compared. The network skeleton was developed in the Epanet soft-ware. For optimization two types of dependent variables were subjected: the pressure on the node and volume flow in the network section. The first calibration method regards to application of the genetic algorithm, which is build the plugin “Epanet Calibrator”. The second method was related to the use of function ga, which is implemented in the MATLAB toolbox Genetic Algorithm and Direct Search. The possibilities of application of these algo-rithms to solve the issue of optimizing the parameters of the created model of water supply network in both cases: OFF-LINE and ON-LINE calibration was examined.



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An analysis of the effectiveness of the considered algorithms for different values of configuration parameters was performed.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe work was co-financed by the Polish National Center for Science and

Development within the project no PBS3/B3/33/2015.

REFERENCES[1] H. Jia, W. Wei, K. Xin, Hydraulic model for multi-sources reclaimed water pipe

network based on EPANET and it’s applications in Beijing, China. Higher Edu-cation Press and Springer – Verlag (2008).

[2] R. Schmid, Review of modelling software for piped distribution networks. Working papers on water supply and environmental sanitation (2002).

[3] B. Ulanicki, A. Zehnpfund, F. Martinez, Simplification of water distribution net-work models. Proc. 2nd Intl. Conf. on Hydroinformatics, Zurich (1996).


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Joanna BOGUNIEWICZ-ZABŁOCKA1*, Andrea CAPODAGLIO2, Daniel VOGEL1

1 Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-271 Opole, Poland2 DICAr, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy

ANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT EFFICIENCY IN A SOFT DRINKS INDUSTRY

ABSTRACT

During manufacturing processes, most industrial plants generate waste-water which could become harmful to the environment. Discharge of un-treated or improperly treated industrial wastewaters into surface water could, in fact, lead to deterioration of the receiving water body’s quality. This paper concerns wastewater treatment solutions used in the soft drink production industry: wastewater treatment plant effectiveness analysis was determined in terms of basic pollution indicators, such as BOD, COD, TSS and variable pH. Initially, the performance of mechanic-biological systems for the treatment of wastewater from a specific beverages production pro-cess was studied in different periods, due to wastewater flow fluctuation. The study then showed the positive effects on treatment of wastewater augmentation by methanol, nitrogen and phosphorus salts dosed into it during the treatment process. Results confirm that pollution removal occurs mostly with high efficiency.



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Grzegorz BORSUK1, Sławomir POCHWAŁA2, Jacek WYDRYCH3*

1 Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, Opole, Poland, [email protected]



INFLUENCE OF CALCINATION PROCESS ON THE FORMATION

OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

Keywords: calcination, atmospheric pollutant, CFD

ABSTRACTCement industry using lime kilns is one of the sources of atmospheric

pollution. The subject of the study is to analyze the phenomena of thermal flow in the lift chamber of the exchangers furnace tower including the combustion of coal dust and decarbonisation of raw lime powder. During the research were provided development of a mathematical model of: com-bustion of particulate solid fuels, calcining the raw material, formation and reduction of NOx and COx. Moreover conducting the number for the current and the upgraded design of the chamber lift and analysis of the results.

In this study, a mathematical model based on Euler’s method to describe the motion of the gas phase and the Lagrange method to describe the motion of particles [1–4]. In the calculations there were assumed fractional particles raw material and fuel, and the following processes: flow of exhaust gasses from the rotary kiln through the lift chamber, heat exchange between the particles of raw material and exhaust gasses, the additional fuel combus-tion in the lift chamber, the process of raw material calcination, formation and reduction of NOx and COx, effect of the additional (tertiary) air delivery on the processes in the chamber.



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The calculations considered several different options. In particular alter-natives of modified flow system by supplying tertiary air and points location of raw material to the precalciner chamber.

Completed numerical calculations have shown that the design of the lift chamber and conditions of its operation (presence of tertiary air) affect of the heat-flow and thermochemical processes in the chamber. It was found that the increase in the concentration of NOx in the furnace lift chamber in all alternatives is smaller than the emission limit regulated by law.

REFERENCES[1] T. Abbas, M. Akritopoulos, T. Lowes, Burners for Kilns and Precalciners: Part I –

Kiln Burners, World Cement, December 2009, pp. 79–90.[2] G. Borsuk, B. Dobrowolski, J. Wydrych, Gas-solids mixture flow through a two-

bend system, Chemical and Process Engineering, 27 (2006), pp. 645–656.[3] A.K. Chatterjee, Chemistry and engineering of the clinkerization process – In-

cremental advances and lack of breakthroughs; Cement and Concrete Research 41 (2011), pp. 624–641.

[4] P. Cheng, Two-dimensional radiating gas flow by a moment method, AIIA Journal, 2 (1964), pp. 1622–1664.


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Katarzyna BOTWIŃSKA1*, Remigiusz MRUK2, Mateusz WATA3, Karol TUCKI4

1 Warsaw Univesity of Life Science, 164 Nowoursynowska St., Warsaw, Poland, [email protected]




SIMULATION OF FUEL DEMAND FOR WOOD-GAS IN COMBUSTION ENGINE

Keywords: wood gas, biofuel, combustion engine

ABSTRACTRoad transport is considered to be one of the main sources of air pol-

lution in the European Community. The legal constraints imposed by the European Union on transport fuels have implications for increasing the share of green fuels and biofuels that will reduce harmful emissions [1]. For the production of biofuels very important are the vegetable raw ma-terials from which alternative fuels can be produced for any conventional fuel. One example is synthesis gas, which can be a substitute for gasoline, LPG or methane gas. This gas has been used in motor vehicles since 1923. The Second World War disseminated the use of synthesized wood gas due to the deficit of gasoline. Next this fuel has left the transport sector and has been replaced by conventional fuels. In the era of the current oil crisis, this gas could be reused as fuel [2].

The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of supplying a modern passenger car by wood gas. For this purpose was used a comput-er simulation built in the SciLab environment. The model uses the actual parameters of a Fiat Seicento vehicle with a 54 hp Fire 1.1 8v engine. In the simulation was determined a demand for a wood gas in spark engine and for gasoline 95, methane and LPG for comparative purposes. The power



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values of the engine were also determined when feeding on the said fuels. The results of the simulation showed a decrease in power during the sup-ply of the unit with the wood gas and the increased fuel demand due to the low calorific value of the carrier. Analyzing the obtained results and the additional inconveniences described in the literature, it has been found that the use of wood gas is currently unfounded.

REFERENCES[1] European Environment Agency Air quality in Europe – 2016 report (EEA Report

No 28/2016).[2] F.Y. Hagos, A.R.A. Aziz, S.A. Sulaiman, Trends of syngas as a fuel in internal

combustion engines. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 6 (2014), 401587.


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Katarzyna BOTWIŃSKA1*, Remigiusz MRUK2, Mateusz ZALESKI3, Jacek SŁOMA4





SIMULATION OF DIESEL ENGINE EMISSIONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF FIAT PANDA

IN THE NEDC TEST

Keywords: diesel exhaust emission, diesel engine

ABSTRACTThe intensive development of the road transport sector, which has been

observed over the past decades, is not indifferent to the our environment. Despite the continual improvement of modern propulsion units in terms of improving work efficiency and environmental parameters, transport has been qualified by the European Environment Agency as one of the main sectors responsible for atmospheric pollution [1]. In response to the problem of excessive emissions from vehicles, new and increasingly stringent vehicle test procedures are being developed to minimize the negative effects of their operation. One of the current validation tests is the NEDC test, which evaluates the emissions and fuel consumption of the vehicles tested [2]. The admissible values of the individual components of the exhaust are set out in the EURO VI standard. However, the process of testing vehicles with ho-mologation tests is time-consuming and requires the specialist equipment like chassis dynamometer and a measuring instrument for the entire system.

The aim of this study was to create simulation models that allow for proper selection of the chassis dynamometer and to simulate the emissiv-



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ity of the engine during the NEDC test. The work was created at research project Pol-Nor / 201040/72/2013. To build model was used Matlab’s Simulink environment, while the simulation object was the Fiat Panda car with 1.3 MultiJet diesel engine. The resulting simulation model of the chassis dy-namometer, taking into account the different configurations of the them, allows to obtain the information necessary for the brake parameters selec-tion. The Fiat Panda passenger car simulation model allows to determining the instantaneous course of emission for each test phase and the cumulative mileage which corresponds to the actual values obtained in the homolo-gation tests.

REFERENCES[1] European Environment Agency Air quality in Europe – 2016 report (EEA Report

No 28/2016)[2] T. J. Barlow, S. Latham, I.S. McCrae, P.G. Boulter, A reference book of driving

cycles for use in the measurement of road vehicle emissions (TRL Published Project Report, 2009).


| 35

Marta BOŻYM1

1 Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-271 Opole, Poland

THE STUDY OF HEAVY METALS LEACHING FROM WASTE FOUNDRY SANDS USING

A ONE-STEP EXTRACTION

Keywords: waste foundry sands, one-step extraction, heavy metals, leaching

ABSTRACTHeavy metal mobility and bioavailability in soils and waste deposited

on the ground depend strongly on the mineralogical and chemical forms in which they occur. Extraction techniques are usually used to evaluate the mobility of heavy metals in environment. Methods for chemical leaching of metals can be divided into single- (one-step) or multi-stage (sequential) extraction. One-step extraction tests are commonly used to study the eco-toxicity, mobility of metals and to determine the potential of a solid waste to contaminate ground water. Because the spent foundry sand are usually deposited at the ground level and they have a similar structure to the soil, survey mobility of metals using the same methods seems appropriate. There are a number of leaching test which are used to evaluate the effect of foundry waste disposal on the environment (TCLP, SPLP, ASTM at al.). However one-step extraction also lets you specify not only the degree of leaching of these metals but also their bioavailability. Waste foundry sands have been successfully used as a component in manufactured soils in U.S., but concern over metal contamination must be eliminated before consid-ering this direction of use.

The study evaluated the leaching of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni) from deposited waste foundry sands. The overall, as well as heavy metals were extracted by different type of extractants: H2O, CH3COOH, HCl, EDTA, MgCl2 and NaCOOH. These extractants are most commonly used to study the mobility and bioavailability of metals in soil and waste. In the present study applicable standards and methodology described in the literature in analysis were used. The results allowed to evaluate the bioavailability of metals leached from those wastes.


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Artur BUGAŁA1*, Karol BEDNAREK1, Leszek KASPRZYK1, Andrzej TOMCZEWSKI1

1 Institute of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Poznan University of Technology, 3a Piotrowo Street, 60-965 Poznań, Poland, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTRIC ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM PHOTOVOLTAIC

CONVERSION USING MOBILE AND FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS

Keywords: statistical analysis, tracking system, photovoltaics, electric energy generation

ABSTRACTThe paper presents the most representative – from the three-year mea-

surement time period-characteristics of daily and monthly electricity pro-duction from a photovoltaic conversion using modules installed in a fixed and 2 – axis tracking construction. Results are presented for selected sum-mer, autumn, spring and winter days. Analyzed measuring stand is located on the roof of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering Poznan University of Technology building.

The basic parameters of the statistical analysis like mean value, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, median, range, or coefficient of variation were used. It was found that the asymmetry factor can be useful in the analysis of the daily electricity production from a photovoltaic conversion.

In order to determine the repeatability of monthly electricity production, occurring between the summer, and summer and winter months, a non- parametric Mann – Whitney U test was used as a statistical solution.

In order to analyze the repeatability of daily peak hours, describing the largest value of the hourly electricity production, a non - parametric Krus-kal – Wallis test was applied as an extension of the Mann – Whitney U test.



38 |

Used non-parametric methods are suitable for small populations, where the variables are measured in a quantitative, ordinal or dichotomous scale.

Based on the analysis of the electric energy distribution from a prepared monitoring system it was found that a traditional forecasting methods of the electricity production from a photovoltaic conversion, like multiple regression models, should not be the preferred methods of the analysis.

Comprehensive statistical analysis can be useful in the analysis of the energy potential in central Poland, represented by the city of Poznan, in terms of its use in planning new investments in the renewable energy sec-tor, especially including technologies that use solar energy conversion into electricity or heat.


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Krystian CZERNEK1*, Stanisław WITCZAK2

1 Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-271 Opole, Poland, [email protected]


FORMING OF FILM SURFACE OF VERY VISCOUS LIQUID FLOWING WITH GAS

IN PIPES

Keywords: optoelectronic measurement system, very viscous liquid, two-phase flow

ABSTRACTThe study presents the possible use of optoelectronic system for the

measurement of the values, which are specific for hydrodynamics of two-phase gas liquid flow in vertical pipes, where a very-high-viscosity liquid forms a falling film in a pipe. The experimental method was provided, and the findings were presented and analysed for selected values, which char-acterize the two-phase flow. Attempt was also made to evaluate the effects of flow parameters and properties of the liquid on the gas-liquid interface value, which is decisive for the conditions of heat exchange and mass trans-fer in falling film equipment. The nature and form of created waves at various velocities were also described.

In the literature in this subject Czernek et al. [1], Czernek et al. [2], Xu et al. [3], Oriol et al. [4], Jassim et al. [5] the items devoted to two-phase gas-very viscous liquid flow are relatively scarce despite the wide range of existing applications of such systems.

On the basis of analysis of the identified annular flow structures of vis-cous liquid flow determined during experiment a conclusion has been made that the forms of annular structure can differ considerably depending on liquid viscosity and mutual relations of velocities of two phases – from smooth liquid film to severely dispersed hydraulic form. Finally, for this flow regime a classification of flow structures is proposed. In general, this



40 |

classification reflects the characteristics of annular gas-very viscous liquid two-phase flow and involves identification of structures in downward flow of oil-air mixture in a vertical pipe with a diameter of 22 mm within the range of viscosity coefficient of (90–3500) mPas.

REFERENCES[1] K. Czernek, G. Filipczak, S. Witczak, Chem. Ind., 87/2 (2008).[2] K. Czernek, S. Witczak, Chem. And Proc. Eng., 34 (2013).[3] J.-y Xu, Y.-x Wu, Z.-h Shi, L.-y Lao, D.-h Li, Int. Jou. of Mult. Flow, 33, 9 (2007).[4] J. Oriol, J.P. Leclerc, C. Jallut, P. Tochon, P. Clement, Chem. Eng. Sc., 63, 1 (2008).[5] E.W. Jassim, T.A. Newell, J.C. Chato, Exper. Ther. and Fluid Sc., 32, 5 (2008).


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Wojciech DEPCZYŃSKI1, Artur PIASECKI2, Magdalena PIASECKA3*, Kinga STRĄK4

1 Kielce University of Technology, 7 1000-lecia P.P. Avenue, 25-314 Kielce, Poland, [email protected]

2 Contractor of the project from the Polish National Science Centre (No. DEC-2013/09/B/ST8/02825), [email protected]



IMPACT OF THE POROUS HEATED SURFACE PRODUCTION PROCESSES: SINTERING AND

SOLDERING OF FE POWDER, ON FLOW BOILING HEAT TRANSFER IN MINICHANNELS

Keywords: porous surface, heat transfer intensification, flow boiling, minichannel

ABSTRACTUp-to date it is observed an increase in the intensity of heat flux in elec-

tronic systems and other modern technologies. The focus is on minimizing the size of the heat exchangers, while maximizing leads heat flux. Therefore, there is a need to intensification of heat transfer. One of the ways is the use of boiling phenomena, the other – using enhanced heated surfaces [1, 2]. In recent years, mainly passive methods are being developed, both in the application of porous coatings and due to mechanical processing of the metal surface [3, 4].

This paper focuses on identify of impact of the porous heated surface production processes: Fe powder sintering and soldering, on flow boiling heat transfer in minichannels. The results concerning flow boiling heat transfer in a vertical rectangular minichannel asymmetrically heated were discussed. The heated element for Fluorinert FC-72 flowing in a minichannel was a thin alloy foil made of Haynes-230. Infrared thermography was used



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to determine changes in the temperature on the outer smooth side of the foil. Two-phase flow patterns were observed through a glass pane [5]. The heated surfaces in contact with the fluid in the minichannel were pro-duced in two production processes: sintering or soldering of Fe powder to the foil. The results were presented as relationships between the heat transfer coefficient and heat flux for the selected the distance along the minichannel length and as boiling curves. The experimental data obtained for the two types of porous heated surfaces was compared. The highest values of the heat transfer coefficient were reported for the porous surface enhanced by soldering powder.

Acknowledgments: The research reported herein was supported by a grant from the National Science Centre (No. DEC-2013/09/B/ST8/02825).

REFERENCES[1] M. Piasecka, Ann. Nucl. Energy 73, pp. 282–293 (2014).[2] M. Piasecka, Int. J. Refrig. 56, pp. 198–212 (2015).[3] W. Depczyński, R. Kazała, K. Ludwinek, K. Jedynak, Materials 9 (7), 567, 1–12

(2016).[4] W. Depczyński, Proc. 23rd Int. Conf. Metallurgy Materials METAL 2014, Poland

(2014)[5] M. Piasecka, K. Strąk, B. Maciejewska, Heat Transf. Eng. 38, 3 332–346 (2017).


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Bolesław DOBROWOLSKI1, Grzegorz BORSUK2*, Jacek WYDRYCH3




NUMERICAL STUDIES OF METROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF VENTURI TUBE

IN THE AIR-COAL PARTICLE MIXTURE FLOW MEASUREMENT IN POWER INDUSTRY

Keywords: pulverized coal, pneumatic transport, flow measurements, CFD simulations

ABSTRACTGas-particle mixture flow occurs in many industries where pneumatic

transport is used. In example power industry, food industry, building mate-rials industry and many others. Proper process and operation of the techno-logical and energy convection processes requires the curent knowledge of the mass flow of one of its components. This problem is particularly import-ant in the power industry, where the uniform supply of boiler burners re-quires the measurement of the particle coal value carried by the gas stream.

One method of measuring homogeneous fluid streams is a venture method. It has many advantages and high accuracy when the requirements specified in the relevant normative documents are fulfilled [1]. As a results of the tests, it has been found that the types of venturi tubes can be used also to measure mixtures, but the presence of an additional phase changes the charakteristics of the flowmeter. The conditions of using a flow meter for the measurement of gas-particle mixture is to calibrate the condition similar to those for further use.

The goal ot the study is to evaluate the effect of particle concetration and fractional composition on the pressure in the venturi while the measurement



44 |

of gas-particle mixture. Gas phase motion was decribed by Euler method and particle motion by Lagrange method [2]. Calculations were solved using AN-SYS Fluent [3]. A series of numerical calculations were carried out on the yield particle concentraton Y ≤ 2 and their diameters 10 µm < dp < 200 µm. It has been comfirmed that, except for the Y concentration loading ratio, the icrease in the differential pressure on the venturi tube also affects the Stokes number. It depends on the particle coal diameters distribution. A corection function has been proposed to determine the effect of particle distribution on the results of the mixture flow measurement. The results of the calculations were complared with the Lee and Crove experimental data [4]. A good compari-son of calculation results to measurement results was found.

REFERENCES[1] PN-EN ISO 5167-1: Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny, Warszawa (2005).[2] B. Dobrowolski , J. Wydrych, Journal of Theoretical and Applied mechanics,

Warszawa (2007), No. 45, pp. 513–537.[3] ANSYS Fluent, Ansys Inc. (2016). [4] J. Lee, C.T. Crowe, J. Fluids Eng, Vol. 104 (1982), pp. 88–91.


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M. Sami DONDUREN1*, Ozlem SISIK1

1 Selcuk University, Departmen Of Civil Engineering, 42060, Konya,Turkey

MATERIALS, USED IN HISTORICAL BUILDINGS, ANALYSIS METHODS AND SOLUTIONS

PURPOSALS

ABSTRACTMost of historical buildings are built with pressure principle and have the

characteristics of masonry structures. therefore, the structure components of buildings are constituted bearing walls, columns, buttresses, vaults and domes. natural stone, cut stone, rubble stone brick or alternate materials were used in the bearing elements. Brick-dust and mortar with more binding feature were used as combination elements. In time, some problems were occurred in used materials and in structure as a result of various effects. therefore, it is necessary to apply various applications in framework of re-pair and strengthening of buildings. In this study, about the restoration of historic buildings, the control of the adequacy of the bearing systems as one most important part of structure, and/or if needed ensuring the adequacy will be examined. For this purpose, static analysis of edirne-merkez demirtaş (timurtaş) mosque located in edirne, will be made and suggestion applied and/or will be applied will be revealed. Structure will be modeled with finite element model of sap2000 package program and the forces generated un-der various loads and stresses, the occurred deformation due to that, over-flow of allowable stress of this deformation and stresses will be investigated.



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Dawid DRABIK1, Jarosław MAMALA2*, Michał ŚMIEJA3, Krzysztof PRAŻNOWSKI4

1 MEng PhD student in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at Opole University of Technology, Poland

2 DSc., DEng Professor at Opole University of Technology, [email protected] President of the Board, Science&Technology Park in Opole, Poland

3 PhD Lecturer in the Department of Mechatronics at University of Warmia and Mazury, Poland

4 PhD Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at Opole University of Technology, Poland

POSSIBILITY OF REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

ABSTRACTModern internal combustion engines are built from the point of view of

achieving the highest overall efficiency of the entire system. Those aspects that are associated with environmental protection and CO2 reduction are very important in the production of power units. Therefore, automobile manufacturers attempt to design their cars in such a way as to ensure their cars are fuel-efficient and have good responsiveness. There are many ways to reduce CO2, starting from those directly related to the engine and ending with the design of bodywork. However, internal combustion engines are still the most common units that transform fuel energy into mechanical ener-gy. The development of systems that enhance engine efficiency is already very advanced. New solutions to improve engines as units that transform fuel energy into mechanical energy are still being produced. One way is to increase efficiency by increasing the compression ratio in an engine con-tinuously. The possibilities of increasing the compression ratio in a petrol engine are limited mainly by a chance that a phenomenon called engine knocking occurs, which leads to serious damage to the engine design. Strength conditions and the occurrence of mechanical losses due to the compression ratio being too high cause the compression ratio to be in the range of 9 to 14 for petrol engines. The results to be obtained by the increase in the compression ratio are so promising that many companies are trying



48 |

to design an engine with a variable compression ratio. The article presents the engine built by French company is very promising as its compression ratio is controlled by the change of the volume of the combustion chamber with a very complex system.

Moreover in the article defines on the possibility of reduction CO2 of the internal combustion engine and presents the analysis based on originally conducted studies. The application of the compression ratio that has been increased constructionally in the engine will, on one hand, bring about the increase in the theoretical efficiency, but, on the other hand, require a sys-tem for pressure control at a higher engine load in order to prevent engine knocking. For the purposes of the article there was carried out a number of studies and compiled results, and on their basis determined what have a major impact on the reducing CO2.


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Stanisław DUER1*, Dariusz BERNATOWICZ2

1 Technical University of Koszalin, Department of Mechanics, 15–17 Raclawicka St., 75-620 Koszalin, Poland, email: [email protected];

2 Technical University of Koszalin, Department of Electronic and Informatics, 2 Sniadeckich St., 75-453 Koszalin, email: [email protected]

THE COMPUTER DIAGNOSTIC PROGRAM (DIAG 2) FOR IDENTIFYING STATES OF COMPLEX TECHNICAL OBJECTS

Keywords: intelligent system, servicing process, system modelling, expert system, artificial neural networks, knowledge base, diagnostics information

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a method to control an operation process of a com-

plex technical object, with the use of trivalent diagnostic information. Also, a general diagram of the complex technical object was presented, and its internal structure was described. A diagnostic analysis was conduct-ed, as a result of which sets of the functional elements of the object and its diagnostic signals were determined. Also, the methodology of the di-agnostic examination of the technical system was presented. The result was a functional and diagnostic model, which constituted the basis for initial diagnostic information, which is provided by the sets of information concerning the elements of the basic modules and their output signals. The theoretical results obtained in the present study were verified in practice on the example of a complex and reparable technical object. It belongs to the group of technical equipment for which a short time of shutdowns is required (an ineffective use of the object).



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Stanisław DUER1*, Paweł WRZESIEŃ2, Radosław DUER3

1 Technical University of Koszalin, Department of Mechanics, 15-17 Raclawicka St., 75-620 Koszalin, Poland, email: [email protected];

2 Vortex Energy Polska sp. z o.o., ul. Malczewskiego 26, 71-612 Szczecin, Poland, email: [email protected]

3 Technical University of Koszalin, Department of Electronics and Informatics, 2 Śniadec-kich St., 75-453 Koszalin, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

CREATING STRUCTURE OF FACTS IN THE KNOWLEDGE BASE OF

AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR WIND POWER PLANT’S EQUIPMENT DIAGNOSIS

Keywords: technical diagnostics, diagnostic information, expert systems, artificial intelligence

ABSTRACTThis article describes rules and conditions for making a structure (a set)

of facts for an expert knowledge base of the intelligent system to diagnose Wind Power Plants’ equipment. Considering particular operational condi-tions of a technical object, that is a set of Wind Power Plant’s equipment, this is a significant issue. A structural model of Wind Power Plant’s equip-ment is developed. Based on that, a functional – diagnostic model of Wind Power Plant’s equipment is developed. That model is a basis for determining primary elements of the object structure, as well as for interpreting a set of diagnostic signals and their reference signals. The key content of this paper is a description of rules for building of facts on the basis of developed an-alytical dependence. According to facts, their dependence is described by rules for transferring of a set of pieces of diagnostic information into a set of facts. The article consists of four chapters that concern particular issues on the subject.

Chapter one gives descriptions and characteristics of Wind Power Plant’s equipment. For that reason, a structural model of the Wind Power Plant is



52 |

developed. A structure of that model is presented in a form of a functional scheme of specific Wind Power Plant’s equipment.

Chapter two presents and describes a functional-diagnostic model of Wind Power Plant’s equipment. Fundamental rules for making functional-di-agnostic models of complex technical objects are described. Those function-al-diagnostic models of objects (processes) are a basis for acquiring initial diagnostic information on the object under examination. Such diagnostic information is a basis for making expert knowledge bases. To make a set of facts, a set of diagnostic pieces of information is processed. A structure of acquired diagnostic information is described and characterized.

Chapter three presents rules and conditions for making a set (structure) of facts for the expert system to diagnose Wind Power Plant’s equipment. Making expert knowledge bases is a significantly complex process of trans-formation of objects’ diagnostic information sets into such a piece of infor-mation that is required by the expert system. For that reason, an analytical dependence, which is a basis for making a base of facts for the object under examination, is developed and described.

Chapter four presents a summary of the work. The elaborated base (structure) of facts consists of a set of 360 facts of the knowledge base of the diagnostic system. It was proven that a set of facts is a particular component of the expert knowledge base. The set of facts is a key element in the next stage of making a knowledge base in order to create a set of diagnostic rules that ensure proper functioning of the Wind Power Plant’s equipment’s diagnostic expert system.


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Roman DYGA1, Małgorzata PŁACZEK2*



SELECTED PROBLEMS OF GAS-LIQUID FLOW THROUGH THE CHANNELS FILLED

WITH METAL FOAMS

Keywords: open-cell metal foam, gas-liquid flow, heat transfer, pressure drop, flow patterns

ABSTRACTThe paper presents an analysis of experimental results on heat transfer

and hydrodynamics of gas-liquid two-phase flow through the channels filled with open-cell metal foams. Open-cell metal foams are relatively unknown type of cellular material, which due to the specific properties is increasingly being used as structural packing in the construction of industrial equipment.

More than 90 percent porosity and completely open cell structure allows to significantly reduce pressure losses when pumping fluid through this special type of filling material (in comparison with other porous materials).

The high thermal conductivity and specific surface area of the foam skel-eton allows their use in apparatuses where transfer of significant streams of heat take place, eg. evaporators of refrigeration systems, solar collectors and catalytic reactors with solid packing.

Because of the lack of sufficient information about the hydrodynamic and thermal phenomena occurring in two-phase flow through the metal foams, the experimental research of flow of air-water and air-heated oil through horizontal channel filled with three kinds of foams made of aluminum alloys were undertaken. The research included the registration of temperature and pressure changes on fluid flow path. Furthermore the phase void fraction was measured and flow patterns in present in the channel were observed. The measurement data allowed to relate the intensity of heat transfer and



54 |

pressure loss with hydrodynamic conditions of flow, and determine the impact of the parameters of foam on tested phenomena.

It was found that in two-phase flow, both from heat transfer and hydro-dynamics of flow point of view, the liquid plays the dominant role. It was also found a significant influence of flow patterns on frictional pressure loss value and phase void fraction.

Whereas the flow patterns and geometry of the foam in much lesser extent influence on the intensity of heat transfer. Type of gas-liquid flow patterns primarily depends on flow conditions, including the velocity and properties of fluids. On the other hand, it wasn’t stated any significant effect of geometrical parameters of foam on the type of flow and the value of phase void fraction. Among many flow patterns observed during the study, there have been identified four basic structures: plug, semi-slug, slug, and stratified.


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Waldemar FEDAK1, Stanisław ANWEILER1*, Wojciech GANCARSKI1, Roman ULBRICH1

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland, email: [email protected], phone: +48 888 272 878

DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE BLADES

BASED ON POWER SPECTRUM

Keywords: RES, VAWT, cup-blade rotor, power spectrum, design

ABSTRACTSouth East Europe is the region with approximately 65.5 million inhabi-

tants, making up 8.9% of Europe’s total population. The countries concerned have distinct geographical features, various climates and significant dif-ferences in gross domestic product per capita, so the integration of their energy systems is considered to be a challenging task [1]. There has been growing interest in developing Locally Integrated Energy Sectors (LIES) as a Process Integration approach for synergising the energy systems that include renewable energy resources with urban (i.e. civic, residential, busi-ness and service complexes) [2].Technology of wind exploitation has been applied widely all over the world and has already reached the level in which manufacturers want to maximize the yield with the minimum investment outlays. Wind energy has become an important source of electricity pro-duction due to its abundance and low environmental impact. Advanced techniques have been developed to achieve as much energy as possible with the wind turbines [3].

The main objective of this paper is the determination of the optimal num-ber of blades in the Cup-Bladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). Optimiz-ing the size of the VAWT allows the reduction of costs. The maximum power of the rotor is selected as the performance target. The optimum number of VAWT blades evaluation is based on analysis of a single blade simulation and its superposition for the whole rotor. The simulation of working blade was



56 |

done in MatLab environment. Power spectrum graphs were prepared and compared throughout superposition of individual blades in the VAWT rotor.

The major result of this research is the VAWT power characteristic. On the basis of the analysis of the power spectra, optimum number of the blades was specified for the analysed rotor. Power spectrum analysis of wind tur-bine enabled the specification of the optimal number of blades, and can be used regarding investment outlays and power output of the VAWT.

REFERENCES[1] D.F. Dominković, I. Bačeković, B. Ćosić, G. Krajačić, T. Pukšec, N. Duić, N. Markovska,

Zero carbon energy system of South East Europe in 2050. Applied Energy, 184 (2016), pp. 1517–1528.

[2] P.Y. Liew, W.L. Theo, S.R.W. Alwi, J.S. Lim, Z.A. Manan, J.J. Klemeš, P.S. Varban-ov, Total Site Heat Integration planning and design for industrial, urban and renewable systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68 (2017), pp. 964–985.

[3] H. Lu, P. Zeng, L. Lei, Y. Yang, Y. Xu, L. Qian, A smart segmented blade system for reducing weight of the wind turbine rotor, Energy Conversion and Manage-ment, Vol. 88 (2014), pp. 535–544.


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Eugene FELDSHTEIN1*, Oleg G. DEVOJNO2, Marharyta A. KARDAPOLAVA2, Nikolaj I. LUTSKO2

1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, 4 Prof. Z. Szafrana Street, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland, [email protected]

2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belarusian National Technical University, 9 Khmelnitsky Street, build. 6, Minsk 220013, Belarus, [email protected]

FEATURES OF SINGLE LASER TRACKS IN COAXIAL LASER CLADDING OF A Ni-BASED

SELF-FLUXING ALLOY

Keywords: laser cladding, Ni-based self-fluxing alloy, single track features

ABSTRACTIn the present paper, the influence of coaxial laser cladding conditions

on the dimensions, microstructure, phases and microhardness of Ni-based self-fluxing alloy single tracks is studied. The height and width of single tracks depend on the speed and distance of the laser cladding: increasing the nozzle distance from the deposited surface 1.4 times reduces the width of the track 1.2−1.3 times and increases its height 1.2 times. The increase of the laser spot speed 3 times reduces the track width 1.2−1.4 times and the height in 1.5−1.6 times. At the same time, the increase of the laser spot speed 3 times reduces the track width 1.2−1.4 times and the height 1.5−1.6 times. Regulari-ties in the formation of single tracks microstructure with different cladding conditions are defined, as well as regularity of distribution of elements over the track depth and in the transient zone. The patterns of microhardness distribution over the track depth for different cladding conditions are found.



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Eugene FELDSHTEIN1*, Szymon WOJCIECHOWSKI2

1 University of Zielona Gora, 4 Prof. Z. Szafrana Street, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland2 Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Management,

Institute of Mechanical Technology, Poznan, Poland

WEAR OF CARBIDE INSERTS DURING TURNING OF C45 STEEL IN DRY CUTTING CONDITIONS

AND IN PRESENCE OF EMULSION MIST

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the wear features of indexable carbide P25 inserts when turning C45 steel with cutting speeds of 250−450 m/min in dry cutting conditions and in the presence of an emulsion mist (MQCL method). As the active component of the emulsion mist 5%, the aqueous emulsion of EMUL-GOL concentrate was used. While analyzing the size, shape and formation dynamics of tool wear, the larger dimensions were found for dry cutting. The statistical analysis of results allowed calculating the dependencies to deter-mine the wear rates. The SEM analysis revealed significant oxygen contents at the contact areas that are due to high temperatures in the cutting zone. When cutting with the emulsion mist the presence of phosphorus and cop-per entering in EMULGOL concentrate was fixed directly on the wear areas. It suggests the possibility of using compounds included in the emulsion mist to form AW and EP films at the contact areas in the cutting zone.



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Przemysław GOŚCIŃSKI1, Zbigniew NADOLNY1*, Grzegorz DOMBEK1, Bolesław BRÓDKA1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3a, 60-965, Poznan, Poland, [email protected]

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT AS PARAMETER DESCRIBING ABILITY OF INSULATING LIQUIDS

TO HEAT TRANSPORT

Keywords: heat transfer factor, mineral oil, natural ester, synthetic ester, power transformers

ABSTRACTThe paper presents the results of the measurements of heat transfer co-

efficient of insulating liquids used in transformers. The coefficient describes an ability of the liquid to heat transport. On the basis of the coefficient, effectiveness of cooling system of electric power devices can be estimated.

Following liquids were used for the measurements: mineral oil, synthetic and natural esters. It was assumed that surface heat load is 2500 W m-2, which is equal the load of transformer windings. A height of heat element was 1.6 m, because it makes possible steady distribution of temperature on its sur-face. The measurements of heat transfer coefficient was made as a function of various position of heat element (vertical, horizontal).

Based on the results of the measurements, it was found that heat transfer coefficient of mineral oil is the biggest, comparing to other liquids. It means, that the use of mineral oil as insulating liquid provides the best conditions of the cooling from all analyzed liquids. Heat transfer coefficient of both esters (natural and synthetic) were similar. The coefficient of esters, compared to mineral oil, was much smaller. It means, that in case of esters, hot spot tem-perature will be bigger than in case of the oil. Smaller ability of esters to heat transport results from their higher viscosity [1, 2]. Obtained measurement results are similar to computer simulation results, presented in articles [3, 4].



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REFERENCES[1] G. Dombek, Z. Nadolny, Eskploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Re-

liability 18, 3 (2016).[2] Z. Nadolny, G. Dombek, P. Przybylek, IEEE 2016 Conference on Electrical Insu-

lation and Dielectric Phenomena (2016).[3] G. Dombek, P. Goscinski, Z. Nadolny, Energy and Fuels (2016) (to be published).[4] P. Goscinski, G. Dombek, Z. Nadolny, B. Brodka, Przeglad elektrotechniczny 92,

10 (2016).


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Sławomir GUŁKOWSKI1, Ewelina KRAWCZAK1*

1 Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 38 Nadbystrzycka Street, 20-618 Lublin, Poland, [email protected]

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THIN FILMS DEPOSITION BY MAGNETRON SPUTTERING

METHOD FOR CIGS SOLAR CELL FABRICATION

Keywords: magnetron sputtering, photovoltaics, solar cells, CIGS

ABSTRACTAmong a variety of the thin film solar cell technologies of second generation,

cooper-indium-gallium-diselenide device (CIGS) with the latest highest lab cell efficiency record of 22.4 % seems to be the most promising for the power generation. This is partly due to the advantages of using low cost films of few microns thick not only as a metallic contacts but also as main structure of the solar cell consisted of high quality semiconductor layers. CIGS solar cells have the p-n junction based structure consisted of p-type CuInGaSe2 absorber and n-type CdS layer. CuInGaSe2/CdS junction is usually formed on the soda lime glass (SLG) substrate coated with the sputtered molybdenum layer as a back contact. High resistive layer on the top of the p-n junction and a high conduc-tivity transparent oxide with current-collecting grid complete the device. This paper reports the experimental studies of the particular layers deposited on the SLG substrate: molybdenum back contact, CIGS absorber, CdS layer, and Al top contact in order to examine the quality of p-n junction. Fabrication of Cu-InGaSe2/CdS junction on the Mo covered SLG substrate was shown. Aluminum and molybdenum contacts as well as p-type absorber and n-type CdS layer were deposited using DC/RF magnetron sputtering system. Single quaternary CuIn-GaSe2 target was used for absorber deposition under temperature of 400°C. Technological parameters of the film deposition process were carefully chosen to achieve the thickness of the particular layer as well as to control the stoi-chiometric concentration of the absorber. All structures were analyzed in terms of solar cell application. I-V dark curve of the completed SLG/Mo/CIGS/CdS/Al structure was measured in order to examine the quality of the p-n junction.



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Munish Kumar GUPTA1, Marian BARTOSZUK2*

1 MED, NIT Hamirpur-177005 H.P. India, e-mail: [email protected] Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street,

Opole 45-271, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

SURFACE ROUGHNESS EVALUATION IN MQL ASSISTED TURNING OF TITANIUM ALLOY

BY USING TOPSIS-AHP METHOD

Keywords: optimization, surface roughness, titanium, turning

ABSTRACTThe optimization of surface roughness values regarded as one of the

prominent concerns in minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) assisted turning of titanium alloy. With such an aim in mind, the application of TOPSIS-AHP method is implemented to determine the optimal cutting parameters for three surface roughness values i.e., Ra, Rq and Rz in turning of titanium al-loy under MQL conditions. The proposed methodology is divided into the following stages. Firstly, the turning experiments were performed on CNC lathe by considering cutting speed, feed rate and approach angle as input parameters. Then, the TOPSIS-AHP method is applied on the given experi-mental data and the optimum machining parameters were determined. In this paper, we discuss the optimization of the machining parameters in MQL assisted turning of titanium alloy by using TOPSIS-AHP method. The three surface roughness values i.e., average roughness (Ra), root mean square (Rq) and maximum peak to valley (Rz) were considered in this study. The findings from current investigations showed that, cutting speed of 200 m/min, feed rate of 0.10 mm/rev and approach angle of 75° causes the best multi-response characteristics for minimum surface roughness values.



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Arkadiusz GUŻDA1*, Norbert SZMOLKE2

1 Opole University of Technology, 76 Proszkowska Street, Opole, Poland, [email protected]


THE EFFICIENCY OF THE HEAT PUMP WATER HEATER, RELATED TO TAPPING CYCLE

OF DHW

Keywords: heat pump water heater, energy efficiency, domestic hot water

ABSTRACTPaper discuss one of the most effectively domestic hot water (DHW)

production system coming from air-source heat pump with integrated tank. Principle of operation of device was presented.

Moreover, the experimental set-up and measured values were described. In the experimental part, measures were conducted with the aim of deter-mining the relation of factor of energy efficiency to the duration of tapping cycle of DHW.

The obtained values were regarded to tapping cycle similar with recom-mended cycle in EN-16147.

In the end of paper, authors conducted a simplified ecological analysis, in order to determine the influence of operation of air-source heat pump with integrated tank on environment.



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Joanna GUZIAŁOWSKA-TIC1

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, Opole, Poland, [email protected]

THE USE OF QSAR METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF

N-OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT USING THE EXAMPLE OF HYDROXYESTER HE-1

Keywords: REACH, QSAR methods, n-octanol/water partition coefficient, AlogP, MlogP, Kowwin

ABSTRACTIt is the goal of the REACH Regulation to ensure a high level of protection

of human health and the environment from hazardous effects of chemi-cals. Classification and registration of chemicals relies on physicochemical, toxicological and ecotoxicological data. The results of these tests are used for labelling as well as for the risk assessment of the chemicals. The REACH Regulation represents the balance established in the legislative process between the need for generating new information on hazardous properties using animal tests and the aim of avoiding unnecessary animal testing. It therefore establishes the principle that testing on vertebrate animals shall be a last resort.

One alternative for generating data for labelling and risk assessment may comprise the use of (quantitative) structure– activity relationships, (Q)SARs. QSARs estimate toxic effect concentrations based on physical and/or chemical properties, without the use of experiments. Hence, if QSARs can be used as an alternative to in vivo testing, the number of animals used for the labelling and risk assessment of chemicals may be reduced.

QSAR modeling is commonly present in science, industry and institutions around the world. QSAR methods can be described as a mathematical cor-relations between the desired biological activity and chemical structure of the compound.


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This paper compares the results of the author’s own results of examina-tion on the n-octanol/water coefficient for the hydroxyester HE-1 with those generated by means of three models: Kowwin, MlogP, AlogP.

The test results indicate that, in the case of molecular similarity, the high-est determination coefficient was obtained for the model MlogP and the lowest root-mean square error was obtained for the Kowwin method. When comparing the mean logP value obtained using the QSAR models with the value resulting from the author’s own experiments, it was observed that the best conformity was that recorded for the model AlogP, where relative error was 15.2%.


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Joanna GUZIAŁOWSKA-TIC1*, Wilhelm JAn TIC2



ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PAINT AND VARNISH ADDITIVES BASED ON ISOBUTYRATE

ALDEHYDE CONDENSATION PRODUCTS

Keywords: hydroxyester HE-1, plasticizer, volatile organic compound, ecotoxicology, biodegradability

ABSTRACTThe demand for the application of new plasticizers and coalescents in

the production of water dispersion adhesives based on poly(vinyl acetate) has turned recently to be of particular significance since the use of all kinds of toxic phthalates was banned and the use of glycol derivatives classified as volatile organic compounds was restricted.

Hydroxyester HE-1 is an alternative for those plasticizers and coalescents for paints and varnishes, which have been withdrawn from use or their use limited. It is obtained from isobutanal during the process of aldol conden-sation in subsequent Cannizaro and Tishchenko reactions, is an alternative for toxic plasticizers used for the production of adhesives. HE-1 is a hydro-phobic organic solvent, mainly used as a coalescent in formulations of water borne facade paints. The product has a boiling point of 255oC, which places it outside the VOC classification.

The paper presents the results of four selected ecotoxicology tests in-cluding biodegradability, acute toxicity test for rainbow trout, algal growth inhibition test, and acute immobilization test for Daphnia. The substance was found to be biodegradable and have no negative impact on algal growth rate, however it may inhibit algal biomass growth. The results of Daphnia immobilization test show that the substance is safe for the aquat-ic environment. On the other hand, at higher concentrations, HE-1 may



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exhibit acute toxicity to rainbow trout. Based on the results and according to the Annex to the Regulation of the Minister of Health on the criteria and classification methods concerning chemical substances and their, it may be concluded that the test substance, HE-1, is a safe substance and poses no threat to the environment.


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Wojciech P. HUNEK1*, Paweł MAJEWSKI2

1 Opole University of Technology, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland [email protected]

2 Opole University of Technology, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland [email protected]

NEW APPROACH TO WIRELESS DATA COMMUNICATION

IN A PROPAGATION ENVIRONMENT

Keywords: perfect signal reconstruction, nonsquare MIMO systems, polynomial matrix inverses, propagation environment

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a new idea of perfect signal reconstruction in multi-

variable wireless communications systems including a different number of transmitting and receiving antennas. The proposed approach is based on the polynomial matrix S-inverse associated with Smith factorization. Crucial-ly, the above mentioned inverse implements the so-called degrees of free-dom. It has been confirmed by simulation study that the degrees of freedom allow to minimalize the negative impact of the propagation environment in terms of increasing the robustness of whole signal reconstruction process. Now, the parasitic drawbacks in form of dynamic ISI and ICI effects can be eliminated in framework described by polynomial calculus. Therefore, the new method guarantees not only reducing the financial impact but, more importantly, provides potentially the lower consumption energy systems than other classical ones. In order to show the potential of new approach, the simulation studies were performed by author’s simulator based on well-known OFDM technique.

REFERENCES[1] W.P. Hunek, P. Majewski. Perfect reconstruction of signal – a new polynomial

matrixinverse approach. Digital Signal Procesing, under review (2017).



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[2] W.P. Hunek, K.J. Latawiec, P. Majewski, P. Dzierwa, An application of a new ma-trix inverse in stabilizing state-space perfect control of nonsquare LTI MIMO systems. Proc. of the 19th IEEE International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics (MMAR), Międzyzdroje, 2–5 September (2014), pp. 451–455.

[3] P. Majewski, W.P. Hunek. Perfect signal reconstruction – a new analytical approach (in Polish). National Control Conference (KKA), Wrocław (2014), pp. 737–742.

[4] W.P. Hunek, P. Majewski. Simulation studies on wireless data transmission using the polynomial matrix S-inverse (in, Polish, extended version). Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, R. 93(3/2017), pp. 159–161, (2017).


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Wojciech P. HUNEK1*, Łukasz WACH2



NEW APPROACHES TO MINIMUM-ENERGY DESIGN OF INTEGER-

AND FRACTIONAL-ORDER PERFECT CONTROL ALGORITHMS

Keywords: minimum-energy design, perfect control systems, inverses of nonsquare matrices

ABSTRACTIn this paper the new methods concerning the energy-based minimi-

zation of the perfect control inputs is presented. For that reason the mul-tivariable integer- and fractional-order models are applied which can be used for describing a various real world processes. Up to now, the classical approaches have been used in forms of minimum-norm/least squares in-verses. Notwithstanding, the above-mentioned tool do not guarantee the optimal control corresponding to optimal input energy. Therefore the new class of inverse-based methods has been introduced, in particular the new σ- and H-inverse of nonsquare parameter and polynomial matrices. Thus a proposed solution remarkably outperforms the typical ones in systems where the control runs can be understood in terms of different physical quantities, for example heat and mass transfer, electricity etc. A simulation study performed in Matlab/Simulink environment confirms the big poten-tial of the new energy-based approaches.

REFERENCES[1] Ł. Wach, W.P. Hunek, Perfect control for fractional-order multivariable dis-

crete-time systems, Proc. of the 7th Conference on Non-integer Order Calculus and its Applications, Szczecin, Poland (2015), pp. 233–237. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-23039-9_19.



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[2] W.P. Hunek, New SVD-based matrix H-inverse vs. minimum-energy perfect control design for state-space LTI MIMO systems in Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Conference on System Theory, Control and Computing (ICST-CC’16), 13–15 October 2016, Sinaia, Romania (2016), pp. 14–19. DOI: 10.1109/ICSTCC.2016.7790633.

[3] W.P. Hunek, An application of new polynomial matrix σ-inverse in minimum-en-ergy design of robust minimum variance control for nonsquare LTI MIMO systems In: Proc. of the 8th IFAC Symposium on Robust Control on Robust Control Design (ROCOND’2015), Bratislava, Slovakia (2015), pp. 149–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.09.449.

[4] Ł. Wach, W.P. Hunek, Contribution of New Parameter Inverses to Robustification of Fractional-Order Perfect Control for LTI MIMO Discrete-Time State-Space Systems, Journal of Automation, Mobile Robotics & Intelligent Systems, Vol. 10, No 3 (2016), pp. 28–32. DOI: 10.14313/JAMRIS_3-2016/21.


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Jarosław JAJCZYK1*, Arkadiusz DOBRZYCKI1, Michał FILIPIAK1, Dariusz KURZ1

1 Poznan University of Technology, 3a Piotorowo Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland, [email protected]

ANALYSIS OF POWER AND ENERGY LOSSES IN POWER SYSTEMS OF ELECTRIC BUS

BATTERY CHARGING STATIONS

Keywords: electric buses, battery charging, charging system power supply, electricity transmission and distribution

ABSTRACTThe subject of discussion in this article is the construction of electric

buses with particular consideration of methods of charging of their bat-teries (plug-in charging, by means of a pantograph and wireless charging). The paper analyses two variants of electricity transmission from the power substation to the battery charging station [1, 2].

The first variant under analysis referred to the transmission of electricity via the three phase a.c. line with the rated voltage of 15 kV. The model of such a line, including other necessary devices such as voltage step-down transformer, rectifier system, voltage stabilisation system in the charging station or vehicle, was presented in the paper.

In the second variant, the d.c. line with the operating voltage of 1500 V was used to transmit electricity. In this case, for the purposes of the analysis, the necessary objects located in the power substation, i.e. the transformer and the rectifier system and the d.c. power line including the elements in-stalled in the electric bus battery charging stations were modelled (voltage regulation system).

For the variants mentioned above, power and energy losses were calcu-lated for different distances of charging stations from the power substation. At the same time, simultaneous operation of several chargers, correspond-ing to the case of charging many buses at the same time from the same power line was also simulated. The results of calculations were presented



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in the graphic form. They served as the basis for making a comparison of power and energy losses during the charging process, in the case of trans-mission of electricity via a.c. or d.c. lines.

The paper also demonstrates that it is possible to indicate a more ad-vantageous solution (characterised by lower power and electricity losses), which uses either d.c. or a.c. voltage for the analysed electricity transmission systems in the electric bus battery charging systems. The choice depends, among other things, on the efficiency of the elements being part of the electricity transmission system, the length of the line and the value of the transmitted power. The paper provides guidelines which allow for the se-lection of the most beneficial solution.

REFERENCES[1] S. Bai, D. Yu, S. Lukic, Optimum design of an EV/PHEV charging station with DC

bus and storage system. In Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), IEEE (2010), pp. 1178–1184.

[2] M. Rogge, D.U. Sauer, S. Wollny, Fast Charging Battery Buses for the Electrifica-tion of Urban Public Transport – A Feasibility Study Focusing on Charging In-frastructure and Energy Storage Requirements, Energies, 8 (2015), 4587-4606.


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Paweł Albert JELEC1*

1 Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, 1/3 Woycickiego Street, Warsaw, Poland, [email protected]

THE MICROCLIMATE PARAMETERS CHANGE IN THE OCCUPIED ZONE INSIDE SOME

LARGE-VOLUME BUILDINGS WITH SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE

OF THE HEAT EMISSION FROM PEOPLE STAYING INSIDE

Keywords: microclimate, human heat emission, buildings

ABSTRACT

PROBLEM STATEMENTHeat emitted from people causes microclimate change in the occupied

zone of the large-volume buildings which depends on a number of people staying inside the room, its volume, height and other parameters. Heat emission from people can be often considered as a significant heat gain in the room.

PURPOSE OF STUDYMore accurate estimation of the influence of the heat emitted from peo-

ple on the selected microclimate parameters in the large-volume buildings.

METHODSComparison of the microclimate inside sacral buildings and residential

apartment buildings. The research was conducted by Author in Warsaw University of Technology and Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in War-saw and the measurements were performed using termohygrometers and thermographic cameras.



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FINDINGS AND RESULTSIn tested objects, the heat emission from people increased significantly

the air temperature in occupied zone (especially in sacral buildings). It was often reduced by convection in high rooms but, in general, this emission was considerable as a useful heat gain in the aspect of thermal comfort and the room’s heat balance. In residential apartment buildings, air quality was often deteriorated when ventilation was inadequate.

CONCLUSIONSIn some buildings with a big number of people staying inside at the same

time (such as the sacral buildings) heat emitted from people significantly influences on the air temperature and humidity distribution in occupied zone although the large height of some buildings causes convective lifting of the warmer air. A different situation is observed in residential apartment buildings where heat and moisture gain are distributed in separate rooms and the adequate ventilation is necessary to avoid moisture growth and even mold on the surfaces of the partitions.


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Jerzy JÓZWIK1*, Andrzej ŁUKASZEWICZ2

1 Lublin University of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Department of Production Engineering, 36 Nadbystrzycka Street, 20-816 Lublin, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

2 Factory worker, e-mail:[email protected]; tel.+48 696497951

IDENTIFICATION OF INTERNAL DEFECTS OF HARDFACING COATINGS

IN REGENERATION OF MACHINE PARTS

Keywords: hardfacing, coating, tomography, welding, defects

ABSTRACTThe quality control of hardfacing is one of the areas where non-destruc-

tive testing is applied. To detect defects and inconsistencies in the industrial practice one uses the same methods as in the testing of welded joints. Among the many methods of non-destructive testing of welded joints and hardfacing coatings, the fundamental role is played by radiographic and ultrasound methods. The modern computer tomography, because of its advantages, is increasingly available and used in industry, including welding. Computed Tomography is a type of x-ray spectroscopy. It is used as a diagnostic method that allows to obtain layered images of examined hardfacing. It uses projection of the object, taken from different directions, to create cross-sectional (2D) and spatial images (3D). Therefore, computed tomography has been used in the welding industry for non-destructive testing of welded joints and hardfacing coatings. Currently, one of the most frequently used methods of regenerating machine parts is hardfacing, or applying a layer of liquid metal on the regenerated object (different main materials). Hardfacing regenerates approx. 65% of machine parts. Surface errors and defects valuation and analysis of defects are important in di-agnostics which includes technical assessment of the machines parts by investigating the mechanical properties of its work processes. The purpose of regeneration through the use of hardfacing is to restore the original performance of machine parts. The paper presents the use of Computed



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Tomography for the evaluation of defects of hardfacing parts and errors. The method used in research is hardfacing by tungsten inert gas using alloy wires of wear resistant layers. The paper discusses the latest materials used for hardfacing and their application. It characterizes the defects of obtained hardfacing and impact of the type of wire on the concentration of defects. It further determines the basic mechanical properties of coatings. The results are subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. The currently used hardfacing techniques allow to carry out repairs on virtually any damaged or worn part. Hardfacing materials are classified in DIN 8555. The modern and frequently used materials for hardfacing are electrodes or solid and flux cored wires. The currently used materials are obtained on the basis of Fe, Ni, Co, Ti with additions of various chemical elements, including: Si, Cr, B, Mn, V, Mo, W, Nb affecting their mechanical, tribological and corrosive properties. The functional properties and usefulness of hardfacing coatings are greatly affected by their quality or the presence of internal defects or welding imperfections.


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Anatol KAŁASZNIKOW1*, Mariusz MICHALSKI2

1 AK ANATOL, 4 Handlowa Street, 68200 Żary, Poland2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, 4 Prof. Z. Szafrana Street,

65516 Zielona Gora, Poland

SURFACE PHENOMENA ACCOMPANYING PLASMA GOUGING OF S355 STEEL

ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of investigation of surface changes tak-

ing place after the process of gouging with air plasma. The investigation included the assessment of the plasma current influence on the structure and hardness of metal sheets with the thickness of 6, 12 and 16 mm. It has been found that, in the process of gouging, both the value of the plasma stream intensity and the thickness of the material significantly influence the properties of the top layer and the size of the formed grooves. The exis-tence of two surface zones has been proved: the zone of melted metal and the heat affected zone. It has been determined that increase of the plasma stream intensity, with constant sheet thickness, results in an increase of the gouging depth. On the other hand, the larger sheet thickness, with the given plasma current intensity, the less depth of the grooves.



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Mehmet KAMANLI1*, Alptuğ ÜNAL2

1 Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Konya, Turkey, [email protected] Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Konya, Turkey, [email protected]

BEHAVIOUR OF STRENGTHENED RC FRAMES WITH ECCENTRIC STEEL BRACED FRAMES

Keywords: eccentrically steel braced frames, reinforced concrete frames, pushover analysis, strengthening

ABSTRACTAfter devastating earthquakes in recent years, strengthening of rein-

forced concrete buildings became an important research topic. Reinforced concrete buildings can be strengthened by steel braced frames. These steel braced frames may be made of concentrically or eccentrically indicated in Turkish Earthquake Code 2007. In this study pushover analysis of the 1/3 scaled 1 reinforced concrete frame and 1/3 scaled 4 strengthened reinforced concrete frames with internal eccentrically steel braced frames were con-ducted by SAP2000 program. In the study, Eccentrically Steel Braced Frames described in Turkish Earthquake Code 2007 were designed and tested with pushover analyses, which are 4 types in total being V- braced, Λ- braced, \- braced and /- braced. According to the results of the analyses conducted, load-displacement curves of the specimens were compared and evaluated.



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Ewa KAMIŃSKA1*, Tomasz KAMIŃSKI2

1 Motor Transport Institute, 80 Jagiellonska Street, Warsaw, Poland, [email protected]

2 Motor Transport Institute, 80 Jagiellonska Street, Warsaw, Poland, [email protected]

ECO-BALLANCE ANALYSIS OF THE DISUSED LEAD-ACID BATTERIES

RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY

Keywords: recycling, lead-acid batteries, environmental protection, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

ABSTRACTThe article presents the results of the eco-balance analysis of the disused

lead-acid batteries recycling process. In Poland there are 5 installations pro-cessing scrap batteries and recovering lead. The technology for which the tests were conducted offers the possibility to recover other elements, for example, polypropylene of the battery case or to obtain crystalline sodium sulphate. The analysis was performed using the SimaPro7.3.3. software. The life cycle assessment was made using ReCiPe and IMPACT2002 + methods. The results are shown as environmental points [Pt], which reflect the poten-tial level of environmental burdens exerted by the tested object. A positive value indicates a negative impact on the environment, negative one - envi-ronmental benefit. The results are shown in the environmental categories, characteristic for each of the methods, which are grouped in the impact categories. For the ReCiPe method these are: human health, ecosystem quality and resources consumption. For the IMPACT2002 + method: human health, ecosystem changes, climate changes and resources consumption. The boundaries of the system under test include the processes of mechan-ical battery scrap processing, desulfurization and crystallization processes, the melting processes to obtain crude lead and refining processes. As the functional unit there was adopted 1 Mg of the processed battery scrap.



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Particular attention was paid to the emission of harmful substances, which adversely affect human health.

The analysis results indicate that for both calculation methods used the highest positive impact on the environment arises from the use of recycled materials in order to obtain refined lead. They are respectively: for the ReC-iPe (-103) Pt. and for IMPACT2002 + method (-686.41) mPt. Results for other processes remain at significantly lower level. For mechanical processing of the battery scrap there was an adverse environmental impact identified, associated with the environmental category of the climate change (IM-PACT2002 +method).


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Kamila KASPERSKA1, Michał WIECZOROWSKI1, Jolanta KRÓLCZYK2*

1 Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Management, 3 Piotrowo Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland, [email protected]

2 Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

THE USE OF 3D SCANNER FOR TESTING CHANGES IN SHAPE OF HUMAN LIMBS UNDER

THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL MECHANICAL LOAD

Keywords: measurement, applied metrology, human body

ABSTRACTThree-dimensional scanning is more often used as a measuring tool.

It allows checking the quality of manufactured parts by comparing the 3D product mesh with the CAD model. It gives information on the places where differences were greatest, leading to the improvement of the technological process and eliminating the causes of the resulting errors. Three-dimension-al scanning is used in many fields: medicine, architecture, industry, reverse engineering.

The aim of the article was to analyze the changes in the shape of the limbs under the influence of a mechanical external load using the method of three-dimensional scanner uses white light technology (LED). The paper presents a system of human movement, passive part – skeleton and active part – the muscles, and principles of their interaction, which results in a change of the position of the body. Furthermore, by using the 3D scan, the differences in appearance of the arm and leg depending on the size of the external load in different positions have been presented. The paper shows that with increasing load, which muscles must prevent, increases the volume of certain parts of the legs, while another parts of them will be reduced. Results of the research using three-dimensional scanner allow determining what impact on changing the legs shape has an external mechanical load.



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Leszek KASPRZYK1*, Andrzej TOMCZEWSKI1, Karol BEDNAREK1, Artur BUGAŁA1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, 3a Piotrowo Street, Poznan, Poland, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

THE LCOE MINIMISATION OF THE HYBRID POWER SYSTEM

WITH THE LEAD-ACID ENERGY STORAGE

Keywords: hybrid power system, energy storage system, optimization, LCOE method

ABSTRACTThe paper addresses the issues related to the optimisation of the struc-

ture of low power solar and wind hybrid power systems equipped with lead-acid batteries and designed to power objects with the known load characteristics. According to an assumption, the receiver is supplied using only the energy generated in the optimized system. For this purpose, the energy storage was incorporated into the structure of the power system. It consists of two segments, i.e.: the classic lead-acid battery pack and the power system treated as the buffer of excess electric energy in accordance with the applicable Renewable Energy Sources Act. The basic function of the proposed optimization algorithm is the minimisation of the unit cost of energy consumed to supply the selected receiver. The LCOE (Levelized Cost of Electricity), modified for the needs of the systems with energy storages was used as the objective function.

As well as the establishment of the investment and operational costs, the determination of the value of the LCOE requires the calculation of en-ergy generated in the analyzed system within a period of one year. For this purpose, the analytical and numerical model of the hybrid system including the energy storage with the given structure was developed and used for the simulation of the operation of the system for actual excitations (the measuring data for wind speed and irradiation from the common location).



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The model takes into account four basic system elements: PV modules, wind turbines, batteries and a converter.

Because of the multimodal nature of the objective function, the opti-mization task under consideration was solved by means of the modified genetic algorithm, using: the dynamic penalty function, the elitist strategy, the fitness function scaling and the random selection based on odds. The decision variable vector x comprises 6 elements, i.e.: turbine types and PV modules, their numbers and models and battery energy capacities.

The consequences of the analyses are the structures of solar and wind hybrid systems with the energy storage, which, for different loads, minimize the unit costs of the electric energy generated in the system and used to supply the electric energy receiver.

REFERENCES[1] A. Tomczewski, Optymalizacja struktury układu turbina wiatrowa – kinetyczny

magazyn energii, Przegląd Elektrotechniczny (Electrical Review), 2016, No 4 (92), pp. 140–143.(10.15199/48.2016.04.29).

[2] L. Kasprzyk, Modelling and analysis of dynamic states of the lead-acid batteries in electric vehicles. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc Maintenance and Reliability 2017, 19 (2), pp. 229–236, http://dx.doi.org/10.17531/ein.2017.2.10 (to be published).


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Mirosława KASZUBSKA1*, Małgorzata WZOREK2, Robert JUNGA3

1 Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]


3 Department of Thermal Engineering and Industrial Facilities, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF FUEL FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE AND SEWAGE SLUDGE

ON POWER BOILER EFFICIENCY AND EMISSIONS

Keywords: combustion, fuel from waste, boiler efficiency, emissions

ABSTRACTIn recent years there has been a fundamental change in the approach

to energy management and sources of energy. Most attention is focused on the using of renewable energy to reduce application of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions. In Poland, the most important source of renew-able energy is biomass, which represents 98% of energy in renewable ener-gy market. In energy processes can be used agricultural products specially grown for this purpose (corn, sugar beets, canola, oats, etc.) as well as the use unclassified assortments of cereals or grains which can not be included to human consumption due to mechanical damage, infection, biological or low quality. Another group of biomass wastes is sewage sludge, which is the product of wastewater treatment.

This paper presents a technique of the common application of sewage sludge and agriculture waste as the components of granulated fuel for the energy application. Using of granulation process allows avoiding problems connecting with powder form of wastes.

This aim of study was to evaluate the impact of combustion of produced fuel from biomass wastes on boiler operation and emission of pollutants.



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The combustion tests were performed in a laboratory system enabling simulation of a combustion process present in water boilers used for heating purposes – a boiler with retort furnace with a capacity of 12 kW.

Tests were conducted for fuel made from unclassified oats grain and mu-nicipal sewage sludge named PBZ fuel with grain size 35 mm, which is close to that of pea, coal and adjusted to the grate and retort firing processes. This paper describes the combustion process of fuel from biomass wastes, pa-rameters of the boiler, i.e. efficiency, exhaust gas temperature, temperature of the water flow and return to the boiler and boiler output.

The results of changes in emission values of NOX, CO2, CO and SO2 were also presented. The emissions were compered with corresponding results obtained during combustion of hard coal.

The results of research and analysis can conclude that produced fuel could be a substitute for conventional fuels. The condition of application is to optimize the operating parameters of the boiler for is appropriate for the parameters of the fuel.


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Mariola KĘDRA1*, Łukasz WIEJACZKA2

1 Cracow University of Technology, Institute of Engineering and Water Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, 24 Warszawska Street, 31-151 Cracow, Poland, email: [email protected]

2 Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Department of Geoenvironment Research, 22 Św. Jana Street, 31-018 Cracow, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

LONG-TERM TRENDS IN RIVER WATER TEMPERATURE:

A CASE STUDY OF THE RABA RIVER (POLISH CARPATHIANS)

Keywords: mountain river, water temperature, trend, reservoir, Polish Carpathians

ABSTRACTThis study analyses potential trends in river water temperature over

a period of 50 years (1960–2009). The study area is located in the moun-tain catchment of the Raba River in the Polish Carpathians. The aim of the study was to evaluate long-term trends in daily water temperature for each season of the year as well as to compare the direction of these trends for sites located some distance upstream and downstream from the Dobczyce Reservoir, built in 1986 on the Raba River. The data suggest that there has been no significant change in mean annual water temperature with time. However, at a seasonal basis, an increase in mean, median, and maximum water temperature during the summer (June to August) is significant (at the 0.05 level) for the upstream site, with a rate of change of 0.2–0.3°C per decade. On the other hand, increases in mean, median, and minimum water temperature are significant (at the 0.05 level) for the autumn (September to November) and winter (December, January, and February) seasons for the downstream site (40 km from the Dobczyce Reservoir). Contrasting results are obtained for spring (March to May), with a significant increase (0.5 °C per decade) in maximum water temperature for the upstream site,



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but a significant decrease (–0.4°C per decade) for the downstream site. The revealed discrepancies in the direction of seasonal trends for the up-stream and downstream sites studied suggest an anthropogenic impact on river water temperature downstream from the Dobczyce Reservoir.


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Mariola KĘDRA1*1 Cracow University of Technology, Institute of Engineering and Water Management,

Department of Environmental Engineering, 24 Warszawska Street, 31-151 Cracow, Poland, email: [email protected]

LONG-TERM TRENDS IN RIVER FLOW: A CASE STUDY OF THE SOŁA RIVER

(POLISH CARPATHIANS)

Keywords: mountain river, discharge, trend, reservoir, Polish Carpathians

ABSTRACTThis study analyses potential trends in river flow for the most recent 60

years (1956–2015). The study area is situated in the mountain catchment of the Soła River in the Polish Carpathians. The focus of the study was to evaluate long-term trends in mean monthly river flow for each season of the year as well as to compare the direction of these trends for sites located a distance upstream and downstream from a cascade of three dams (Tresna, Porąbka, and Czaniec), built between 1928 and 1967 on the Soła River [1]. The data in-dicate that there has been no significant change in mean annual discharge with time. However, at a seasonal basis, an increase in mean and minimum discharge during the winter (December, January, and February) is significant (at the 0.05 level) for the upstream site (Żywiec), with a rate of change of 0.8 m3 s–1 per decade. Moreover, increases in mean and maximum discharge (1.3 and 2.3 m3 s–1 per decade, respectively) are significant for spring (March to May) at that site as well. On the other hand, a significant decrease in minimum discharge of 2.0 m3 s–1 per decade was identified for the summer season (June to August) for the downstream site (Oświęcim, 25 km from the Czaniec Reser-voir). However, no trends in discharge with strong evidence (at the 0.05 level) were identified for the autumn (September to November) at either site. The revealed discrepancies in the direction of seasonal hydrological trends for the upstream and downstream sites studied suggest an anthropogenic impact on river flow downstream from the cascade of dams. REFERENCES[1] J. Hennig, I. Hennig, A. Roszkowski, Retention reservoirs in: I. Dynowska,

M. Maciejewski (eds.), The Upper Vistula Basin, part II (In Polish), PWN, Warszawa-Kraków, Poland, pp. 121–143 (1991).



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Beata KLOJZY-KARCZMARCZYK1*, Said MAKOUDI2

1 Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 7a J. Wybickiego Street , 31-261 Cracow, Poland, [email protected]

2 Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 7a J. Wybickiego Street , 31-261 Cracow, Poland, [email protected]

ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE GENERATION RATE

IN POLAND COMPARED TO SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Keywords: municipal waste stream, waste generated, waste collected, generation rates,

ABSTRACTPlanning municipal waste management is closely linked to the need to

develop reliable rates of waste generation together with the share of indi-vidual morphological fractions. The generation rates adopted in planning documents are a tool to predict the mass of waste produced in different regions of waste management, and hence to design the capacity of plants and installations for processing municipal waste. An important issue is the decisive separation of two concepts: waste generated and waste collected. To a large extent the value of the generation rate adopted in the parent plan-ning documents and then transferred to the downstream documents is the result of an interpretation of the amount of collected waste. To determine the need for municipal waste treatment plants, the amount of collected waste is important, but the size of waste generation is the concern for the prediction of potential changes in the waste management system in the regions. The study includes analysis of the generation rate for Poland with division into urban and rural areas, starting with the time of commence-ment of planning activities in the waste management sector. The municipal waste generation rate for Poland provided in subsequent editions of the na-tional waste management plans changed since 2000 within wide limits: from about 300 to more than 500 kg per capita in an individual year (kg/person/yr).



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Currently, the national waste management plan for the years 2017-2022 esti-mates municipal waste generation rate at approx. 270 kg/person/year with a projected increase to 330 kg/person/year in 2030. Most European countries adopt higher municipal waste generation rate, often exceeding 600 kg/person/year. The objective of the paper is therefore to analyze the causes of this discrepancy of the declared values. The morphological composition of municipal waste stream in Poland and in selected European countries (e.g. France, Belgium, Switzerland) was analyzed. The conducted analyzes allow for determining a number of reasons for the discrepancy of the rate value, related mainly to the definition of municipal waste and the actually used waste collection system. Reliable generation rates influence the size and location of new infrastructure investments. The differences in the gene-ration rates identified in the paper and provided possible reasons indicate the need to harmonize the methodology for estimating rates of municipal waste generation in various countries, including Poland.


| 101

Iwona KLOSOK-BAZAN1*, Robert OLSZEWSKI2


2 Warsaw University of Technology, Square Politechniki, Warsaw, Poland, [email protected]

GEOTHERMAL WATER DEIRONING PROCESS MODEL ON THE BASIS OF A TRIANGULATION

Keywords: iron, geothermal water, triangulation

ABSTRACTIron is commonly present in geothermal water worldwide and cause

many technical problems during their utilization. Although the process of iron removal from underground water is well known and widely de-scribed in the literature, the geothermal water deironing has not yet been well recognized. It is stated that the water temperature and salinity greatly influences on the iron oxidation process, and this substantially affects the process. The main of this research was to recognize the efficiency of geo-thermal water deironing processes. To this, studies on a laboratory scale were conducted. In the paper the modeling of geothermal water deironing processes using new tool basis on triangulation has been used. Carrying out the analysis of potential possibilities of using geothermal water and taking economic aspects of water deironing processes into account, the author of this article conducted research into the geothermal water deironing pro-cesses by adjusting existing knowledge on the removal of iron from cold groundwater. The conducted research confirmed the possibility of adjusting such processes to the treatment of geothermal water, but their effectiveness differs depending on the temperature and salinity of water.

REFERENCES[1] E. Gurzau, C. Neagu, A. Gurzaua, Essential metals–case study on iron.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 56 (2003).[2] F.D.Vuataz, F. Goff, Water Geochemisty and Hydrogeology of the Shallow Aqui-

fer at Roosevelt Hot Springs, Southern Utah BRGM/SGN/IMRG, BP 6009,45060 Orleans, Cedex, FRANCE (1987).



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[3] I. Kłosok-Bazan, Badania modelowe nad odżelazianiem wód geotermalnych na cele balneologiczne i rekreacyjne. Technika Poszukiwań Geologicznych Geotermia, Zrównoważony Rozwój – Geological Exploration Technology, Geo-thermics, Sustainable Development 1 (2013).

[4] I. Kłosok-Bazan, A. Sowa, Operational problems associated with the high iron concentration in thermal waters used for balneology, Proceedings of the In-ternational Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, SGEM (2015).

[5] B. Tomaszewska, L. Pająk, Analysis of Treatment Possibles of High-Mineralized Geothermal Water (Central Poland – Gostynin Region. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia (2010).


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Orest KOCHAN1*, Jun SU2, Roman KOCHAN3

1 Lviv Polytechnic National University, Department of measuring information technologies, 1 Karpinskoho Street, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine, [email protected]

2 School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China3 University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland

DESIGNING AN ACCURATE SYSTEM FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

Keywords: thermocouple, error, conversion characteristic, drift, inhomo-geneity

ABSTRACTThermocouples (TCs) are the most common temperature sensors in the

energetics. However, their accuracy significantly limits the efficiency of ener-gy production. For example, for the most widely used type K thermocouples have permissible deviation of individual conversion characteristic (CC) from the nominal one up to 6,5°C at 800°C, their error due to drift of CC is up to 8°C for 1000 hours and the error due to acquired thermoelectric inhomogeneity is up to 11-30°C. There are developed methods for determining the error of TCs [1] and testing of their legs in situ [2] by purposeful profile changes of the temperature field along TC legs. The multi-section tubular furnace is mounted in the wall of a power plant furnace to implement the abovemen-tioned methods. There is a TC Inside of the multi-section tubular furnace. The temperature field along the TC legs is kept constant during operation. This prevents the manifestation of the error due to acquired thermoelectric inhomogeneity. The zone of the temperature gradient is maintained approx-imately in the middle of the TC legs. The zone of the temperature gradient is shifted toward the TC reference junction to carry out the calibration of a TC. In this case the TC sections which are at low temperatures of operation appear in the zone of the temperature gradient. It is necessary to maintain the temperatures of the reference and measuring junctions constant during the calibration to carry out the calibration procedure successfully. In this case the difference between the electromotive force (emf) developed in the



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field of operation and that of calibration equals to the error due to drift of CC. Similarly, gradually shifting the zone of the gradient of the temperature field, the state of TC legs is tested. This allows one to correct TC errors and to reduce the error of temperature measurements in 8 - 12 times. However, it is dangerous to use such a TC on important objects for temperature measure-ments. It because of changes in the developed emf caused by the change of the temperature field will lead to significant dynamic errors. It is proposed to tool the existing system of temperature control with the described above auxiliary measuring channel which serves only to correct the errors of the main channel TC. In this case the emf developed by the TC located in the multi-section tubular furnace and the dynamic error does not affect the main measuring channel.

The error correction by the main measuring channel is carried out only af-ter the confirmation of the error for several times with the auxiliary channel.

REFERENCES[1] Zhongju Chen, O. Kochan, Su Jun, T. Demkiv, Sensors & Transduc. J, Vol. 160,

Issue 12 (2013).[2] Su Jun, O. Kochan, R. Kochan, International J. of thermophysics, Vol. 37,

Issue 4 (2016),


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Orest KOCHAN1*, Jun SU2, Roman KOCHAN3

1 Lviv Polytechnic National University, Department of measuring information technologies, 1 Karpinskoho Street, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine, [email protected]

2 School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China3 University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland

DESIGNING AD HOC TEMPERATURE FIXED POINT CELLS

Keywords: temperature fixed point cell, ad hoc, thermocouple, stray termal flux

ABSTRACTThe temperature fixed point cell (TFPC) (US Patent № 3.499.340.73-1.) is

important for thermometry [1] because it allows determining the error of thermocouples (TCs) in situ. The TFPC is a sealed capsule filled with a ref-erence material (RM). The RM is either a pure metal or alloy with a certain phase change (PC) temperature (melting and freezing). Often the calibration uncertainty of a TFPC does not include the error of method which has the thermal origin. This error of method is significant. In [2] it is clearly visible from the plot of TFPC temperature vs time. According to physics a PC tem-perature is the same either for melting or for freezing. As can be seen from the plots in [2] the temperature of the TC measuring junction varies consid-erably during the PC. In addition there is considerable difference between the melting and freezing temperatures. This difference may be explained with a stray heat flux, which heats the TC measuring junction while melting (when the ambient temperature is above that of the PC), and refrigerates it during freezing (when the ambient temperature is below that of the PC). The stray heat flux does not pass through the RM’s PC border. Thus, the temperature of the TC measuring junction is not equal to that of the PC. Horizontal temperature plateaus for melting/freezing and equality of their temperatures are proper to an ideal TFPC. This can be achieved by adiabat-ic conditions. Heat exchange between the TC measuring junction and an environment has to go through the PC border of the RM. However, the TC



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itself obstructs this because its legs conduct heat not through the PC border. The following conditions must be provided to minimize the TFPC error: (i) a maximum thermal contact between the measuring junction and the RM; (ii) thickness of thermal insulation in the vicinity of the measuring junction must be minimum; (iii) the heat exchange area between the TC thermowell and the RM must be maximum. However, there is a contradiction between (i) and (ii). Therefore, the ratio of the length of the TC thermowell sunken into the RM to its diameter should be greater than 10.

There was studied the prototype of the ad hoc TFPC filled with lead in which the abovementioned conditions had been fulfilled. The difference between the temperature of melting and that of freezing does not exceed 0.17°C and the slopes of the temperature plateaus for 75% of their duration do not exceed 0.05°C. The report will also contain the description of the proper design of a TFPC that ensures high accuracy of TC calibration.

REFERENCES[1] G. Machin, J. Bojkovski, D. del Campo et all, Int. J. Thermophys, 35, 3–4, (2014).[2] O. Ongrai, J.V. Pearce, G. Machin, S.J. Sweeney, Pd-C eutectic fixed point cells

for a self-validating type C thermocouple, http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/4%20-%20Ongrai.pdf


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Szymon KOŁODZIEJ1*, Grzegorz LIGUS2



ANALYSIS OF CAPABILITIES OF MANAGING IC ENGINE FILLING DEGREE

VS ENGINE ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS

Keywords: intake manifold, engine filling degree, NOx, PIV, throttle angle

ABSTRACTThe operation of an internal combustion engine in a transient state is

related to constant changes in cylinder filling degree. Managing a steady course of engine torque demands constant corrections in the volume of air delivered to the engine. In this work, different engine throttle management strategies were analysed. The effect of throttle velocity on emissions was depicted. The research has shown that the greatest value of work density is reached by the IC engine for relatively low values of throttle angle. For shown values, disturbances in air flow in real engine intake manifold (Fig. 1.) which may adversely affect emissions due to uneven cylinder filling with the use of Digital Particle Image Velocimetry were researched.

Fig. 1. Example of flow visualization in engine intake manifold (on the top: velocity vector field, on the bottom: streamlines analysis)



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Ewa KORZENIEWSKA1*, Jerzy JÓZWIK2, Joanna MICHAŁOWSKA3

1 Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Informatics and Automatic Control, Institute of Electrical Engineering Systems, 18/22 Stefanowskiego Street, 90-924 Łódź, Poland, [email protected]

2 Lublin University of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Department of Production Engineering, 36 Nadbystrzycka Street, 20-816 Lublin, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

3 The State School of Higher Education in Chelm, The Institute of Technical Sciences and Aviation, 54 Pocztowa Street, 22-100 Chełm, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGY THIN METALLIC LAYERS

APPLIED ON COMPOSITE TEXTILES

Keywords: textronics ,elastic electronics, metallic structures,elastic electronics

ABSTRACTIn recent years, textronics and elastic electronics are ones of the rapidly

growing fields of science. Research carried on materials used in these fields arouses interest in the scientific community. The creation of good-quality metallic layers on flexible substrates that can be applied into elastic elec-tronics or into the garment with textronics elements are the basic issues which should be investigated and the knowledge in this area should be continually deepen. The good quality of thin layers playing a role of passive elements or electroconducting paths is a key parameter of using them. Damaged parts of electronic circuits or textronics components as well as defects in metallic structures, which are part of the whole system, can cause electrical conduction disturbances and therefore uneven temperature distri-bution and local overheating of systems leading to their destruction. In the case of non-homogeneous areas, the proper working of the built electronic system can’t be ensured. Welding thin wires with low values of electrical resistance into the textile product during the manufacturing process was the oldest way of creating the textronics structures and elements of elastic electronics. These types of techniques are usually complicated and at the



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same time, they do not allow for different functionalisation of products such as surface techniques do. Actually printing, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition and PVD physical deposition are most commonly used for the production of metallic conductive layers on the flexible substrates surface. The authors of the paper use the process of physical vacuum deposition to produce miniaturized structures of textronic systems on flexible substrates. Thin metallic layers with thickness of several hundred nanometers were created on the textile composite. Silver was used as a deposited metal. To evaluate the quality of the produced layers the authors used optical 3D Alicona InfiniteFocus G5 measuring system.

REFERENCES[1] A. Mecke, I. Lee, J.R. Baker, M.M. Banaszak Holl, B.G. Orr, Eur. Phys. J. E 14, 7 (2004)[2] M. Ben Rabha, M.F. Boujmil, M. Saadoun, B. Bessaïs, Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. (to

be published)[3] Luigi T. De Luca, Propulsion physics (EDP Sciences, Les Ulis, 2009) [4] F. De Lillo, F. Cecconi, G. Lacorata, A. Vulpiani, EPL, 84 (2008)


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Michał KOZIOŁ1*


MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF OPTICAL SIGNALS EMITTED BY ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES

OCCURING IN ELECTROINSULATING OIL

Keywords: electrical discharges, electroinsulating oil, optical signals, mathematical model

ABSTRACTThe article presents a parametric model describing the registered distri-

butions spectrum of optical radiation emitted by electrical discharges gen-erated in the systems: the needle-needle, the needle-plate and in the system for surface discharges. Generation of electrical discharges and registration of the emitted radiation was carried out in three different electrical insulating oils: fabric new, operated (used) and old with air bubbles. For registration of optical spectra in the range of ultraviolet, visible and near infrared a high resolution spectrophotometer was applied.

The proposed mathematical model was developed in a regression pro-cedure using gauss-sigmoid type function. The dependent variable was the intensity of the recorded optical signals. In order to estimate the optimal parameters of the model an evolutionary algorithm was used. The optimi-zation procedure was performed in Matlab environment. For determination of the matching quality of theoretical parameters of the regression function to the empirical data determination coefficient R2 was applied.

The obtained results can be integrated in a database in form of parameter values dealing as patterns for classification purposes. Tease patterns can be included in a knowledge base of an expert system for identification of opti-cal signals, which are characteristic for various types of electrical discharges generated in electroinsulating oil.



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REFERENCES[1] P. Rozga, P. Tabaka, Spectroscopic Measurements of Electrical Breakdown in

Various Dielectric Liquids, in: 2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM) (2015), pp. 524–527.

[2] T. Boczar, D. Zmarzly, P. Frącz, Comparative Studies of Partial Discharge Using Acoustic Emission Method and Optical Spectroscopy, IEEE 11th Int. Conf. Prop. Appl. Dielectr. Mater. (2015), pp. 740–743.

[3] M. Muhr, R. Schwarz, Experience with optical partial discharge detection, Mater. Sci. Pol., Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 1139–1146.

[4] A.J. Chipperfield, P.J. Fleming, The MATLAB genetic algorithm toolbox, Appl. Control Tech. Using MATLAB, IEEE Colloq., p. 10/1-10/4, 1995.


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Tomasz KOZLOWSKI1, Lidia DĄBEK1*, Ewa OZIMINA1

1 Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Geomatics and Energetics, Kielce University of Technology, 25-539 Kielce. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

SORPTION PROPERTIES OF BENTONITES TOWARDS HEAVY METALS AS PREDICTED

FROM SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

ABSTRACTAnalysis of results obtained for sorption of three selected heavy metals

(Cu, Pb, and Cd) on natural and homoionic forms of three bentonites of dif-ferent origin (SWy2, Stx1b and a bentonite from Slovakia) led to conclusion that best sorption properties are exhibited by bentonites saturated with monovalent cations Na+ or K+. The sorption on Na+- or K+-form can be pre-dicted by use of a power function of the concentration, the parameters of which can be obtained from the water sorption on natural bentonites (i.e. prior to saturation) carried out at relative humidity RH = 0.95. The relative error of the prediction in wide range of concentration was between 19.2% for sorption of Cu on K-form to 44.3% for sorption of Cd on Na-form. By use of the method, a preliminary assessment of the sorption properties after a possible clay modification can be done prior to modification.



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Ewelina KRAWCZAK1*, Sławomir GUŁKOWSKI1

1 Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 38 Nadbystrzycka Street, 20-618 Lublin, Poland, [email protected]

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM CONTACTS DEPOSITED

BY DC SPUTTERING METHOD FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS

Keywords: magnetron sputtering, transparent oxide layer, thin film, Al-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al)

ABSTRACTThe use of aluminum contacts is common in the process of silicon solar

cells production because of low contact resistivity. It has also a great im-portance in thin film technology for photovoltaics, especially in cooper-indi-um-gallium-diselenide (CIGS) devices. The final stage of CIGS cell production is the top contact deposition of high conductivity layer for lateral current collection. Such material has to be highly optically transparent as well. In-dium Tin Oxide (ITO) and Al doped Zinc Oxide are Transparent Conductive Oxide materials that can be used as a conductive layers in technology of CIGS solar cells. In order to make a contact metal is deposited onto TCO layer with minimum shadowing to allow as much light as possible into device. The metal grid contact is being made by deposition of few micrometers of aluminum. The resistivity of the deposited material as well as resistance between the metal grid and TCO layer play a great role in high quality solar cell production.

This paper presents results of electrical properties analysis of Al layers deposited by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering method as well as results of resistivity analysis of contact between Al metal grid and trans-parent conductive oxide. Influence of technological parameters of the Al deposition process on resistivity of deposited layers has been studied. These parameters were as follows: discharged power, deposition time and pressure



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during the deposition process. Metal layers were deposited on Soda Lime Glass (SLG). Sheet resistance has been measured for each sample. In the second stage of work Al metal were deposited onto TCO in order to mea-sure the metal-TCO contact resistance. The influence of post annealing on resistance of metal-TCO contact has been also analyzed. The optimal values of deposition power, time and pressure has been found to obtain the best quality of aluminum contact for CIGS solar cells.


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Damian KRZESIMOWSKI1*, Artur PAWELEC2

1 Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Management and Computer Modelling, 1000-lecia PP 7 Avenue, Kielce, Poland, [email protected]

2 Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental, Geomatics and Energy Engineering, 1000-lecia PP 7 Avenue, Kielce, Poland

APPLICATION OF NUMERICAL MODEL OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE

TO THE PRACTICAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Keywords: photovoltaic module, numerical model, comparative analysis

ABSTRACTFor several years in the literature concerning the use of solar energy can

be found many suggestion of numerical models of photovoltaic modules. These models have different accuracy related to in both photoelectric effect, and the phenomena occurring in the semiconductor junctions. In the vast majority of numerical models are used the same mathematical formulas. The choice of a particular formula depends on the data available concerning the test module. Most frequently the procedures for the production process or the exact physical properties of semiconductors are unknown, but listed are electrical parameters included in the data sheet device. This means that some of the variables have to be imposed on the basis of general assump-tions about the phenomenon of the photovoltaic. This is one of the reasons for the difference in the results between different models.

This paper includes a model of crystalline silicon photovoltaic module based on a basic catalogue data, taking into account the analysis of series and shunt resistance. These resistances are searched with accurate to 0,001 ohms, but their influence is taken into account in the electrical parameters for each iteration. In addition, the model takes into account changes in environmental parameters: solar radiation intensity and the operating tem-perature, for which is sought the optimal operating point of the module. This allows to perform a step towards practical applications of the model, including comparative analysis.



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In the literature numerical models are used to verify the functioning of the PV modules as a function of voltage or current. In the paper is in-cluded description of searching the voltage at which the operating point will achieve maximum power for given environmental parameters. This approach to the issue allows for the determination of the power plane, on which the inverter should move. Continuing with this topic, it is therefore possible to compare different PV modules without necessity to build the test stands.


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Anna KUCZUK1*, Janusz POSPOLITA2, Stefan WACŁAW3

1 Opole University of Technology, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45-758, Opole, Poland, [email protected]


3 Stefan Wacław, Opole Agricultural Advisory Centre, 1 Główna Street, 49-330, Łosiów, Poland, [email protected]

ENERGY AND EMERGY ANALYSIS OF FARM WITH DIVERSIFIED PRODUCTION

ABSTRACTThe article presents the balance of substances and energy on the farm

with diversified production. The analysis covered the 2012-2016. We give ba-sic information about the farm, soil quality, crops and their structure, yields, the share of plants that positively affected the soil. We include data on the size and structure of livestock production.

We estimated cumulative energy consumption of both, plant and ani-mal productions, as well as production energy indicators, including energy inputs to produce the cereal unit (CU) for specific productions. These indica-tors were compared with published data concerning exemplary production systems: intensive production and organic farming. An analysis of the results and conclusions were drawn.

The environmental impact of the farm was based on determined emer-gy analysis. The streams from renewable and non-renewable sources and emergy streams in the obtained crop and livestock productions. Field ratio (EYR) was calculated, as well as the environmental loading ratio (ELR) and sustainability index (EIS). The values of these coefficients were compared with the values characterizing other ways of agricultural production.

We presented conclusions, especially concerning the environmental sustainability of farm production.



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Anna KUCZUK1

1 Opole University of Technology, ul. Prószkowska 76, 45-758, Opole, Poland, [email protected]

ENERGY VALUE OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND COSTS OF ITS RESTORATION

ABSTRACTSoil organic matter (SOM) is considered as an important indicator of soil

quality, and same content SOM reflects the balance between the inflow of organic material (produced organic carbon) into the soil and its loss (decomposition of carbon compounds – CO2 from microbiological degra-dation). This balance is, on the one hand, driven by the energy demand of soil organisms, and on the other – dependent on external factors such as eg. climate, soil structure, particles size or the way of cultivation. The con-tent of SOM affects the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, deciding on its quality and health. For this reason it is necessary to strive to maintain a positive balance of SOM, especially that the percentage of soils with low and very low SOM level in Poland is very high (56% of arable land shows only 1–2% humus content), and as a result of mineralization, SOM is diminished 2–4% annually. From the point of view of sustainability, the most important characteristic of the SOM is its content of energy. This is the metabolic energy that drives soil organisms that contribute to the circulation and nutrient availability for plants. This energy is released in the carbon cycle contained in the organic material getting into the soil. Especially the so-called active form is important from the point of view of the energy supply and its accumulation in the soil. It is a source of energy and food for soil organisms and plants. Also, its transformation into a more complex stabilized organic complexes, deposited in the soil is considered to be a form of energy policy for the future, because the largest part of SOM is the humus. On the one hand it is very resistant to various environmental influences, yet still is gradually decomposed, releasing nutrients for plants. To estimate the energy value of the benefits, which provides SOM, it can be done by determining its calorific value in the accumulation level and relate this to the energy value of industrial production (chemical fertilizers), which


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use can be avoided by using a SOM resource. In this article the estimation of SOM energy value was done. The soil samples from arable land were taken for this purpose in 2014. Soil samples were collected from three fields at a depth of 0-30 cm and laboratory analysis were done in the Opole Regional Agrochemical Station. The following laboratory tests were made: granulo-metric composition, pH, P, K, Nmin., Ntot. and humus (organic carbon). The resource of SOM was estimated to depth of 30 cm per 1 ha of arable land. The estimation of the energetic value of the SOM resource and determination of its energy potential were done. An attempt was made to correlate the humus content with a type of crops and supplied organic material (manure, plowed straw, catch crops). To obtain the status of a high humus content at studied arable lands, the scenarios of reproduction of lost energy from SOM were specified. The costs needed for SOM restoration (eg. labor costs, fuel, seeds, organic material value, lost income) were calculated.


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Michal KUNICKI1*


COMPARISON OF CAPACITIVE AND INDUCTIVE SENSORS DESIGNED

FOR PARTIAL DISCHARGES MEASUREMENTS IN ELECTRICAL POWER APPARATUS

Keywords: partial discharge, high voltage, insulation system, measurements, electrical method

ABSTRACTMonitoring of electrical power apparatus insulation system condition

is a crucial item of fleet maintenance policy according to their reliability as well as providing a continuous electrical power supply for costumers. Due to insulation system ageing process some degradation of dielectrics may occur which usually leads to local partial discharge (PD) generation. PD detection is proved to be one of the most effective insulation condition monitoring tools. There are many well-known and widespread PD detection methods, but only electrical method (EM) supports a calibrated apparent charge measurement. Measurement methodology and procedures are described in IEC 60270 standard. Generally there are two sensor types designed for PD detection in EM method: capacitive and inductive ones.

In the paper results of simultaneously conducted measurements achieved using capacitive and inductive sensors are presented according to different PD model sources immersed in a mineral transformer insulation oil. All measurements are preceded under laboratory conditions using typical measurement set up commonly applied for on-site PD detection: measuring impedance and capacitor and high frequency current transformer (HFCT) are used respectively. Time domain, frequency domain as well as phase resolved PD patterns analysis are investigated in the research. Various fun-



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damental PD signal descriptors assigned for selected frequencies are also proposed and compared for chosen sensors.

The main purpose of the presented research is to compare selected type of sensors during laboratory measurements and to point best application areas in fields of PD detection in high voltage apparatus under normal oper-ating conditions. Furthermore a proper measurement results interpretation coming from different sensors as well as potential calibration problems and achieved patterns disparities are also discussed in the paper.


| 125

Andrzej KUREK1*

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-271 Opole, [email protected]

EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE FATIGUE LIFE OF

STEEL-TITANIUM BIMETAL

Keywords: explosive cladding, fatigue, heat treatment, stress-life curve

ABSTRACTThe paper presents fatigue tests results of bimetal steel-titanium explo-

sively cladded. The study involved specimens made of bimetal which is a combination of steel S355J2 with titanium SB265G1, which was imposed in the process of material cladding and both basic materials. Both heat treated and not specimens where tested.

The experiment performed on bimetallic specimens loaded on the plane perpendicular to the joint allowed to conclude that the crack initiation oc-curred mostly in titanium SB265G1. In spite of great difference in Young mod-ulus of the joined materials, determining a lower stress value, titanium has a lower fatigue life. On the other hand, in the case of specimens subjected to bending on the plane parallel to the joint plane, the crack initiation occurred in the steel layer of the bimetal. Thus, we can state that for a given specimen shape, loading by alternating bending and the resulting stress distribution, the fatigue life of both materials is similar, and the final life is influenced by different random factors determined by the technology of materials joining (inclusions, heterogeneity of the joining cone etc.). Thus, while designing of machine elements made of bimetals the fatigue characteristics including fatigue properties of the basic material and the overlaid material should be taken into account. The Wöhler’s curve for the considered material is an example of such characteristics. The expected fatigue life of both steel and titanium should be checked, and the lower fatigue life should be assumed as the life of the element.



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If the tested specimens are loaded in parallel to the joint plane, the dif-ference of stress amplitude occurring in steel and titanium is greater, so the crack initiation process will proceed in the steel layer at first. Moreover, the fatigue life of the specimens made of the native material obtained from the clad is lower than the fatigue life of steel-titanium specimens. Fatigue tests of bimetallic and titanium specimens show no significant difference in fa-tigue life of titanium SB265G1 before and after cladding and heat treatment.


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Marta KUREK1*

1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanics and Machines Design, Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-271 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

DETERMINATION OF THE CRITICAL PLANE ORIENTATION TAKING INTO ACCOUNT SCATTER ANALYSIS OF FATIGUE LIFE

Keywords: critical plane, fatigue life, fatigue curves, scatter analysys

ABSTRACTThis paper contains a proposition setting out a new way of determining

an orientation angle of the critical plane. The proposed model of predicting fatigue life was formulated on the basis of a concept by Carpintieri [1]. The principal way of modifying the concept by Carpintieri involves a new rela-tion that is established for the angle defining the critical plane orientation, as it plays a critical role in the assessment of fatigue strength.

The applied method involves an analysis of fatigue life results’ scatter of several selected materials on the basis of a new criterion of multiaxial fatigue. Calculations were done using multiaxial fatigue criterion, based on the critical plane concept. The expression for the equivalent stress was derived on the basis of pure bending and pure torsion. The paper also contains a verification of the effectiveness of the proposed model by ana-lysing scatter bands and the value of the ratio of normal to shear stresses. The scatter analysis of the presented model is also based on the fatigue characteristics determined for pure bending and pure torsion of selected construction materials.

REFERENCES[1] A. Carpinteri, A. Spagnoli, S. Vantadori, Multiaxial fatigue assessment using

a simplified critical plane-based criterion, International Journal of Fatigue – ISSN: 01421123, Vol. 33, No. 8 (2011), pp. 969–976. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfa-tigue.2011.01.004.



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Sławomir KURPASKA1*, Norbert PEDRYC2

1 University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production Engineering and Energetics, Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Informatics, Poland

2 University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production Engineering and Energetics, Departament of Mechanical Engineering and Agrophysics, Poland

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF A HYBRID FOIL TUNNEL

HEATING SYSTEM

ABSTRACTThe paper analyzes the efficiency of the hybrid system used to heat the

foil tunnel. The tested system was built on the basis of heat gain in a cascade manner. The first step is to heat the water in the storage tank using the solar collectors. The second stage is the use of a heat pump (HP) in order to heat the diaphragm exchangers. The lower HP heat source is a cascade first stage buffer. In the storage tank, diaphragm exchangers used for solar collectors and heat pumps are installed. The research was carried out at a research station located in the University of Agriculture in Cracow. The aim was to perform an analysis of the efficiency of a hybrid system for the heating of a foil tunnel in the months from May to September. The efficiency of the entire hybrid system was calculated as the relation of the effect obtained in reference to the electrical power used to drive the heat pump components (compressor drive, circulation pump), circulation pumps and fans installed in the diaphragm heaters. The resulting effect was the amount of heat sup-plied to the interior of the object as a result of the internal air being forced through the diaphragm exchangers.



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Dariusz KURZ1*, Ryszard NAWROWSKI1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, 3a Piotrowo Street, 60-965 Poznań, Poland, [email protected], [email protected]

THE ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF THE THERMAL RESISTANCE OF THE ROOF

ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC ROOF TILES

Keywords: photovoltaic roof tile, thermal resistance, PV cell parameters

ABSTRACTThe paper addresses the issues related to the impact of the thermal re-

sistance of the roof on the electrical parameters of photovoltaic roof tiles. The methodology of determination of the thermal resistance and the heat transfer coefficient was presented in accordance with the applicable legal regulations and standards. For this purpose, the equations which describe the thermal resistance of building components, consisting of homogenous and inhomogeneous layers, as well as the cross-sections of three roofs subjected to analysis (with a division into sections and layers) were used. The infimum and supremum of the total thermal resistance, which are both necessary for calculations of the total thermal resistance and heat transfer coefficient of the roof construction were determined for one of them. The three built roof constructions, constituting a testing-measuring station for parameters of PV roof tiles were characterized (including the specification of parameters of the used building materials). The exemplary calculations were performed on the basis of the selected roof construction and the results of all calculations of the required parameters for each of the roofs were listed. The selected building components and their impact on the design thermal resistance factor and heat transfer coefficient were subjected to detailed analysis.

The results of electrical parameters of the photovoltaic installations, which consist of solar roof tiles placed on various roof substrates were pre-



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sented [1,2]. The differences in the results of measurements of the tested electrical parameters were indicated, depending on the type of the roof construction. According to our findings, the higher the value of the thermal resistance of the roof, the higher the temperature of PV cells and the air in the structural layer of the roof. The consequence of this is the lower value of voltage, power and efficiency in the processing of the solar energy into the electric energy. The measuring values were compared with those de-termined analytically (based on the technical specifications of PV roof tiles given in manufacturer’s data sheets). The connection between the type of the roof construction (thermal resistance and heat transfer coefficient) and the value of the electric energy generated by photovoltaic roof tiles was clearly shown. Based on the calculations, it was concluded that the generat-ed outputs in the respective constructions differ by maximum 6%. For cells with the highest temperature, the performance of the PV roof tiles on the respective roof constructions fell within the range between 0.4% and 1.2% (depending on the conducted measurement) and amounted to 8.76% (in reference to 9.97% for roof tiles with the lowest temperature).

REFERENCES[1] M. D’Orazio, C. Di Perna, E. Di Giuseppe, Experimental operating cell tempera-

ture assessment of BIPV with different installation configurations on roofs under Mediterranean climate, Renewable Energy 68, 19 (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.02.009.

[2] A. Gunawan, P. Hiralal, G.A.J. Amaratunga, K. Tan, S. Elmes, The effect of building integration on the temperature and performance of photovoltaic modules, Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, (PVSC, Denver CO, 2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925033.


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Justyna KUTERASIŃSKA-WARWAS1*, Anna KRÓL2

1 Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, 21 Oswiecimska Street, Opole, Poland, [email protected]


LEACHING OF HEAVY METALS FROM CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES MADE OF NEW TERNARY CEMENTS

Keywords: heavy metals, leaching, immobilization, cement matrices

ABSTRACTThe paper presents a comparison of research methods concerning the

leaching of harmful substances (selected heavy metal cations ie. Pb, Cu, Zn and Cr) and their degree of immobilization in cement matrices. The new types of ternary cements were used in the study, where a large proportion of cement clinker was replaced by other non-clinker components - industrial wastes, ie. siliceous fly ash from power industry and granulated blast furnace slag from the iron and steel industry. In studied cementitious binders also ground limestone was used, which is a widely available raw material. The aim of research is determining the suitability of new cements for neutral-izing harmful substances in the obtained matrices. The application of two research methods in accordance with EN 12457-4 and NEN 7275 intends to reflection of changing environmental conditions whom composite materi-als may actually undergo during their exploitation or storing on landfills. The results show that cements with high addition of non-clinker components are suitable for stabilization of toxic substances and the obtained cement matrices retain a high degree of immobilization of heavy metals at the level of 99%.

REFERENCES[1] A. Vollpracht, W. Brameshuber, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 79 (2016).[2] H. Lu, F. Wei, J. Tang, J. P. Giesy, Journal of Environmental Management,

Vol. 169 (2016).



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[3] W. Gwenzi, N.M. Mupatsi, Waste Management, Vol. 49 (2016).[4] D. Kalarus, T. Baran, M. Ostrowski, Scientific Works of Institute of Ceramics and

Building Materials, Vol. 25 (2016), pp. 7–17.[5] K. Mizerna, A. Król, Ecological Engineering, Vol. 47, (2016) pp. 151–156.[6] A. Mecke, I. Lee, J.R. Baker, M.M. Banaszak Holl, B.G. Orr, Eur. Phys. J. E 14, 7 (2004).


| 135

Joanna LACH1*, Agnieszka OCIEPA-KUBICKA2

1 Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, 60a Brzeznicka Street, Częstochowa, Poland, [email protected]

2 Częstochowa University of Technology, The Faculty of Management, 19b Armii Krajowej Street, Cęstochowa, Poland, [email protected]

THE ADSORPTION REMOVAL CHLORAMPHENICOL ON ACTIVATED CARBON

FROM WATER

Keywords: activated carbon, adsorption, chloramphenicol, antibiotics

ABSTRACTAntibiotics are contaminants that are increasingly often found in waste

water, surface water or even drinking water [1]. Organic compounds, includ-ing antibiotics, can be removed from water using activated carbon [2]. The advantages of activated carbon adsorption include: no need for introducing any additional chemicals and the removal of molecules in whole, without the formation of any metabolites or intermediate oxidation products. The paper has explored the possibility of removing Chloramphenicol from wa-ter solutions on activated carbon in three grades differing in their porous structure and surface chemical constitution. The kinetics of the adsorption of Chloramphenicol from solutions at temperatures of 20 and 40oC has been examined. On all of the examined activated carbon grades, the adsorption rate was higher for the temperature 40oC. Two modes of adsorption kinetics were examined: the pseudo-first order and the pseudo-second order modes. For all examined cases, the results of tests with a higher value of coefficient R2 are described by the equation for pseudo-second order kinetics. The tests were also conducted on activated carbons modified with ozone. The measurements were taken from solutions with pH values of pH = 2 and pH = 7. Chloramphenicol was best adsorbed on activated carbon F-300 from solutions with pH = 7, and on activated carbon ROW 08 Supra from solutions with pH = 2. The adsorption of the antibiotic was in the majority of cases higher from solutions with pH = 2 than pH = 7. The modification



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of the activated carbons with ozone enhanced their adsorption capacities for Chloramphenicol. The adsorption effects are influenced by the method of conducting modification (i.e. the duration of ozonation of the activated carbon solution and the solution temperature). The investigation results have been described with the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm equations. The both models well describe the obtained investigation results (high R2 values).

REFERENCES[1] C.A. Wang, H. Shi, C.D. Adams, S. Gamagedara, I. Stayton, T. Timmons, Y.F. Ma,

Water Res., 45, 1818 (2011).[2] X. Zhang, W. Guo, H.H. Ngo, H. Wen, N. Li, W. Wu, Journal of Environmental

Manage., 172, 193 (2016).


| 137

Grzegorz LIGUS1*, Szymon KOŁODZIEJ2

1 Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, Opole, Poland, [email protected] Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, Opole, Poland,

[email protected]

EXPERIMENTAL IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSING OF BYPASS AND LEAKAGE

STREAMS IN THE SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Keywords: heat exchanger, PIV, bypass stream, leakage stream

ABSTRACTShell-and-tube heat exchangers are widely used in chemical and process

engineering. Assessing hydrodynamics of fluid flow in their shell side is a highly complex task. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are the subject of many studies in which design and flow parameters are analysed. However, only few works concentrate on issues strictly related to the presence of baffles impact and identification of streams of the liquid flowing in the shell side. In this article, the authors presented results of experimental visuali-sation study conducted on the heat exchanger at industrial scale, utilizing streamlines analysis with the used of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) based on light sheet technique. In the experiment wide range of flow parameters and three different types of tube bundle and were used. The main results of measurements and analyses concentrate on identifying and assessing bypass streams and leakage streams, flowing through design gaps between the shell and the tube bundle as well as between the baffles and the tubes in the bundle (Fig. 1.).



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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND MATERIAL SYSTEMS 2017

POLANICA ZDRÓJ, SEPTEMBER 13th-15 th, 2017

EXPERIMENTAL IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSING OF BYPASS AND LEAKAGE STREAMS IN THE SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Grzegorz Ligus1,*, Szymon Kołodziej 22

1 - Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka street, Opole, Poland, [email protected] 2 - Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka street, Opole, Poland, [email protected]

Keywords: heat exchanger, PIV, bypass stream, leakage stream

ABSTRACT

Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are widely used in chemical and process engineering. Assessing hydrodynamics of fluid flow in their shell side is a highly complex task. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are the subject of many studies in which design and flow parameters are analysed. However, only few works concentrate on issues strictly related to the presence of baffles impact and identification of streams of the liquid flowing in the shell side. In this article, the authors presented results of experimental visualisation study conducted on the heat exchanger at industrial scale, utilizing streamlines analysis with the used of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) based on light sheet technique. In the experiment wide range of flow parameters and three different types of tube bundle and were used. The main results of measurements and analyses concentrate on identifying and assessing bypass streams and leakage streams, flowing through design gaps between the shell and the tube bundle as well as between the baffles and the tubes in the bundle (fig. 1.).

Fig. 1. Identification of the bypass streams (area A) and leakage streams (area B) with the used of streamlines analysis

* - corresponding author

A

A A

A

B

B

B

B

B

Fig. 1. Identification of the bypass streams (area A) and leakage streams (area B) with the used of streamlines analysis


| 139

Seweryn LIPIŃSKI1*, Tomasz OLKOWSKI2

1 Department of Electric and Power Engineering, Electronics and Automation, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 11 Oczapowskiego Street, 10-736 Olsztyn, Poland, [email protected]

2 Department of Electric and Power Engineering, Electronics and Automation, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 11 Oczapowskiego Street, 10-736 Olsztyn, Poland,

ESTIMATION OF THE COST OF ELECTRO-MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT FOR SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTS

– REVIEW AND COMPARISON OF METHODS

Keywords: small hydro, electro-mechanical equipment cost, investment planning

ABSTRACTThe estimate of the cost of electro-mechanical equipment for new small

hydropower plants most often amounts to about 30–40% of the total bud-get [1]. In case of modernization of existing small hydro installations, this estimation represents the main cost. This matter constitutes a research problem for at least few decades [2]. Many models have been developed for that purpose. The basic approach is based on the value of power of the small hydropower plant and on its net head [2], [3], [4]. Models that are more complex take into account turbine type [5], [6] and design flow rate [6].

The aim of our work was to collect and analyse mathematical models that allow us to estimate the cost of investment in electro-mechanical equip-ment for small hydropower plants. Over a dozen mathematical formulas were analysed. General rule, linking all these expressions, is their exponen-tial form, i.e. cost is given as multiplication of exponential functions where power of plant and its net head are bases while different constant coeffi-cients, obtained on the basis of real data, are exponents [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. To achieve the aim of our work, these functions were converted into the



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form allowing their comparison. Then the costs were simulated with respect to plants’ powers and net heads.

Obtained results were discussed and related to data found in Polish literature and to a one case study. The following conclusions can be drawn:• significant differences in results obtained by using different models were

observed;• there is a need for a wide study based on Polish investments in small

hydropower plants, that would allow to develop equations based on local data;

• the obtained formulas would let us determinate the costs of modern-ization or a new construction of small hydropower plant more precisely.

REFERENCES[1] Guide on How to develop a small hydropower plant (ESHA, 2004).[2] J.L. Gordon, A.C. Penman, J. Water, Power Dam. Constr. 31, 9 (1979).[3] G.A. Aggidis, E. Luchinskaya, R. Rothschild, D.C. Howard, Ren. Energy, 35, 12

(2010).[4] S.K. Singal, R.P. Saini, Ren. Energy 33, 12 (2008).[5] B. Ogayar, P.G. Vidal, Ren. Energy 34 (2009).[6] G. Cavazzini, A. Santolin, G. Pavesi, G. Ardizzon, Energy 103 (2016).


| 141

Ewelina ŁUKASIEWICZ1*, Mariusz RZĄSA2

1 Department of Thermal Engineering and Industrial Facilities, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, Poland [email protected]

2 Department of Thermal Engineering and Industrial Facilities, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, Poland [email protected]

EXAMINATION OF COAGULANT ADDITIVES ON QUALITATIVE COMPOSITION

OF SELECTED THERMAL WATERS

ABSTRACT On the territory of Poland occur rich deposits of thermal waters.

Although the utilisation of these waters is continuously extending, Poland is not exploiting their full geothermal potential due to high investment costs. Thermal waters industry in Poland to date indicates operations with-in mainly balneology as well as recreation objectives. Higher temperature values of these waters foster a washout in the surrounding rocks resulting in a high concentration of diluted substances which must be often removed. The following study investigates thermal waters from three intakes for which coagulation processes were conducted. Research clearly shows that coagulant additives not impact on the qualitative composition of thermal water, what is very important according to medicinal properties of water. The study results may be further applied as a valuable piece of information for further exploitation in balneology or within the heating sector and other installations.



| 143

Tomasz MALEC1, Tomasz BOCZAR2*, Daria WOTZKA1, Paweł FRĄCZ1

1 Opole University of Technology, Institute of Electric Power and Renewable Technologies, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland

2 Opole University of Technology, Institute of Electric Power and Renewable Technologies, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

COMPARISON OF LOW FREQUENCY SIGNALS EMITTED BY WIND TURBINES OF TWO

DIFFERENT GENERATOR TYPES

ABSTRACTPaper present results of comparative analysis of infrasound noise gen-

erated by wind turbines of two types: asynchronous type REPOWER MM92 with power equal to 2 MW and synchronous type Vensys 62 with power equal to 1.2 MW. Frequency spectra of sound pressure levels generated during operation by both turbines for exemplary chosen wind speed val-ues are depicted. Within the shown spectra the resonant frequencies have been indicated, for which sound pressure variations over time are shown. Based on the achieved frequency spectra it was stated that in general the asynchronous type turbine produces lower pressure levels, which are less stable over time, and indicates higher pressure values around the resonant frequencies as compared to the synchronous type turbine. Also it was stated that the asynchronous type turbine is more influenced by the wind con-ditions and generates higher pressure values by higher wind speeds then the synchronous type turbine. The main contribution of this paper lies in indication that the type of wind turbine generator has significant impact on the level of infrasound noise emitted to the environment.



| 145

Maciej MASIUKIEWICZ1*

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

SMALL PHOTOVOLTAIC SETUP FOR THE AIR CONDITIONIG SYSTEM

Keywords: photovoltaics, air conditioning, renewable energy sources

ABSTRACTThe increasing interest in air conditioning systems for residential applica-

tions in Poland will certainly increase the demand for electricity during the summer period. Due to this fact a growing interest in solutions that help to lower the electricity consumption in this sector is observed. The problem of increased energy demand for air conditioning purposes can be solved by transfer the consumption of electricity from the grid system to renewable energy sources (RES). The greatest demand for cooling occurs during the biggest sunlight. This is the basis for the analysis of technical power system based on photovoltaic cells to power the split type air conditioner.

The object of the study was the two commercial residential inverter air-conditioning units with a capacity of 2.5 kW power. The first was one of the newer unit – Toshiba SuperDaiseikai8 (outdoor unit RAS-10G2AVP-E, indoor unit RAS-10G2KVP-E). The second was a popular product – Toshiba AvAnt (outdoor unit RAS-107SAV-E6, indoor unit RAS-107SKV- E6). The anal-ysis considers the cooperation of a single phase photovoltaic system in two variants. The first was the dual production of electricity system for its own use and contribution of electricity to the grid (ON-GRID system). The second was a network electricity production system for the their own use with the possibility of buffering energy in batteries (OFF-GRID system).

The observations indicate that in principle the energy demand for air conditioning increases in the afternoon. Therefore, such a configuration is required for photovoltaic system that exhibits the best performance during these hours. A complete system of powering the split-type air conditioner



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has been chosen in such a way as to enable trouble-free and uninterrupted operation while maximizing the use of energy from photovoltaic cells.

Currently on the Polish market there is no developed complete solutions dedicated to air conditioning systems based on photovoltaics. In Poland, solar energy is mainly used for heat production in solar collectors. The pro-posed solution will help to increase the popularity of photovoltaic systems on the Polish market as an alternative to other renewable energy sources.


| 147

Mirjam MATTHES1*, Ingo HARTMANN2, Joachim SCHENK3

1 DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Torgauer Straße 116, Leipzig, Germany, [email protected]

2 DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Torgauer Straße 116, Leipzig, Germany

3 Hochschule für Technik, Wirtschaft und Kultur Leipzig, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 134, Leipzig, Germany

CHARACTERIZATION AND INTEGRATION OF OXIDATION CATALYSTS AT SMALL-SCALE

BIOMASS COMBUSTION FURNACES

Keywords: biomass combustion, emission reduction, catalysis, small-scale systems

ABSTRACTThe ambition to use catalysts for emission reduction in small-scale bio-

mass combustion systems increased in the last years with the interest to use renewable energy sources and in parallel growing environmental aware-ness. There is however only rare documentation of long-term stability and comprehensive analysation of the behaviour from the used catalysts during the manifold conditions occurring in stoves and boilers. Because of the dependency of the catalytic process from various conditions the aimed pollutant reduction is often not achieved in practice or only for a short operation time. An effective integration of catalysts implies to carry out an application-specific characterization to guarantee high activity, efficient utilization and long-term stability under process conditions.

The operation of selected small-scale biomass combustion systems has been analysed with different commercially available catalysts to determine essential process parameters and their variation during the regular perfor-mance in practice. The main influences can be assigned to temperature, pressure and fluid flow conditions as well as flue gas composition. The conditions can vary between different furnaces, also dependent on the oc-curring combustion phase and on the applied combustion principle or fuel.



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The reduction of carbon monoxide can be achieved easily with available noble metal catalyst. The additional reduction of hydrocarbons and partic-ulate matter in form of soot is more difficult to realize. The stability of the catalysts depends on the nature of the catalyst and also on the conditions in the combustion system. On the basis of the real life operation experiments a procedure for the characterization of catalysts has been designed to provide a universal data set for the application in small-scale biomass combustion systems. The integration of a catalyst in a real furnace can thereby be han-dled in a more effective way. The characterization procedure will be eval-uated by analysing the behaviour of three commercially available catalyst probes. By now, they have been already tested in model gas experiments using a laboratory facility. The influence of several process parameters has been analyzed using Design of Experiments methods. Probes showing ba-sic applicability during model gas experiments will be analyzed under real operation conditions using a micro-scale furnace allowing flexible catalyst integration and aging. Manganese oxide and its combination with noble metals have been selected as active phase, because of their pronounced activity for catalytic oxidation described in literature. A major influence of oxygen, pollutant concentration and GHSV has been observed so far and differences in the stability of the probes. A considerable reduction of carbon monoxide is expected for all in general occuring process conditions accord-ing to the model gas results.


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Mariusz MICHALSKI1*, Ferdynand ROMANKIEWICZ2

1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, 4 Prof. Z. Szafrana Street, 65516 Zielona Gora, Poland, [email protected]

2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, 4 Prof. Z. Szafrana Street, 65516 Zielona Gora, Poland

ALSi21CuNI SILUMIN MODIFICATION WITH PHOSPHOR AND STRONTIUM

MICRO ADDITIONS

ABSTRACT

The paper presents the results of investigation of the influence of AlFeP and AlSr modifiers on the structure of the hypereutectoid silumin, AlSi21Cu-Ni. The silumin has been modified in two stages. The first stage was melt with the addition of phosphor in the quantity of 120ppm. The second stage was combined application of phosphor and strontium. The strontium addition amounted 150, 250 and 350 ppm. At each melt, the metal has been cast after 10, 30, and 60 minutes from the introduction of the modifiers. The effective-ness of the modification has been assessed basing on qualitative and quan-titative analysis of the microstructure of castings. It has been determined that the applied addition of phosphor causes significant comminution of the primary silicon secretions. Maximum comminution of primary silicon has been obtained after the longest time of the modified alloy soaking. The most advantageous effects of combined modification have been ob-tained with the application of 120ppm addition of P and 350ppm addition of Sr after 60 minutes from the introduction of the modifiers to the metal bath.



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Kamila MIZERNA1*, Anna KRÓL2, Adrian MRÓZ3

1 Opole University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-271 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

2 Opole University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-271 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

3 Komunalne Przedsiębiorstwo Wielobranżowe Gogolin Sp. z o.o., 15 Ligonia Street, 47-320 Gogolin, [email protected]

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF APPLICABILITY OF MINERAL-ORGANIC

COMPOSITE FOR LANDFILL AREA REHABILITATION

Keywords: environmental assessment, mineral-organic composite, landfill area rehabilitation, contaminants leaching

ABSTRACTThis paper undertakes an assessment of the impact of a mineral-organic

composite on the environment as well as the potential for its application for land rehabilitation purposes. The analysis involves the release of the leachable contaminations from the material subjected to testing. This ma-terial was formed by a composite manufactured on the basis of communal bottom ash and stabilized sewage sludge. The sludge resulting from waste-water treatment was subjected to stabilization and dehydration in waste pounds at the phase of pre-watering until 20% of dry mass is obtained. Subsequently, they were mixed with bottom ash, which was obtained from selective waste collection, in a 1:1 mass ratio.

The analysis involved the leaching of inorganic contaminants in the form of heavy metals, sulphates (VI), chlorides, and fluorides as well as organic compounds in the form of organic carbon solution under the effect of leachant with a various level of pH. The analyzed components were charac-terized by various leaching behavior depending on the leachant pH. On the basis of the results, we were able to assess the potential hazard posed by the examined material on the environment as a consequence of its application for landfill area rehabilitation.



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Eliseo MONFORT1*, Ana LÓPEZ-LILAO1, Alberto ESCRIG1, Maria Jesus IBÁÑEZ1, Guliana BONVICINI2, Otto CREUTZENBERG3, Christina ZIEMANN3

1 Instituto de Tecnología Cerámica–AICE, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain2 Centro Ceramico di Bologna (CCB), Bologna, Italy3 Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM),

Hannover, Germany

ADDITIVES FOR REDUCING THE TOXICITY OF RESPIRABLE CRYSTALLINE SILICA.

SILIFE PROJECT

Keywords: respirable crystalline silica, occupational health, additive use, coating

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTIONIt is well established that Respirable Crystalline Silica (RCS) produces

silicosis, an irreversible and potentially lethal pathological disease. Further-more, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified RCS in the form of quartz and crystobalite from occupational sources as carcinogenic for humans (category 1). Crystalline silica – quartz, in particu-lar – is one of the most thoroughly used industrial raw materials. In terms of exposure, RCS is probably the most concerning hazardous chemical in Europe: more than 4 millions of European workers are believed to be poten-tially exposed to RCS at their workplaces.

In a previous project (SILICOAT), a cost-effective RCS-coating technology to inhibit RCS toxicity based on stable, covalent bonds of reactive quartz surface silanol groups was developed and implemented. This technology applied to traditional ceramic processes was found to be technically and economically feasible. Therefore a new project (SILIFE) is currently devel-



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oped to produce commercial quartz powders that show very little or no RCS toxicity by a dry method.

RESULTSThe new process has already been designed at pilot plant scale. The

coating effectiveness was measured using the ζ (zeta) potential, since the measurement of ζ potential was found to be extremely sensitive (modi-fications in surface charge due to the addition of less than 0.05% w/w of aminosilanes can be perfectly detected) and ζ potential is well correlated with toxicological results. Using this technique, it has been observed that the coating method developed in SILIFE (dry method) reproduce the results obtained by wet method (SILICOAT).

The toxicological results (cytoxicity and genotoxicity) have evidenced that the treated powders exhibit much less toxicity than the untreated quartzes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis work was conducted in the frame of the project LIFE14 ENV/

ES/000238 SILIFE – “Production of quartz powders with reduced crystalline silica toxicity”, which is co-funded by the European Commission Programme Environment and Resource Efficiency.

REFERENCES[1] C. Ziemann, A. Escrig, G. Bonvicini, M.J. Ibañez., E. Monfort, A. Salomoni,

O. Creutzenberg, Organosilane-Based Coating of Quartz Species from the Tra-ditional Ceramics Industry: Evidence of Hazard Reduction Using In Vitro and In Vivo Tests, Annals of Work Exposure and Health (2017).


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Zbigniew NADOLNY1*, Grzegorz DOMBEK1

1 Poznan University of Technology, 3a Piotrowo Street, 60-965, Poznan, Poland, [email protected]

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES OF MINERAL OIL AND NATURAL ESTER IN

TERMS OF THEIR APPLICATION IN THE TRANSFORMER

Keywords: power transformers, dielectric liquids, power transformer insulation

ABSTRACTThe article describes research results of thermal properties of mixtures

of mineral oil and natural ester. Percentage proportions of both the liquids were as follows: 100/0, 95/5, 80/20, 50/50, 20/80, 5/95, 0/100. The authors present measurement results of thermal conductivity, kinematic viscosity, specific heat, density, and thermal expansion of the created mixtures. The measurements were taken in a relatively wide temperature range: 25ºC, 40ºC, 60ºC, and 80ºC. On the basis of the measurement results, convection heat transfer coefficient α was calculated and the most advantageous pro-portion of both the components of the mixture was pointed in terms of cooling effectiveness of the transformer [1–3].

On the basis of the measurements it was found that the increase of nat-ural ester content in the mixture of mineral oil and natural ester resulted in increase of thermal conductivity by almost 40%, viscosity increase by over 200%, specific heat increase by about 5%, density increase by about 5%, and no changes of thermal expansion. In contrast, coefficient α has its maximum for a mixture of 95% of mineral oil and 5% of natural ester.

From the practical point of view we can say that it makes no sense to ap-ply the mixture (95% of mineral oil and 5% of natural ester) of the maximum coefficient α. This results from the fact that for such a mixture, this coefficient is only by 1–2% higher than for the coefficient α of pure mineral oil.



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In the case of retrofilling, i.e. replacing mineral oil with ester (e.g. natural ester), we can expect that a few percent of oil will remain in the transformer in its hardly available parts (paper insulation, crevices). In this way, a mixture of oil and ester is created of the proportion 5/95. The coefficient α of such a mixture is much lower than the coefficient α of pure mineral oil or the mix-ture of the maximum value of α. Thus we can expect that after retrofilling the transformer, the created mixture will have worse cooling properties. On the other hand, the coefficient α of the mixture is a slightly higher than the coefficient α of pure natural ester. Thus we can expect that after retrofilling the transformer, the created mixture will have better cooling properties than natural ester.

REFERENCES[1] G. Dombek, Z. Nadolny, Eskploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Re-

liability 18, 3 (2016).[2] Z. Nadolny, G. Dombek, P. Przybylek, IEEE 2016 Conference on Electrical Insu-

lation and Dielectric Phenomena (2016).[3] G. Dombek, Z. Nadolny, Eskploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Re-

liability 19, 1 (2017).


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Łukasz NAGI1*


DETECTION OF IONIZING RADIATION GENERATED BY ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES

IN THE AIR USING SPHERE-SPHERE SYSTEM

Keywords: electrical discharges, ionizing radiation, scintillations

ABSTRACTThe article presents the results of studies on the detection of ionizing

radiation generated during electrical discharges. The obtained energy spec-tra for a system of sphere spark gaps, and the dependence of the obtained energies on the geometric arrangements of the detection devices and of the electrical discharge generating devices are presented. Additionally, the recorded signals from the scintillation detector, and the energy spectrum received for the examined system are also presented. It is significant that the field distribution related to the shape of the spark gaps is of key importance for the received measurement data. Electrical discharges generate ionizing radiation, both in natural atmospheric discharges [1], [2] and in laboratories [3]. Studies on partial electrical discharges in a laboratory proved the exis-tence of such radiation also at a voltage between the electrodes not higher than 120kV [4], [5]. During the measurements, the voltage, the breakdown current, and the shape and number of scintillating bolts at the time of a breakdown in the system were recorded at the same time. The energy spec-trum in this system suggests that the greatest number of scintillations is recorded at a distance between the electrodes equal to 120 mm. An increase in the distance of more than 120 mm lowers the count of recorded scintil-lations, and the energy of individual excitations increases. The completed studies for the sphere - shaped spark gaps are a part of studies on recording ionizing radiation generated by disruptive and partial discharges in the air and in mineral oil.



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REFERENCES[1] J.R. Dwyer, M.M. Schaal, E. Cramer, S. Arabshahi, N. Liu, H.K. Rassoul, J.D. Hill,

D.M. Jordan, M.A. Uman, Observation of a gamma-ray flash at ground level in association with a cloud-to-ground lightning return stroke, J. Geophys. Res. Sp. Phys., Vol. 117, No. A10 (Oct. 2012), pp. n/a-n/a.

[2] P. Kochkin, A.P.J van Deursen, A. de Boer, M. Bardet, J.F. Boissin, In-flight measurements of energetic radiation from lightning and thunderclouds, J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., Vol. 48, No. 42 (2015), p. 425202.

[3] J.R. Dwyer, Z. Saleh, H.K. Rassoul, D. Concha, M. Rahman, V. Cooray, J. Jerauld, M.a. Uman, V.a. Rakov, A study of X-ray emission from laboratory sparks in air at atmospheric pressure, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 113, No. D23 (2008), p. D23207.

[4] D. Zmarzly, L. Nagi, S. Borucki, T. Boczar, Analysis of ionizing radiation generated by partial discharges, Acta Phys. Pol. A, Vol. 125, No. 6 (2014), pp. 1377–1379.

[5] Ł. Nagi, D. Zmarzły, T. Boczar, P. Frącz, Detection of High-Energy Ionizing Radia-tion Generated by Electrical Discharges in Oil, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol. 23, No. 4 (2016), pp. 2036–2041.


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Tomislav NOVOSEL1*, Hrvoje DOROTIĆ2, Neven DUIĆ2,

Tomislav PUKŠEC2

1 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zagreb, Croatia, [email protected]

2 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zagreb, Croatia

IMPACT OF DISTRICT HEATING ON LOCAL AND REGIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS – HEAT

MAPPING AND ENERGY PLANNING FOR VELIKA GORICA

Keywords: energy planning, heat demand mapping, district heating, renewable energy sources, power to heat

ABSTRACTHighly efficient cogeneration and district heating systems have a signifi-

cant potential for primary energy savings and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through the utilization of waste and renewable heat sources. These potentials are still highly underutilized in most European countries. They also play a key role in the planning of future energy systems due to their positive impact on the increase of the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources, for example wind and solar with power to heat technologies. In order to ensure optimal levels of district heating pene-tration into an energy system a comprehensive analysis is necessary to determine the actual demands and the potential energy supply. The goal of this work is to demonstrate a heat demand mapping methodology and the use of its output for energy planning of a system with a high focus on district heating. The mapping has been done using qGIS while H2RES has been used as the energy planning tool. The city of Velika Gorica in Croatia served as the case study.



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Agnieszka OCIEPA-KUBICKA1*, Krzysztof WILCZAK2

1 Faculty of Management, Czestochowa University of Technology, 19B Armii Krajowej Street, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland, [email protected]

2 Water Supply and Sewerage Company in Gliwice, 47 Rybnicka Street, 41-800 Gliwice

WATER LOSS REDUCTION AS THE BASIS OF GOOD WATER SUPPLY COMPANIES’

MANAGEMENT

Keywords: water loss, environment, management

ABSTRACTCompanies using water distribution systems to reduce the operating

costs and increase the reliability of water supply systems, as well as to pro-tect disposable water resources, must search for ways to reduce water losses.

The article points out the economic and environmental aspects of water losses. The possibilities of using international water loss assessment stan-dards have been analysed. The reflections presented in the paper refer to the current trends and world standards in the field of water distribution systems management.

The article presents the results and analysis of water losses for the water supply network operated by the Water Supply and Sewerage Company in Gliwice (PrzedsiębiorstwoWodociągówiKanalizacji w Gliwicach). The losses were determined on the basis of numerous indicators and compared with other distribution systems. The Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI), as one of the most reliable loss indicators for the surveyed distribution system, assumed values from 3.33 in 2012 to 2.06 in 2015. The recent drop in ILI val-ues indicates the effectiveness of the Company’s strategy for water leakage reduction.



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Tomasz OLKOWSKI1*, Seweryn LIPIŃSKI2, Aneta OLĘDZKA2

1 Department of Electric and Power Engineering, Electronics and Automation, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 11 Oczapowskiego Street, 10-736 Olsztyn, Poland, [email protected]

2 Department of Electric and Power Engineering, Electronics and Automation, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 11 Oczapowskiego Street, 10-736 Olsztyn, Poland

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HEAT PUMP AND BIOMASS BOILER

FOR SMALL DETACHED HOUSE HEATING

Keywords: detached house, heat source equipment and operation cost, CO2 emissions

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the work is to answer the question: which of the two

selected heat sources is more economically beneficial for small detached house? The comparative analysis of these sources was carried out to discuss the issue.

First, cost of both, equipment and operation of selected heat systems were analysed. Additionally, CO2 emission levels associated with these heat systems were determined.

The analysis for non-existent detached house was carried out. The house was especially designed for the purpose of this study. The house is supposed to be located in north-eastern part of Poland, i.e. in the fourth climatic zone with reference design outdoor temperature equal to -22°C. Heated area is equal to 138.4 m2 and the number of home residents is five persons so the total heat demand equals 7.6 kW. This value includes heating and prepa-ration of hot water. Based on the above data it was assumed that one of the two selected heat sources: heat pump or biomass boiler fuelled with wood-pellets could work in the considered house.

The comparative analysis of the costs of both considered heat systems showed that equipment cost of heat pump including installations of lower



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and higher heat sources (approx. 8827 USD) is considerably bigger than the cost of biomass boiler including installation for heat collection (approx. 2839 USD). The comparison of annual operation costs showed that heat pump operation cost (approx. 765 USD) is slightly lower than operation cost of biomass boiler (approx. 878 USD).

The analysis of above results shows that lower operation cost of heat pump in comparison with biomass boiler cost lets qualify heat pump as more economically justified only after 53 years of working.

For both analysed devices, CO2 emission levels were determined. The considerations take into account the fact that heat pump consumes elec-tricity. It is mostly generated through combustion of coal in Poland. Thus, use of the heat pump results in emission on the level of approx. 3349 kg CO2 per year. The biomass boiler also needs electricity to ensure the correct operation (approx. 503 kg CO2 per year). Those values show that biomass boiler can be described as not only more economically justified system but also as considerably more ecological.


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Tomasz Olszowski1

1 Opole University of Technology, Department of Thermal Engineering and Industrial Facilities, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-271 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

PARTICULATE MATTER IN THE RURAL SETTLEMENT DURING WINTER TIME

Keywords: outdoor, PM2.5, PM10, factors, PCA

ABSTRACTDuring the cold months of the year, anthropogenic activity leads to

a considerable deterioration of air quality [1]. This situation is particularly relevant for geographical the area of the former Eastern Bloc, where house-hold heating is based on useful energy supply from outdated systems. This problem is however, not limited only to urban areas [2, 3]. In the areas of compact rural settlement, the ratio of solid fuels combustion in the total production of thermal energy is in the range from 70 to 95% [4]. Unfortu-nately, papers discussing the results of research on air quality in rural areas are very scarce [5].

The objective of this study was to analyzed the variability of the ambient particulates mass concentration in an area occupied by rural development. The analysis applied daily and hourly PM2.5 and PM10 levels. Data were derived on the basis of measurement results with the application of stationary grav-imetric samplers and optical dust meter. The obtained data were compared with the results from the urban air quality monitoring network in Opole. Principal Component Analysis was used for data analysis. Research hypoth-eses were checked using U Mann-Whitney. It was indicated that during the smog episodes, the ratio of the inhalable dust fraction in the rural aerosol is greater than for the case of the urban aerosol. It was established that the principal meteorological factors affecting the local air quality. Air tempera-ture, atmospheric pressure, movement of air masses and occurrence of precipitation are the most important. It was demonstrated that the during the temperature inversion phenomenon, the values of the hourly and daily mass concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 are very improper. The decrease of the PM’s concentration to a safe level is principally relative to the occurrence of wind and precipitation.


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REFERENCES[1] J. Schwarz, M. Cusack, J. Karban et all, Atmos Res 176–177 (2013).[2] J. Krynicka, A. Drzeniecka-Osiadacz, J. Pol, Environ Stud 22 (4) (2013).[3] Z. Mijić, A. Stojić, M. Perisić, Rajsić, S. Tasić, M. Radenković, J. Joksić, Atmos

Environ 44 (2010).[4] T. Olszowski, Proscince 1 (2014).[5] K.M. Nam, N.E. Selin, J.M. Reilly, S. Paltsev, Energy Policy 38 (2010).


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Tomasz OLSZOWSKI1

1 Opole University of Technology, Department of Thermal Engineering and Industrial Facilities, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-271 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

AEROSOL IN SELECTED LABORATORIES AT FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,

OPOLE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Keywords: indoor, working area, PM2.5, PM10, cluster analysis

ABSTRACTEpidemiological studies have shown that there is a strong correlation

between the air pollutants concentration and increase the prevalence of respiratory diseases and finally mortality of people. [1, 2]. People spend 85–90% of their time in enclosed spaces, including 40% in buildings with public access [3]. For this reason, it is important to pay attention to the parameters of air which they used to breathe. One of the parameters of air quality is associated with the mass concentration of particulate matter suspended in the air.

The paper contains the results of a study into mass concentration of the dispersed aerosol fraction with the aerodynamic diameter of up to 2.5 and 10 micrometers. The study was conducted during classes with students participating in them in two laboratories located at Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology as well as outdoor outside the building. The registration involved 960 independent observations indoors and 96 outdoors (additionally for comparison). The principal measurements applied a laser photometer DustTrak DRX. The results were analyzed by application of non-parametric tests. For the purposes of classification of variables and assessment of the role of the specific variables, the analysis was based on the use of cluster analysis (CA) [4].

It was demonstrated that the values of the mass concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 measured in the laboratories differ considerably from the levels measured in the ambient air in the outdoor areas surrounding the faculty building. It was concluded that the diversity of PM2.5/PM10 ratio was greater in the laboratories. It was found that there is a considerable correlation be-


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tween the mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 separately for the indoor and outdoor environment. Concurrently, with regard to the general conclu-sions, direct correlation was not established between the concentrations of the particular PM fractions in the two investigated environments. It was found that the dependence of the outdoor temperature on the indoor mass concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 is small. It was demonstrated that there is a statistically significant relation between the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 and the number of people present in the laboratory. The conducted cluster analysis led to the detection of the existence of dominant structures determining air quality parameters. It was concluded that in the analyzed case, endogenic factors are responsible for the aerosanitary condition. The study demonstrated that the evaluation of air quality needs to be performed individually for the specific rooms.

REFERENCES[1] ECA. 22, (2000), http://www.buildingecology.com/publications/ECA_Re-

port22.pdf[2] US EPA. EPA/600/P-99/002bF (2004).[3] L. Morawska, C.R. He, G. Johnson, H. Guo, E. Uhde, G. Ayoko, Environ Sci Technol.

43 (2009).[4] P.J. Rousseeuw, J. Comput App Math 20 (1998).


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Agnieszka PATYNA1, Małgorzata PŁACZEK2*

1 Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-271 Opole, Poland, [email protected]


TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF PHOTOBIOREACTORS

FOR MICROALGAE CULTIVATION

Keywords: algae cultivation, photobioreactor, reactor design

ABSTRACTAlgal biomass form the most simple plant organisms living both in aquat-

ic and soil environment. The algal biomass is often considered as cheap and accessible biological material applied in various branches of industry. It is considered as an energy carrier with a potential as an alternative to fossil fuels in the context of biofuel production, as well as for electricity and ther-mal power generation. Microalgae has a numerous commercial applications e.g. in the food industry they can be used to enhance the nutritional value of human food and animal feed owing to their diverse chemical composi-tion. Because of many valuable components, such as polyunsaturated fatty acid oils they are added to infant formulas and nutritional supplements of balanced diet. The production of several bioactive compounds such as hy-drocarbons, isotopes, polysaccharides, and antifungal, antitumor, antibacte-rial and antiviral substances is currently under study. Nevertheless, despite such enormous potential, the number of applications that has reached the industrial scale is comparatively rather limited. There are many research including genetic modification of algae strains, influence light on their phys-iology and biochemistry and the relationship between oil content in cells and algal productivity and what is of great importance, the improvement of microalgae production systems as a result of technological progress what



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can enhance the productivity of algal feedstock and fuel yield. Microalgae products would in that way become even more diversified and economically competitive. Accurate control of microalgae cultivation system is impossible in open-system configurations, so current investigation has focused mostly on closed systems called photobioreactors.

The paper contains a description and assessment of various design of photobioreactors as the apparatus, for which it is possible to obtain high concentration of biomass of green algae. The design of such apparatus plays an important role in the context of the concurrent fulfillment of ecological and economic requirements, which are required to conduct an efficient and effective technology using cheap and easily accessible resources. The paper describes the advantages and drawbacks of the application of the particular types of reactors (tubular, flat plate and fermenter-type reactors). The processing parameters such as gaseous transfer, medium mixing and light requirements were discussed too. The important role of the applica-tion of up-to-date designs of photobioreactors is emphasized to form the basic components of combined algae cultivation and processing system, as they can improve the profitability of large-scale algal production in closed cultivation systems.


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Agnieszka PATYNA1*, Stanisław WITCZAK2



STUDY OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS SEDIMENTATION PROCESS

Keywords: algae cultivation, biomass sedimentation, Chlorella vulgaris, photobioreactor

ABSTRACT

Algae biomass is increasingly regarded as a potential resource that could be used to produce biofuels, electricity and heat. Due to high prices of crude oil and increase of environmental pollution, more extensive research are undertaken to verify the possibility of use of algal biomass as a source of alternative energy. Algae contain a lot of nutrients, so they can be used as food for humans and livestock. Algae cultivation does not demand large areas of land to expose cells to sunlight, so their production rate is higher than vascular plants. Moreover, the cultivation in closed photobioreactors results in high biomass concentration. Due to the high productivity of pho-tobioreactors, it is possible to reduce the cost of biomass, which is a factor promoting their use in large-scale processes. On the other hand, the process apparatus is built from expensive materials and is characterized by high exploitation cost (demand for electricity used for lighting, feeding carbon dioxide, pumping algal suspension). Important is also separation process which decide on efficiency in biomass harvesting.

The paper reports results of a study including description of cultivation condition of selected Chlorella vulgaris strains in laboratory photobioreactor and they separation process using sedimentation method.



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The process of algae cultivation was carried out in two different systems, different regarding the way of carbon dioxide supply. The first method was to deliver the carbon dioxide (with required concentration) together with compressed air directly into the photobioreactor. In the second, the test was carried out without additional supply of gas to the culture.

The algae cultivation was carried out using also a different ways of mix-ing. One part of flasks was mixed manually while the second one in mechan-ical way by using flask-shaker which was turned on regularly with the same timing. Mixing of algae biomass was necessary because of possibility of biofilm formation on vessel walls, what significantly limits efficient exposure of the culture to light. The cultivation time, a source of artificial light and its intensity in all carried out tests were the same. Algal growth was determined by measuring the amount of dry mass over time.

Algae biomass obtained in various cultivation systems with different con-centration was undergone to separation process. This allowed to determine the characteristic of sedimentation process for different concentrations and cell sizes.

The experimental results indicate the possibility of sedimentation use in microalgae harvesting operation. Further research will allow to define beneficial harvesting condition of this type of suspensions in settlers.


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Monika PAWLITA-POSMYK1, Małgorzata WZOREK2*



ASSESSMENT OF APPLICATION OF SELECTED WASTES FOR PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS

Keywords: wastes, fermentation process, biogas production

ABSTRACTRecently, in Poland, production of biogas has become more popular.

Biogas is a valuable source of renewable energy to produce electricity and heat. Numerous types of technological solutions of biogas production are closely linked to the availability of substrates in the area, and their quantity and also properties. The selection of the most favourable substrates for bio-gas production is not easy. For production of biogas are used mostly wastes from agricultural and food industries, i.e. slurry manure, waste products, distillers potions etc. An important aspect of the biogas production is the efficiency and quality of biogas, which depends on used substrates and methods of fermentation.

The purpose of the paper is assessed the energy potential of wastes such as communal and domestic sewage sludge and waste from paper in-dustry matufactured in Opole region (Poland) and assessment of suitability for use them in fermentation process. Based on statistical data the annual production of selected wastes in Opole region and in Poland was estimated and also potential biogas and energy production were calculated. The char-acterization of basic physicochemical properties of selected wastes which are important for fermentation process i.e. water content, pH, dry organic matter, total nitrogen, N-NH4

+, magnesium, C:N and the content of heavy metals (include Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Hg) were also presented. The highest values of methane, biogas and energy were obtained for waste from paper industry but communal sewage sludge has the most proper parameters for application in fermentation process.



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Katarzyna PETA1*, Karol GROCHALSKI1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Mechanical Technology, 3 Piotrowo Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland

THE MEASUREMENTS OF TEMPERATURE AND DEFORMATIONS OF CAR RADIATORS

RESISTANCE TENSOMETRY METHOD AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS WITH THE USE OF THERMOELEMENTS

Keywords: temperature measurements, deformation measurements of radiators, exploitative durability, the endurance of thermal shocks

ABSTRACTIn the study main factors influencing the exploitative durability of the radi-

ators used in motorization were classified. Special attention was put to thermal strains occurring during the usage of a car. The causes of theirs formation were identified, including disproportionate distribution of temperature in the con-struction of radiator, which changes cyclically depending on the characteristics of cooling fluid flow. In order to evaluate the influence of temperature and deformations of radiators on their durability, resistance tensometry method was used supplemented with temperature measurements with the use of ther-moelements. Measurements were carried out during the examination of the durability of radiators on thermal shocks, which is one of the most basic exam-ination that imitates conditions of their work and verifies mechanical durability of products. Based on the carried measurements the effect of cooling liquid temperature was determined based on the distortions of car radiators. Critical areas in the radiator were located, which are the most vulnerable to damages, including cracks. After the conducted research measurements of tightness were carried out, which verification is one of the most important requirements set for products in contact with intermediary medium in heat exchange. There was an attempt to assess it using air/air and air/water method. The first is to determine the difference between the volume of tested and model radiator, the second is to ram compressed air to the product immersed in water and identification of possible gas bubble. The study was supplemented with the observation of metallographic structures of the areas of fatigue cracks.



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Izabela PIETKUN-GREBER1

1 Independent Department of Process Engineering University of Opole, 7–9 Dmowskiego Street, Opole, Poland, [email protected]

EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN-CHARGINGON THE PROPERTIES

OF S235 STEEL

Keywords: hydrogen content, hydrogen-charging, corrosion resistance, hydrogen degradation

ABSTRACTOne of the forms of metal degradation of construction materials is hy-

drogen embrittlement. Those damages cause significant damages in many industrial branches, for instance chemical, petrochemical and nuclear power industry. Regardless of the environment from which hydrogen penetrates metal and its alloy, its presence in the structure is the reason of unfavorable changes not only electrochemical, mechanical but also functional proper-ties.

In this work, the results of research on the impact of electrolytic hydro-genation to change the mechanical and electrochemical properties of steel S235 were investigated. The tests of the resistance of steel S235JR on the devastating effects of hydrogen was carried out based on a static stretching test of the samples in the air and after cathodic polarization. Assessment of changed electrochemical properties of hydrogenated steel was based on potentiostatic and potentiodynamic analyses. Steel hydrogenation was carried out in 0.1 N aqueous sulfuric acid (VI) supplemented with 2 mg/dm3 of arsenic oxide (III) at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 for a period of 3 to 24 hours.

The subject of detailed analysis were the results of electrochemical and mechanical tests. The mechanical tests were supplemented with the assessment of the morphology of breakthroughs, in particular were assessed the changes in the nature of steel cracking in the presence of hydrogen. It has been shown that with increasing hydrogen concentration in the steel the plastic properties are being significantly reduced. It was also


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shown that with the hydrogen content decrease in the samples of the S235 steel taken into consideration in the research, the value of the corrosion potential shifted towards negative values. The decrease in the polarization resistance was accompanied only by the simultaneous decrease of the cor-rosion current density, which results in increased corrosion rate. The longer time of hydrogenated, the smaller corrosion resistance of the S235 steel in a 3% solution of NaCl.


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Dawid PIWOWARSKI2, Stanisław ANWEILER1*, Roman ULBRICH2

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland email: [email protected]

2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street., 45-758 Opole, Poland

UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HEAT LOSS

Keywords: district heating, heat loss, unmanned aerial vehicles, infrared visualization

ABSTRACTGrowing share of the municipal sector in energy consumption develops

many activities and requirements for energy consumption reduction and the observation of trends necessity. For individual objects there is an energy audit available and the building’s energy performance analysis is possible, which significantly contributes to the energy intensity reduction of the economy. In the case of actions relating to larger areas, such as complexes of buildings, districts or even entire cities, such procedure would require a huge financial investment and time. For some time, there are proposals to use the techniques of aerial laser scanning for the urban heat island (UHI) effects [1]. In recent years, attempts are being made to use the unmanned aircraft with thermal imaging techniques. Recent advances in UAVs for civilian use make it possible to regularly monitor environments from the thermophysical point of view, at spatial and temporal scales that would be difficult to achieve using conventional methods. Previous aerial monitoring of thermophysical environments has been expensive and time consuming [2].

This paper presents the design and implementation of device for remote and automatic monitoring of temperature field of large objects. The project aimed to create a quadcopter flying platform equipped with a thermal imag-



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ing camera. For this commercially available UAV model was used – 3DR-Iris+ [3]. The object of the research was district heating installations above ground and underground. A series of images to locate the places of heat loss and thus damage to the hull insulation. Additionally a group of public buildings heat loss have been studied.

The results of the work on the implementation of low-cost and efficient heat loss monitoring system. The system consists of a small (<2kg) multirotor platform. To perform thermal images micro camera FlirOne with microcom-puter Raspberry Pi3 was used.

REFERENCES[1] W. Su, Y. Zhang, Y. Yang, G. Ye, Examining the impact of greenspace patterns on

land surface temperature by coupling LiDAR data with a CFD model, Sustain-ability, 6(10) (2014), 6799–6814.

[2] A. Nishar, S. Richards, D. Breen, J. Robertson, B. Breen, Thermal infrared imaging of geothermal environments and by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV): A case study of the Wairakei–Tauhara geothermal field, Taupo, New Zealand. Renew-able Energy 86 (2016), pp. 1256–1264.

[3] S. Anweiler, D. Piwowarski, Multicopter platform prototype for environmental monitoring, Journal of Cleaner Production (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.132


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Mariusz PRAŻMOWSKI1*, Henryk PAUL2, Michał NAJWER1, Anna POCICA1

1 Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 5 Mikolajczyka St., Opole, Poland, [email protected], [email protected]

2 Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, 25 Reymonta St., Krakow, Poland, [email protected]

INFLUENCE OF LONG-LASTING SIMULATED HEAT TREATMENTS ON THE STRUCTURE

AND PROPERTIES OF THE ZIRCONIUM-STEEL BOND

Keywords:, explosive cladding, zirconium-steel bond, heat treatment, macrostructural, mechanical properties

ABSTRACTExplosion bonding is the basic technology for the production of cladding

plates used in the construction of elements of chemical process equipment, electrochemical industry, power industry, etc. In the process of explosive bonding, bimetallic and layered systems can be produced, where metallic bond with special, high durability and technological parameters is ob-tained with keeping at the same time the structural properties, corrosion resistance and current properties of the particular layers. The specificity of the explosive bonding technology is related to the dynamic impact of the clad material onto base material. This results in significant changes in the structure of the bonded materials, the increase of stresses and the harden-ing in the bond zone. In order to eliminate these unfavourable effects, it is advisable to carry out proper heat treatment. It is extremely important to select the parameters of this treatment since the long-term effects of high temperature, even under operating conditions, are not inert to the structure and mechanical properties of the bimetal, as it can lead to adverse changes in the interface.

The paper presents the results of structural examinations and mechani-cal properties of bimetal zirconium-steel, after long-lasting simulated heat



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treatment. Bimetal samples were heated at 6000C for 1/10/100/500/1000 hours. The evaluation of structural changes was made on the basis of mi-croscopic examination, while the mechanical properties on the basis of systematic microhardness measurements and static tensile tests

Basis on the analysis of the obtained results it was stated that the smallest changes in the structure were observed at short holding times of 1h and 10h, while the increase of time was conducive to grain growth and carbon diffusion from steel in the bond zone. The influence of high temperature had a beneficial effect on the reinforcement changes in the bond zone, causing its decrease, but in the case of fragile and hard melted areas, during long holding times their hardness increased significantly. The elongation of the holding time caused a systematic decrease of the strength properties of the tested bimetal.


| 183

Justyna PYSSA1*

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, 30 Mickiewicza Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland, [email protected]

THE INFLUENCE OF SHALE GAS MINING ACTIVITIES ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

IN POLAND

Keywords: shale gas resource, shale gas exploration, technological and environmental aspect, environmental monitoring

ABSTRACTThe exploration for shale gas in Poland has been lasting for seven years

now. The locations of Polish gas fields range from the middle-east coast of the Baltic sea through the central part of Poland to the Lubelskie region (the Lublin basin). Additionally, four boreholes were drilled in the south-west part of Poland (in the Silesian Lowland and the Opole region). All stages of works connected with the exploration and extraction of hydrocarbons from unconventional accumulations affect the natural environment. The consequence of exploitation is taking large pieces of land for the need of a drill site along with necessary infrastructure. The extent to which drilling works influence particular components of the environment depends on many factors. The most important are the degree of urbanization of the area, sensitivity of individual elements of the environment to pollution, type of drilling equipment, depth of boreholes, sort of drilled rocks, and type and scope of works stimulating the inflow of hydrocarbons to the hole.

In the paper the main threats to the environment arising from works related to the exploration of gas from unconventional accumulations have been discussed. Risks to surface and ground water connected with potential breakdowns, infiltration of contaminants from waste repositories to the wa-ter and migration of pollutants spilled over the area of a drill site have been presented. Threats to the hydrological balance associated with the intake of water for performing the process of fracturing have been discussed. The influence of exploration works on the atmosphere (the emission of gases



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to the atmosphere as a result of fuel combustion, the emission of noise by drilling equipment) has been explained. Legal regulations connected with waste management, water resource management and protected areas (Nature 2000) have been presented. Both the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of waste generated during the exploration for hydrocarbons from unconventional accumulations (data for the years 2010 to 2014) as well as directions of its management have been presented.

The work is financed within the frames of statutory research No 11.11.210.373 at the Faculty of Energy and Fuels.


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Justyna PYSSA1*

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, 30 Mickiewicza Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland, [email protected]

ENVIRONMENTAL, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS

OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN POLAND

Keywords: hazardous waste, cost of recovery and cost of disposal of hazardous waste, impact on environment, economic and ecological criteria of selection of method of treatment of hazardous waste

ABSTRACTAlong with the increase of disproportions between the rapidly growing

demand for raw and essential materials and limited possibilities of obtaining them, the economy of raw and essential materials becomes the main prob-lem of contemporary and future social and economic politics. One of the important areas of reducing this disproportion is the limitation of intensity of waste generation during production and more consistent management of accumulated waste and waste generated on a daily basis. At the same time it is a major problem of obtaining secondary raw materials and the environment protection.

Establishing technologies of hazardous waste management is a process requiring consideration of many factors of varied nature. Many elements, which appear to be dominant, lose their significance in the presence of additional circumstances.

Plants specializing in waste processing processes should meet the so-called cardinal triad of conditions deciding on the full success of investment, and namely:1. economic effectiveness,2. ecological efficiency,3. social acceptance.



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As far as the ecological factor is indisputable, two remaining elements of the balance configuration are burdened with strong financial and social interaction. This is the result of – among others – high investment costs and the phenomenon described in the literature as the ‘NIMBY’ (not in my backyard) syndrome.

In the article definitions of hazardous waste on the basis of the current legal acts have been analyzed. The economic and ecological criteria of selection of technologies of hazardous waste disposal, which should be followed while choosing both the method and the location of hazardous waste treatment plant, have been discussed. Investment and unit costs re-lated to the recovery and disposal of hazardous waste have been analyzed. The influence of the hazardous waste on the environment is also presented.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe work is financed within the frames of statutory research no

11.11.210.373 at the Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology.


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Paweł RATUSZNY1

1 University of Opole, 7–9 Dmowskiego Street, 45-365 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE IN GRANULAR DEPOSITS

Keywords: TES, energy storage, bulk materials

ABSTRACTDevelopment of energy storage technology is crucial for the develop-

ment of the use of renewable energy sources. This is mainly due to erratic in terms of time supply of this energy, whose production for most technology is related to weather conditions. With few exceptions, the time in which the best conditions for the acquisition of renewable energy is best does not coincide with the time when energy demand is highest. Fluctuation in both supply of this energy and the demand for it can be short-, medium- or long-term. This is a big constraint, which can, to some extent, be solved by energy storage, in its various forms: electrical, mechanical, chemical and thermal.

Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in ground or bulk materials, are not com-petitive in terms density of energy in relation to methods using phase-change materials (PCM) or using chemical reactions, however, the cost of implementation and operation of such magazines is much lower. It should be noted that the grainy deposits that can be used for heat stores are virtu-ally ubiquitous, for example sand fill foundation walls of buildings, embank-ments, or the substructure of roads and squares. Heat storage can be made both of the ground around and under a building. As mentioned above, the accumulation of heat in the ground also aims to regenerate the ground heat exchanger heat-sterile, that is unable to accept over the summer sufficient amount of heat from solar radiation and rain.

This article presents the results of research of thermal properties of gran-ular deposits. Temperature changes in time with relation to their physical properties has been studied. Test results have practical significance in the design of heat storage based on bulk materials and ground deposits. In addition, these studies are also related to regeneration of the lower ground sources for heat pumps and provide data for the design of ground heat exchangers for ventilation systems.


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Grzegorz ROBAK1*, Artur CICHAŃSKI2

1 Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-270 Opole, Poland [email protected]

2 University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, 7 prof. S. Kaliskiego Avenue, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland, [email protected]

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STATES OF STRESS IN THE STEEL-TITANIUM BIMETAL

DURING CYCLIC BENDING

Keywords: bimetal, fatigue cracks, residiual stresses

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of experimental studies regarding the

analysis of the growth of fatigue cracks in a bimetal made of two layers of steel (S355J2+N) and titanium (Grade 1), with particular attention to the be-haviour of the growth of cracks within the bond site in cyclic bending tests and numerical analysis of the states of stress

Figure below shows the resulting graphs of the change of fatigue crack length a in function of the number of cycles N for specimens subjected to

cyclic bending. The difference in the initiation and further prop-agation of cracks on both sides of specimens did not exceed 6%, so it was decided to measure the growth of cracks on only one side of specimens. Note that the growth of cracks in the bond zone of two materials (dashed line, Fig. 1) followed without much difference despite chang-es in material properties and an increase in hardness of the mate-rial (titanium) in the bond zone.




NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STATES OF STRESS IN THE STEEL-TITANIUM BIMETAL DURING CYCLIC BENDING

Grzegorz Robak1*, Aleksander Karolczuk2, Artur Cichański3

1 – Opole University of Technology, ul. Mikolajczyka 5, 45-270 Opole, Poland [email protected] 2 - Opole University of Technology, ul. Mikolajczyka 5, 45-270 Opole, Poland [email protected]

3 – University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland, [email protected]

Keywords: bimetal, fatigue cracks, residiual stresses

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the results of experimental studies regarding the analysis of the growth of fatigue cracks in a bimetal made of two layers of steel (S355J2+N) and titanium (Grade 1), with particular attention to the behaviour of the growth of cracks within the bond site in cyclic bending tests and numerical analysis of the states of stress Figure below shows the resulting graphs of the change of fatigue crack length a in function of the number of cycles N for specimens subjected to cyclic bending. The difference in the initiation and further propagation of cracks on both sides of specimens did not exceed 6%, so it was decided to measure the growth of cracks on only one side of specimens. Note that the growth of cracks in the bond zone of two materials (dashed line, Fig. 1) followed without much difference despite changes in material properties and an increase in hardness of the material (titanium) in the bond zone.

Fig. 1. Fatigue crack length a as a function of the number of cycles N for four displacement amplitudes Δl.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5x 105

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

a, m

m

N, cykle

l=2,4mm l=2,6mm l=2.7mm l=2,9mm

Fig. 1. Fatigue crack length a as a function of the number of cycles N for four displacement

amplitudes Δl


| 191

Rafał SARZYŃSKI1, Agnieszka GĄSZCZAK1, Daniel JANECKI2*, Grażyna BARTELMUS1

1 Institute of Chemical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Baltycka Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland, [email protected]

2 Department of Process Engineering, University of Opole, 7–9 Dmowskiego Street, 45-365 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

AIR PURIFICATION FROM A MIXTURE OF VOCS IN THE PILOT-SCALE TRICKLE-BED

BIOREACTOR (TBB)

Keywords: xylene, bioreactor, VOCs

ABSTRACTAir emissions from a variety of industries contain volatile organic com-

pounds (VOCs). Due to their complex chemical composition and the various process conditions, there is no one universal way of air purification. The classical physicochemical methods, such as absorption, adsorption, con-densation, incineration and catalytic combustion, are often cost intensive, especially in cases where there are low concentrations of the pollutants. Biofiltration is the cost effective and reliable option in treating VOCs emitted from processes with large off-gas volume but low concentration of pollut-ants. Three types of biofiltration such as biofilter (BF), bioscruber (BS) and trickle-bed bioreactor (TBB) have been developed for the purification of waste gases. A trickle-bed bioreactor (TBB) is relatively new application of bioprocess engineering in waste management. It applied microorganisms, immobilized on inert packed bed, for the breakdown of VOCs and has po-tential application to a number of industries.

The effectiveness of the TBB for the treatment of VOCs largely depends upon the solubility of the compounds in the liquid. Hence, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics of the pollutants may significantly influ-ence their removal capacities in TBB.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of the re-moval of the mixture of two compounds: styrene (moderately hydrophilic)



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and p-xylene (hydrophobic) from air streams in a pilot-scale trickle-bed installation, designed to purify ~200 m3/h of polluted gas. Its main part was cylindrical bioreactor of 1.084m I.D. filled with polypropylene Ralu rings up to the height of 1.8m. The air and liquid phases (mineral medium) flowed co-currently downward through the packing covered with a thick layer of microorganisms (bacterial consortium of Pseudomonas sp. E-022150 and E-93486).

The effect of inlet VOCs concentrations, gas flow rate and liquid phase composition on conversion degree of tested pollutants was studied. The experiments were performed during the period of more than 8 months. Conducted experiments showed that examined consortium displayed a preference for styrene by consuming it at a faster rate; the conversion degree changed in the range 80–95% for styrene and 40–50% for p-xylene. It means that for the maximum pollutants load (35 g/mbed

3h for styrene and 45 g/mbed

3h for p-xylene) about 2000g VOCs were removed from the air every day.


| 193

Ewa SIEMIANOWSKA1*, Andrzej WESOŁOWSKI1, Marcin KURZYŃSKI1

Krystyna A. SKIBNIEWSKA1, Józef TYBURSKI2

1 Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10 Heweliusza Street, Olsztyn, Poland, [email protected]

2 Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, 3 Łódzki Square, Olsztyn, Poland, [email protected]

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FARMERS’ CONCISENESS OF THE NEED OF BALANCED

FERTILIZATION

Keywords: sustainable development, balanced fertilization, farmers’ awareness

ABSTRACTReferences (if used) should be numbered in square brackets. The eco-

nomic, environmental and social development should not degrade the environment but it should leave it for the next generations in the state that it is presently or even better. The principle of sustainable agriculture is to cover the human needs for food without damage to the environment. Gaining these goals should be done with mutual acceptance of farmers and the rest of the society. The key issue of sustainable agriculture is a balanced fertil-ization. Inappropriate fertilization management may lead to disturbance of equilibrium in biosphere (water pollution) and the decrease of food quality.

The aim of the article was to research the farmers’ awareness of the prin-ciple of sustainable agriculture and balanced fertilization and their influence on the environment. Among 100 farmers of the Tczew district (Poland) there was done questionnaire research on the determination rates of nitrogen fertilizers and on the regulation of fertilizers usage in Poland. Most of farmers showed a good knowledge of good agricultural practices and of balanced fertilization and the awareness of threats issuing from their activities. At the same time in Poland since the announcement of the Nitrate Directive of the former European Common Market (1992) up till now (2013) the application of nitrogen fertilizers doubled and the yield of wheat increased only by 15%, which means the increase of environmental burden with this chemical



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element. The reported increase of awareness was rather declarative and did not result in improvement of the fertilization management in practice. In the same time the implementation of legal regulations in neighbouring Germa-ny yielded very good results what means that there is a long way ahead us in improvement of agricultural advisory and in enforcing legal regulations.


| 195

Katarzyna STALA-SZLUGAJ1*, Zbigniew GRUDZINSKI1

1 The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, [email protected]

2 The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, [email protected]

ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS RESULTING FROM THE USE OF HARD COAL

TO ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN POLAND

Keywords: environmental costs, electricity generation, hard coal, Poland

ABSTRACTIn the global energy mix, among the fuels used to produce electricity, for

many years the largest share has coal. According to the IEA [1] in 2014, the share of coal amounted to almost 41% – from this fuel were produced 9707 TWh. In second place was natural gas (22%), and third (16%) was hydro. For comparison: from 6131 TWh produced in 1973, the share of coal amounted to 38%, in second place was oil (25%), and the third also hydro – 21%.

Poland is the country where the share of coal (including: hard coal and brown coal) used for the production of electricity is very large: according to Polish data [2] in 2015 was 79%. On a global scale the most electricity from coal was produced in China (42% – 4 115 TWh, data for 2014 [1]). Out of all the countries in the world, Poland found itself on the site of the 10th: 132 TWh accounted for just 1% of the world production of electricity generated from coal.

However, the production of electricity is associated with CO2 emissions. The electricity and heat generation sector was responsible for up to 42% of global CO2 production (data from 2014 [3]). Poland issued 148 Mt CO2, which accounted for 0.5% of world production.

Costs related to CO2 emissions are one of the important factors affecting the prices of electricity. Increasing share in the cost of electricity production will have cost the purchase of CO2 emission allowances.



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Coal burning is responsible for 43% of CO2 emissions. In order to examine how the price of permits to emit CO2 affect the cost of electricity generation, will be carried out an analysis of the theoretical margin of energy producers – the so-called Clean Dark Spread (CDS).

The article will be presented simulation calculations. They show how it changes the theoretical margin of energy producers (CDS) at established prices for hard coal and electricity prices established. The price of emission allowances will also be founded. The results of the calculations will show, what can be the maximum price of hard coal at market conditions (compe-tition of natural gas).

REFERENCES[1] Key World Energy Statistics 2016. International Energy Agency, OECD/IEA,

Paris, 2016, pp. 80.[2] Statystyka Energetyki Polskiej [in Polish]. Agencja Rynku Energii SA, Warsaw,

2016, ISSN 1232-2415.[3] CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. Highlights. International Energy Agency,

OECD/IEA, Paris, 2016, pp. 166.


| 197

Agnieszka STANISZEWSKA1*, Magdalena JASTRZĘBSKA2, Krzysztof ZIEMIŃSKI1

1 Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Division of Technical Microbiology, 171/173 Wolczanska Street, 90‐924 Łódź, Poland

2 Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Automation, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, 1/15 Stefanowskiego Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland

THE INFLUENCE OF THE MICROBIOME OF NATURAL GAS PIPELINES

ON THE MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF THE TRANSMISSION

GAS LINES IN THE LODZ PROVINCE

PROBLEM STATEMENT Methods commonly used for protection of the external surfaces of the

pipelines do not eliminate the problem of corrosion which is induced by microorganisms on their internal side. The phenomenon called Microor-ganisms Induced Corrosion (MIC) can be found, i.e. in the natural gas pipe-line systems, where it is suspected to cause of about 40% of the internal corrosion is suspected to be caused by microorganisms. In Central and East Poland dominating gas pipelines were laid in years 1960–1980. It means that most of the gas lines in the Lodz province are made of two kinds of the carbon steel or the cast iron. Changes caused by the presence of mi-croorganisms may lead to rupture of the pipeline and rapid gas leak, what generates both danger for gas users and the great losses in the industries using gas as the basic raw material.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDYIn this work presented is the influence of the microbiome on the materi-

als from which the gas pipelines are made of. In laboratory studies compared were the growth of the microorganisms and the susceptibility of selected metal alloys (two kinds of the carbon steel and cast iron) on biodeterioration.

* corresponding author: [email protected]


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For the purpose of this study recreated were the actual conditions inside the natural gas pipelines subjected to the cathodic protection.

METHODSThe tested samples were obtained from the construction materials of the

gas pipelines in the Lodz province. The gravimetric method was applied for determination of the biocorrosion rate. Investigated was also the influence of the cathodic protection on the process of biocorrosion. For observation and illustration of the changes in active surfaces of the investigated mate-rials applied were both scanning and fluorescence microscopic techniques.

Analysis of the biological corrosion products located on the test surface were performed using the scanning electron microscope with an attach-ment for x-ray analysis.

FINDINGS AND RESULTSFor all samples MIC was observed. The highest biocorrosion rate was

observed for cast iron. The highest weight of the corrosive deposits and of the highest fluorescence activity out of the investigated samples was observed for cast iron.

CONCLUSIONSApplication of the cathodic protection does not protect material from the

biocorrosion. The cast iron is the most susceptible to the MIC. For all inves-tigated materials increasing time of exposition to the corroding conditions results in decrease of the corrosion rate.


| 199

Dariusz SUSZANOWICZ1*

1 Independent Chair of Process Engineering, University of Opole, 7–9 R. Dmowskiego Street, Opole, Poland, [email protected]

INTERNAL HEAT GAIN FROM DIFFERENT LIGHT SOURCES

IN THE BUILDING LIGHTING SYSTEMS

Keywords: heat gain, lighting system, building, light sources

ABSTRACTEuropean Union directives and the Construction Law have for some

time required investors to report the energy consumption of buildings, and this has indeed caused low energy consumption buildings to proliferate. Of particular interest, internal heat gains from installed lighting affect the fi-nal energy consumption for heating of both public and residential buildings.

This article presents the results of analyses of the electricity consumption and the luminous flux and the heat flux emitted by different types of light sources used in buildings. Incandescent, halogen, and energy saving bulbs, and LEDs from various manufacturers were individually placed in a closed and isolated chamber, and the parameters for their functioning under iden-tical conditions were recorded. The heat flux emitted by 1 W nominal power of each light source was determined.

Based on the study results, the empirical coefficients of heat emission and energy efficiency ratios for different types of lighting sources (depen-dent lamp power and the light output) were designated. In the heat balance of the building, the designated rates allow for precise determination of the internal heat gains coming from lighting systems using various light sources and also enable optimization of lighting systems of buildings that are used in different ways.



200 |

REFERENCES[1] K. Flodberg, Å. Blomsterberg, M.-C. Dubois, Low-energy office buildings using

existing technology: simulations with low internal heat gains, International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering 3:19 (2012).

[2] A. Byung-Lip, P. Ji-Woo, Y. Seunghwan, K. Jonghun, L. Seung-Bok, J. Cheol-Yong, Savings in Cooling Energy with a Thermal Management System for LED Light-ing in Office Buildings, Energies 8 (2015).

[3] K. Valančius, V. Lapinskienė, Heat gains utilisation and system efficiency influ-ence to the heat demand of a building heating, Environmental Engineering Conference Proceedings (2014).

[4] E. Monstvilas , K. Banionis , V. Stankevičius, J. Karbauskaite, R. Bliūdžius, Heat gains in buildings – Limit conditions for calculating energy consumption, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 16:3 (2010).


| 201

Adriana SZYDŁOWSKA1*, Jerzy HAPANOWICZ2

1 Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-271 Opole, Poland [email protected]

2 Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-271 Opole, Poland

VISCOSITY OF VEGETAL PARTICLES DILUTE SUSPENSIONS IN WATER

Keywords: viscosity, suspension, vegetal particles

ABSTRACTIn the paper the influence of concentration and size of ground vegetal

solid on thereof aqueous suspensions viscosity is presented. The subject matter of the paper refers to sewage, which constitutes dilute aqueous organic particles suspensions among which vegetal substances can be distinguished.

It was based on the own results of rheometric measurements which were done for suspensions of dry grass in water. Thanks to the actual solid density obtained by the experiment study substances samples with 8%, 10% and 11% solid volume fraction were compiled by gravimetric method. In preparations of the samples, the earlier obtained by milling and sieving operations solid fraction as follows: (i) 212÷500 μm, (ii) 150÷212 μm and (iii) below 106 μm were used. The viscosity measures have been done by rotational rheometer with coaxial cylinders, but twenty-four hours after the preparation of the samples. Such a procedure was aiming at taking into consideration solid phase parameters variations which arise from the contact with water. During the experiment the fluidity loss of some samples was observed. As a result of this it was possible to get the measuring points only in limited the range of shear rates. The viscosity curves were made out based on measuring data. The measuring results showed that there aren’t any significant differences between the suspensions viscosity values of fraction (i) and (ii), whereas fraction (iii) suspensions viscosity is lower than



202 |

the rest from several to a dozen or so units depending on the solid phase concentration. The viscosity of each of the suspensions clearly diminishes at increasing shear rate in addition its maximum value, which have been measured is a few hundred units and minimum one (at high shear rate) is the hundredth of a unit. The viscosity values resulted from the measures have been compared with the viscosity values received in an analytic way. Recommended in the literature Manley and Manson model has been used, according to which computational viscosity of this suspensions should be constant and dependent on solid concentration fluctuates between 1,26 and 1,40 [mPa∙s]. However, it turns out the values are a grade lower than the viscosity determined at unattainable shear rate in the industrial practice and as many as five grades lower than the viscosity measured at the additive for waste-water treatment process range of shear rate.

Such properties of dilute suspensions (especially in Newtonian liquid) are singular. Made observations suggest, it arises from the swelling effect of fibrous vegetal particles as a result of imbibing water by them. Hence, it turns out that not the suspensions with the earlier assessed content of dry matter were studied, but two-phase mixtures liquid – solid with difficult to determine quantitative solid fraction. It leads to the conclusion that stay-ing time of vegetal particles in sewage can decide about its viscosity, so its resistance of flow too.


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Mariusz TAŃCZUK1*, Wojciech RADZIEWICZ2, Eligiusz OLSZEWSKI2, Janusz SKOREK3

1 Opole University of Technology, Opole University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-271 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

2 Opole University of Technology, Department of Power Plant, Diagnostics and Computer Engineering, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland, w.radziewicz.po.opole.pl

3 Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Thermal Technology, 22 Konarskiego Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland, [email protected]

PROJECTED CONFIGURATION OF A COAL-FIRED DISTRICT HEATING

SOURCE ON THE BASIS OF COMPARATIVE TECHNICAL-ECONOMICAL OPTIMIZATION

ANALYSISPOWE

Keywords: district heating, cogeneration, technoecnomic analysis

ABSTRACTThe growing world demand for energy accompanied by depleting fossil

fuel supplies requires new technologies for using energy sources. These technologies should be highly efficient, effective and environmentally friendly. The majority of the communal heating systems in Poland produce district hot water in solid fuel boilers (i.e. ones fired by pulverized coal or hard coal). A large number of such facilities are considerably worn out; there-fore, a need to undertake a complete overhaul in a matter of several years will follow. Beside the technical wear of the existing boilers, in some district heating systems there is an additional problem associated with low-efficient production of heat during the off-peak period (in the summer time). One of the possible solution for such plants is repowering it by installing CHP systems or new boilers fuelled with fuels alternative to coal.

Optimisation analysis of the modernization of municipal heat generating plant by installing new units, including CHP systems is analysed in the pa-



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per. The investigation concerns repowering the existing conventional heat generating plant according to eleven different scenarios of the plant con-figuration meeting technical and environmental requirements forecasted for the year of 2035. The maximum demand for heat of the district heating system supplied by the plant is expected to reach 185 MW.

Taking into account different technical configurations (operating mode as well as capacity due to different sizing of the units) on one side, and differ-ent prices and different financial support mechanisms in chosen European countries on the other side, the comparative cost-benefits analysis of the assumed scenarios has been made. On the basis of the technical analysis, the basic economical indexes, including NPV (net present value) have been derived for each analysed scenario and the results have been compared and discussed. It was also claimed that application of the scenario with CHP based on ICE engines is optimal and can be justified by the economic indexes, however the optimal size and configuration of the units is highly sensitive to electricity and natural gas prices.


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Wilhelm Jan TIC1


HEALTH-RISK ASSESSMENT BASED ON AN ADDITIVE TO PAINTS

MADE FROM ISOBUTYRIC ALDEHYDE CONDENSATION PRODUCTS

Keywords: hydroxyester HE-1, plasticizer, volatile organic compound, toxicology

ABSTRACTThe solvents are applied mainly for the production of protective coat-

ings. Their large chemical variety includes liquid hydrocarbons and organo-chlorines which, due to their physicochemical properties, are a significant burden to the natural environment. Therefore, they are being consistently replaced with more environmentally-friendly, new-generation products.

An important legislation in this field is the European Directive 2004/42/EC, also referred to as the “Decopaint Directive”, which came into force on 1 January 2007. It concerns the reduction of emissions of solvents from deco-paints and automotive lacquers classified as volatile organic compounds (VOC), which were previously not covered by the restrictions of the Direc-tive 1999/13/EC on solvent emission reduction. According to the Directive 2004/42/EC, every substance having its initial boiling point at temperatures of 250oC or lower, as measured under a pressure of 101.3 kPa, is a volatile organic compound.

Hydroxyester HE-1 is an alternative for those plasticizers and coalescents for paints and varnishes, which have been withdrawn from use or their use limited. It is obtained in a sequence of chemical reactions where isobutyrate aldehyde is the main feed in the aldol condensation with the subsequent Cannizzaro-Tishchenko reaction. HE-1 is a mixture of two isomeric prod-ucts: 3-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylpropyl isobutyrate and 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimeth-yl-1-(1-methylo)propyl isobutyrate, which are in equilibrium.


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The paper presents the results of three selected toxicology tests includ-ing acute skin and eye irritation/corrosion studies on rabbits and bacterial reverse mutation test. HE-1 was found to be non-mutagenic and had no irri-tant effect on the eye in rabbit. On the other hand, at higher concentrations, HE-1 is a skin irritant in rabbit.


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Tomasz TURBA1*, Paweł FRĄCZ2

1 Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Computer Science, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45-758, Opole, Poland, [email protected]

2 Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Computer Science, 76 Proszkowska Street, 45-758, Opole, Poland, [email protected]

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CELLULOSE PRESSBOARD AND ARAMID PAPER

USED IN AIR INSULATION SYSTEMSOF HIGH-VOLTAGE DEVICES

Keywords: partial discharges, cellulose, aramid paper, high voltage insulation

ABSTRACTThe paper presents results of a comparative analysis of parameters of two

kinds of solid dielectrics used in air insulation systems to prevent occurring partial discharges. The research works regarded materials made of: cellulose pressboard for electrical purpose and aramid paper – new material from group of polyamides, similar to Kevlar. All measurements were performed under laboratory conditions by changing the value of partial discharge generation voltage until breakdown occurred in inhomogeneous envi-ronment that was simulated using edge-plate (made of copper) electrode system with power source of test transformer of 220V/110kV transmission. In subsequent sections of paper the following were presented: materials and methods in Section 2, crucial and comparative results in Section 3, discussion and findings at Section 4 with summary and future work in Section 5. The main contribution which resulted from studies is a statement that potential use of aramid paper as dielectric can extend life of a high voltage elec-tric device as compared to standard cellulose paper insulation usage due to higher electric resistances to breakdown. The corona voltage was also measured in the research to show that the phenomena can be observed quicker than classical method of diagnostic power devices. Value of corona



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voltage increases almost linearly for both dielectric types and it cannot be differentiated. Value of breakdown voltage increases gradually with the increase of corona voltage. Distance between electrodes is directly pro-portional to higher voltage values generated in both dielectric types. The conducted analysis showed differences in values of corona and breakdown discharge occurrence for different solid dielectrics. The results obtained from studies on aramid paper may help to improve diagnostics of power equipment and succeed cellulose paper as a universal insulation material for e.g. dry transformers if the risk of investment is calculated and future cost of the material would decrease significantly to be profitable.


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Kamil URBANOWICZ1

1 West Pomeranian University of Technology, 17 Piastow Avenue, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland, [email protected]

COMPUTATIONAL COMPLIANCE CRITERIA IN WATER HAMMER MODELLING

Keywords: water hammer, water system, compliance criteria, method of characteristic

ABSTRACTWhen water flow is started or stopped faster than the system can respond

acoustically, a pressure surge commonly referred to as a water hammer event will occur. The same principle is also applicable when the flowing medium is different fluid (oil, steam etc., in the case of steam, the pressure surge is known as a steam hammer event). In mentioned transient state water hammer waves also called pressure waves are transmitted through the system at the speed of sound of the water-pipe combination. In typical steel pipes the pressure wave speed is greater than 1200 m/s. This pressure waves can cause major problems, from noise and vibration to pipe collapse and total system failure.

That’s why protecting water systems or nuclear plants cooling systems against water hammer is so important. Designers of such a pressurized systems normally to protect them against water hammer damage use ex-pensive additional equipment: hydro-pneumatic or surge tanks, special valves, air chambers, rapture disks. The simplest, effective and nearly cost free protection is controlling the time of valve-closing and pump speed. For optimal control procedures on the stage of design of such systems, a numerical simulation analysis are needed.

Among the many numerical methods (finite: difference, element, volume etc.) used to solve the system of partial differential equations describing this type of flow, the method of characteristic [1,2] is most appreciated. With it help, one can investigate the influence of numerical discretization carried out along the length of the pipeline on the obtained simulation results. From the obtained simulation results, it was noted that the stabilization of the calculation results occurred with the division of each pipe of the ana-


210 |

lyzed system into at least 10 elements. Therefore, it is advisable to introduce a computational compliance criteria CCC, which will be responsible for op-timal discretization of the examined system. The results of this study, based on the assumption of various values of the Courant-Friedrichs-Levy CFL number, indicate that for optimum computational, the following equality should be fulfilled:

Applying the CCC criterion to own written and commercial computer programs based on the characteristic method will guarantee the necessary computational coherence.

REFERENCES[1] S. Mambretti, Water Hammer Simulations (WIT Press, 2014).[2] E.B. Wylie, V.L. Streeter, L. Suo, Fluid Transients in Systems (Prentice Hall, 1993.)



Computational compliance criteria in water hammer modelling

Urbanowicz Kamil West Pomeranian University of Technology, Al. Piastów 17, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland,

[email protected]

Keywords: water hammer, water system, compliance criteria, method of characteristic

ABSTRACT

When water flow is started or stopped faster than the system can respond acoustically,

a pressure surge commonly referred to as a water hammer event will occur. The same principle is also applicable when the flowing medium is different fluid (oil, steam etc., in the case of steam, the pressure surge is known as a steam hammer event). In mentioned transient state water hammer waves also called pressure waves are transmitted through the system at the speed of sound of the water-pipe combination. In typical steel pipes the pressure wave speed is greater than 1200 m/s. This pressure waves can cause major problems, from noise and vibration to pipe collapse and total system failure.

That’s why protecting water systems or nuclear plants cooling systems against water hammer is so important. Designers of such a pressurized systems normally to protect them against water hammer damage use expensive additional equipment: hydro-pneumatic or surge tanks, special valves, air chambers, rapture disks. The simplest, effective and nearly cost free protection is controlling the time of valve-closing and pump speed. For optimal control procedures on the stage of design of such systems, a numerical simulation analysis are needed.

Among the many numerical methods (finite: difference, element, volume etc.) used to solve the system of partial differential equations describing this type of flow, the method of characteristic [1,2] is most appreciated. With it help, one can investigate the influence of numerical discretization carried out along the length of the pipeline on the obtained simulation results. From the obtained simulation results, it was noted that the stabilization of the calculation results occurred with the division of each pipe of the analyzed system into at least 10 elements. Therefore, it is advisable to introduce a computational compliance criteria CCC, which will be responsible for optimal discretization of the examined system. The results of this study, based on the assumption of various values of the Courant-Friedrichs-Levy CFL number, indicate that for optimum computational, the following equality should be fulfilled:

|∆𝑡𝑡∙𝑐𝑐∆𝑥𝑥 | = 1,

Applying the CCC criterion to own written and commercial computer programs based on the characteristic method will guarantee the necessary computational coherence. [1] S. Mambretti, Water Hammer Simulations (WIT Press, 2014) [2] E.B. Wylie, V.L. Streeter, L. Suo, Fluid Transients in Systems (Prentice Hall, 1993)


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Andrzej WAINDOK1, Paweł PIEKIELNY2*



CONTROLLING OF PROJECTILE ENERGY IN THE PERMANENT MAGNET

ELECTRODYNAMIC ACCELERATOR

Keywords: electrodynamic accelerators with permanent magnets, field-circuit modelling, measurement verification, fatigue testing of materials

ABSTRACTThe main objective of the research is to develop an accelerator, in which

the kinetic energy of the movable element, called commonly a projectile, will be precisely controlled by the power supply parameters. A calculation and measurement results of transient characteristics for an electrodynamic accelerator with permanent magnet support have been presented in the paper. The calculations have been made with using field-circuit model, which includes the parameters of the power supply, mass of the bullet and friction. Characteristics of energy and projectile velocity verso supply voltage (50 V to 350 V) and capacitance value (30 mF to 129 mF) have been determined, as well.

A measurement verification of selected calculation results have been carried out for investigated values of voltage and capacitance of capacitors. The voltage wave on the capacitor bank, the excitation current wave and the velocity of the projectile were recorded. A good conformity between calculation and measurement results was obtained.

Additionally, a sequence of measurements for one projectile have been carried out in order to determine the repeatability of shots. It turned out, that the repeatability depends mainly on the condition of the active part of the projectile. Along with subsequent measurements, the projectile erodes, which gradually reduces its dynamic parameters.



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Concluding, presented characteristics of the muzzle velocity and energy of the projectile vs. power supply parameters indicate, that there is a capa-bility to use accelerators for fatigue testing of materials.

REFERENCES[1] J.F. Gieras, Z.J. Piech, B.Z. Tomczuk, Linear synchronous motors, USA, CRC Press,

Taylor & Francis Group (2011).[2] J. Domin, K. Kluszczyński, Hybrid pneumatic-electromagnetic launcher - gen-

eral concept, mathematical model and results of simulation, Przegląd Elektro-techniczny, No 12 (2013), pp. 21–25.

[3] S. Poniaev, S. Bobashev, et. al., Small-size railgun of mm-size solid bodies for hypervelocity material testing, Acta Astronautica 109 (2015), pp. 162–165.

[4] A. Waindok, P. Piekielny, Calculation models of the electrodynamic accelerator (railgun), Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, No 9 (2016), pp. 246–249.

[5] A. Waindok, P. Piekielny, Transient Analysis of a Railgun with Iron Core, Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, No 2 (2017), pp. 152–155.


| 213

Grzegorz WAŁOWSKI1*, Gabriel FILIPCZAK2

1 Department of Renewable Energy Sources, the Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Department of Poznan, 67 Biskupinska Street, 60-463 Poznan, Poland, [email protected] or [email protected]

2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, 45-001 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

KLINKENBERG EFFECT IN HYDRODYNAMICS OF GAS FLOW THROUGH ANISOTROPIC

POROUS MATERIALS

Keywords: hydrodynamics, gas, anisotropic, porous materials

ABSTRACTThe gas flow through porous media, both in the aspect of their applica-

tion in the industrial technology and their presence in the natural environ-ment, is a very complex issue that is not still fully recognised. As for a phe-nomenological aspect this flow may be subject to various hydrodynamic criteria, which is affected by a medium structure, a kind of fluid (one- and multi-phase) and a flow forcing method (gravitational, pressure).

In this context, our own research assesses conditions of hydrodynam-ics of the gas flow through backbone (skeletal) porous materials with an anisotropic structure. The results of research upon the assessment of gas permeability of various solid porous materials have been presented and the assessment of process conditions concerning hydrodynamics of the gas flow through materials with a diversified internal structure has been conducted.

A limitation of the transmission characteristics has been observed – this is due to the throttling phenomenon, which limits the increase of the permeability while increasing the reference pressure. Influence on this can have so. Klinkenberg’s effect, as a limitation of the motion of gas molecules of sizes comparable to the size of flow tubes.

The work done in the framework of a project funded by the National Research and Development Centre implemented the program BIOSTRATEG,

contract No. BIOSTRATEG2 / 298357/8 / NCBR / 2016 dated 05.18.2016 r Warsaw



| 215

Grzegorz WAŁOWSKI1*

1 Department of Renewable Energy Sources, the Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Department of Poznan, 67 Biskupinska Street, 60-463 Poznan, Poland, [email protected] or [email protected]

ASSESSMENT OF POROUS MATERIAL ANISOTROPY AND ITS EFFECT

ON GAS PERMEABILITY

Keywords: anisotropy, gas permeability, biogas, raw gas

ABSTRACTThe results of experimental research upon the assessment of porous ma-

terial anisotropy and its effect on gas permeability of porous materials with respect to the gas flow. The conducted research applied to natural materials with an anisotropic gap-porous structure and - for comparative purposes - to model materials such as coke, pumice and polyamide agglomerates. The research was conducted with the use of a special test stand that enables measuring the gas permeability with respect to three flow orientations compared with symmetric cubic-shaped samples. The research results show an explicit impact of the flow direction on the permeability of materials porous, which results from their anisotropic internal structures. The anisot-ropy coefficient and permeability effective coefficient of such materials was determined and an experimental evaluation of the value of this coefficient was conducted with respect to the gas stream and the total pressure drop across the porous deposit. The process of gas permeability was considered in the category of hydrodynamics of gas flow through porous deposits. It is important to broaden the knowledge of gas hydrodynamics assess-ment in porous media so far unrecognised for the development of a new generation of clean energy sources, especially in the context of biogas or raw gas production.

The work done in the framework of a project funded by the National Research and Development Centre implemented the program BIOSTRATEG,

contract No. BIOSTRATEG2 / 298357/8 / NCBR / 2016 dated 05.18.2016 r Warsaw



| 217

Angelika WIĘCKOL-RYK1*, Adam SMOLIŃSKI2

1 Central Mining Institute, Department of Risk Assessment in Industry, Katowice, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

2 Central Mining Institute, Department of Energy Saving and Air Protection, Katowice, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

CO-FIRING COAL AND BIOMASS BLENDS AND THEIR INFLUENCE

ON THE POST-COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE INSTALLATION

Keywords: Bio-CCS, biomass co-firing, carbon dioxide, corrosion, post-combustion

ABSTRACTCo-firing biomass with coal for energy production is well known tech-

nology and plays an important role in the electricity sector. Usage of natural fuels in electric power plants allows to reduce greenhouse gases emission. Biomass fuels do not contribute a negative CO2 emission because is treated as neutral. In comparison to hard coal, biomass contains less sulphur so it also emits lower concentration of sulphur oxides.

Nowadays, there is an on-going discussion about positive and negative aspects of post-combustion capture integrated with biomass-fired power plants (Bio-CCS). This technology is estimated by IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme and would be a new alternative for reducing greenhouse gas-eous emissions.

Bio-CCS would minimalize the amount of waste, soil and water pollution and reduce cost of further CO2 fees.

In this paper, the co-firing hard coal with four types of biomass blends were investigated using a laboratory fixed bed reactor system. The participa-tion of biomass in mixtures was 20% by weight. The combustion of biomass blends was studied in the temperature range from 350 to 900oC. During each tests the chemical compositions of gaseous products were determined



218 |

using gas chromatography. The aim of this study was the comparison of gaseous products emitted from the combustion of coal and different bio-mass blends. This study refers to the best known and mature technology for post combustion CO2 capture (PCC) based on a chemical absorption in monoethanolamine (MEA).

Using MEA is unfortunately connected with many technological prob-lems included in equipment corrosion or amine degradation. The main reason of these problems is sensitivity of MEA on oxygen and impurities contained in flue gas stream such as acid gases (SOx, NOx, H2S), hydrocar-bons, heavy metals or dust particles. The analysis of the gases concentration emitted from biomass co-firing showed the pros and cons of using the Bio-CCS technology. The risk of amine degradation and equipment corrosion of CO2 capture installation was analyzed for a few type of biomass blends and sample of pure hard coal.


| 219

Michał WIŚNIOS1*, Jacek PAŚ2

1 Military University of Technology Faculty of Electronic, 2 gen. S. Kaliskiego Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland, [email protected]


THE ASSESSMENT OF EXPLOITATION PROCESS OF POWER FOR ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM

Keywords: exploitation, access control systems, power systems, input stream

ABSTRACTSecurity of public buildings [1] is a function of not only the effectiveness

of the property and persons electronic security systems, but also depends on the correct functioning of systems that power supply them. The authors of the paper conducted an analysis of power systems that can be used in buildings for the access control system which is often integrated with CCTV (Closed Circuit TeleVision). Access control system is a set of electronic, electro-mechanical and electrical devices and software supervising the work of these elements. The purpose of this system is people identify, authorized vehicles to cross the border of the reserved area, to prevent the passage of the reserved area and produce an alarm signal that indicates the attempt to unauthorized transition entity. The electric industrial energy with appro-priate technical parameters is the basis for the proper functioning of safety systems. The mere supply of electricity to the system is not equivalent to ensuring continuity of work [2,3,4]. Redundant power systems are used in practice [5,6]. Performed reliability analysis power system is based on the supply system consisting of two independent power lines, UPS and their batteries. Reliability-exploitation requirements for this type of system were also taken. Further research is planned to conduct further analysis taking into account other types of power systems, distributed to vast areas are lo-cated where other security systems – eg. fire alarm system.



220 |

REFERENCES[1] M. Siergiejczyk, A. Rosiński, Analysis of power supply maintenance in transport

telematics system, Solid State Phenomena, Vol. 210 (2014)[2] R. Billinton, R.N. Allan, Reliability evaluation of power systems, Plenum Press,

New York (1996).[3] J. Paś, Operation of electronic transportation systems, Publishing House Uni-

versity of Technology and Humanities, Radom (2015).[4] AK. Verma, S. Ajit, DR. Karanki, Reliability and safety engineering, London,

Springer (2010).[5] A. Charoy, Interference in electronic equipment, Warsaw, WNT (1999).[6] A. Rosiński, Modelling the maintenance process of transport telematics sys-

tems Publishing House Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw (2015).


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Michał WIŚNIOS1*, Jacek PAŚ2, Adam ROSIŃSKI3



3 Warsaw University of Technology Faculty of Transport, 75 Koszykowa Street, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland, [email protected]

RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF POWER CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Keywords: critical infrastructure, power systems, reliability, exploitation

ABSTRACTSecurity of critical infrastructure [1] depends not only on the effectiveness

of various security systems and technical personnel, but also on the correct functioning of systems that powered them (also due to electromagnetic interference). Therefore, the authors analyzed the power systems that can be used in critical infrastructure facilities. Suitable delivering of electricity to the facility is essential to its proper functioning. This means that the indi-vidual electrical appliances should be connected with the required power for the device. The mere electricity supply to the device is not equivalent to ensuring its continuity and an adequate level of reliability-exploitation indicators [2,3,4]. It is therefore necessary useing redundant power systems [5,6]. Power system consisting of two independent power lines were sub-jected reliability analysis. During the considerations was taken into account reliability-exploitation requirements for these systems. Further research is planned to carry out a wider analysis taking into account other types of power systems and the development of a computer program, which exem-plifies received considerations.

REFERENCES[1] Government Security Centre, National Programme for Critical Infrastructure

Protection. Annex 1: Summary of critical infrastructure systems, Warsaw 2013.



222 |

[2] J. Dyduch, J. Paś, A. Rosiński, The basic of the exploitation of transport elec-tronic systems, Publishing House of Radom University of Technology, Radom (2011).

[3] J. Paś, Operation of electronic transportation systems, Publishing House Uni-versity of Technology and Humanities, Radom (2015).

[4] A. Rosiński, Modelling the maintenance process of transport telematics sys-tems, Publishing House Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw (2015).

[5] R. Billinton, R.N. Allan, Reliability evaluation of power systems, Plenum Press, New York (1996).

[6] S.A. Soliman, A.H. Mantawy, Modern optimization techniques with applications in electric power systems, Springer Science+Business Media (2012).


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Barbara WŁODARCZYK1*, Paweł P. WŁODARCZYK1, Antonina KALINICHENKO1

1 University of Opole, Department of Process Engineering, 7-9 Dmowskiego Street, 45-365 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

SINGLE CHAMBER MICROBIAL FUEL CELL WITH Ni-Co CATHODE

Keywords: energy from wastewater, microbial fuel cell, wastewater, Ni-Co cathode, renewable energy source, environmental engineering

ABSTRACTThe possibility of wastewater treatment and the parallel energy produc-

tion using the Ni-Co alloy as cathode catalyst for single chamber microbial fuel cells is presented in this research. The research included a preparation of catalyst and comparison of concentration changes of COD, NH4

+ oraz NO3

- in the reactor without aeration, with aeration and with using a single cham-ber microbial fuel cell with Ni-Co cathode. The reduction time for COD with the use of microbial fuel cell with the Ni-Co catalyst is similar to the reduc-tion time with aeration. The current density (0.24 mA/cm2) obtained in MFC is low, but the obtained amount of energy allows elimination of the energy needed for reactor aeration. It has been shown that the Ni-Co can be used as cathode catalyst in single chamber microbial fuel cells.



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Paweł P. WŁODARCZYK1*, Barbara WŁODARCZYK1, Antonina KALINICHENKO1

1 University of Opole, Department of Process Engineering, 7-9 Dmowskiego Street, 45-365 Opole, Poland, [email protected]

POSSIBILITY OF DIRECT ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM WASTE CANOLA OIL

Keywords: waste canola oil, biofuel, renewable energy source, energy production, fuel cell, environmental engineering

ABSTRACTOne of alternative energy sources is fuel cell. Due to development of the

renewable energy sources, the powering of fuel cells with bio-fuels is very important. One of this bio-fuel can be vegetable oil. It would be important to use waste vegetable oil as fuel to direct production of electricity. Powering high efficiency power sources like fuel cells with waste vegetable oil will allow development of renewable energy sources, waste products utilization and elimination or reduce of toxic substances emissions. The work shows possible electrooxidation of waste canola oil emulsion prepared on the basis of Syntanol DS-10 on a smooth platinum electrode in various electrolytes. The resulting current density reached the level of 7 mA/cm2. The possibility of direct electricity production from waste canola oil has been proved. So, the possibility of using waste canola oil as fuel for fuel cells has been proved.



| 227

Szymon WOJCIECHOWSKI1*, Maciej TABASZEWSKI1, Grzegorz M. KRÓLCZYK2, RADOSLAW MARUDA3

1 Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 3 Piotrowo Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland, [email protected]

2 Opole University of Technology, 76 Proszkowska Street, Opole 45-758, Poland3 University of Zielona Gora, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 4 Prof. Z. Szafrana Street,

65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland, [email protected]

THE STUDY ON DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES OF MONOLITHIC BALL END MILLS WITH VARIABLE SLENDERNESS

Keywords: ball end milling, modal parameters, vibrations

ABSTRACTThe reliable determination of modal mass, damping and stiffness coeffi-

cient (modal parameters) for the particular machine-toolholder-tool system is essential for the accurate estimation of vibrations, stability and thus the machined surface quality formed during the milling process. Therefore, this paper focuses on the analysis of ball end mill’s dynamical properties. The tools investigated during this study are monolithic ball end mills with different slenderness values, made of coated cemented carbide. These kind of tools are very often applied during the precise milling of curvilinear sur-faces. The research program included the impulse test carried out for the investigated tools clamped in the hydraulic toolholder. The obtained modal parameters were further applied in the developed tool’s instantaneous de-flection model, in order to estimate the tool’s working part vibrations during precise milling. The application of the proposed dynamics model involved also the determination of instantaneous cutting forces on the basis of the mechanistic approach. The research revealed that ball end mill’s slenderness can be considered as an important milling dynamics and machined surface quality indicator.



| 229

Karolina WOJTACHA-RYCHTER1*, Adam SMOLIŃSKI2

1 Central Mining Institute, Department of Mining Aerology, 1 Gwarkow Square, 40-166 Katowice, Poland, [email protected]

2 Central Mining Institute, Department of Energy Saving and Air Protection, 1 Gwarkow Square, 40-166 Katowice, Poland, [email protected]

THE SORPTION OF GAS MIXTURES ON COAL AS REGARDS THE ASSESSMENT

OF THE SELF-HEATING PROCESS OF COAL

Keywords: spontaneous combustion, oxidation products, gas mixtures flow, sorption

ABSTRACTOne of the most challenging tasks in the coal mining sector is the detection

of endogenous fire risks. Under field conditions, the distance between the points where samples for the analyses are collected and the actual place where coal self-heating takes place may be quite remote. Coal is a natural sorbent with a diverse character of the pore structures surrounded by fractures and cleavage planes which constitute an ideal space for the flow and adsorption of gases. The gases (methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, acetylene, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen) released from the source of fire migrate through the seam and may be subject to adsorption or they may cause the de-sorption of gases accumulated in coal. Therefore, the values of reference sample concentrations may be overstated or understated, respectively.

The objective of this experimental study was to investigate the phenomena accompanying the flow of a multi-component gas mixture through a coal bed which may occur in situ. The research was conducted by means of a method based on a series of calorimetric/chromatographic measurements taken to determine the amount of gases released during coal heating at various tem-peratures. Based on the results obtained in the course of the experiments, it was concluded that the amount of the gas adsorbed in the seam depends on the type of coal, the heating temperature and the type of gas. Within the multi-component gas mixture, hydrocarbons demonstrated the largest sorb-ability, especially as concerns propane and propylene.



| 231

Daria WOTZKA1


NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MICRO-CRACK OCCURRING IN PIPE MADE

OF STAINLESS STEEL

Keywords: FEM, micro-cracks in steel, multiphysical modeling

ABSTRACTResearch works carried out regard to studies aiming at determination of

the effect of cumulative duty operation on the development of micro-cracks in pipelines for transport of chemical substances. This paper presents results of computer simulations of a pipe made of stainless steel. The model was in-vestigated using the COMSOL Multiphysics environment. The object under study was divided into sub areas and then discretized according to the FEM method. The physico-chemical parameters of individual areas were defined based on measurement data.

The main aim of research works was the modeling of acoustic emission wave, which is emitted in the vicinity of the tip of micro-crack as a result of its development. In order to solve the task, heterogeneity in the structure of the material, referred to damage/micro-crack, causing local stresses was assumed. The local stresses give rise to elastic waves, which propagate in the material in all directions. When the emission waves reach the boundaries of the pipe they are then transferred into acoustic waves and propagate in the surround air, until their natural attenuation. The numerical model takes into account the effect of high pressure (3.6 MPa) and negative temperature (-100°C) of the gas, transported inside the pipe. The influence of changes of these values in the range of ± 20% on the obtained results was investigated. The main contribution of the works is the multiphysical simulation model of transportation pipe made of steel, coupling structural mechanics, thermal conductivity and acoustic waves.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe work was founded by The National Centre for Research and Devel-

opment within the LIDER Project no LIDER/18/44/L-3/NCBR/2012


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Nikodem WRÓBEL1*, Michał REJEK2, Grzegorz KRÓLCZYK3

1 ZPTiA „PRO-ZAP” Grupa Introl, Mechanical Design Department, 63-400 Ostrów Wlkp., 47a Grabowska Street, Poland

2 ZPTiA „PRO-ZAP” Grupa Introl, Mechanical Design Department, 63-400 Ostrów Wlkp., 47a Grabowska Street, Poland

3 Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 45-001 Opole, 5 Mikolajczyka Street, Poland

TESTING OF CRIMP CONNECTIONS MADE ON A PROTOTYPE STAND

Keywords: prototype stand, fixed joints, inseparable tight joints, crimped joints, bent joints, formed joints

ABSTRACTThe paper presents a project of a prototype stand for making inseparable

crimped joints through crimping operation, which is commonly used in the construction of heat exchangers. The joint is formed by tools in form of crimping jaws, which serve as a punches pressing two materials to them-selves, in effect of this operation they “crimp” to each other. The work con-tains the study of joints made on stand. Furthermore the paper presents the analysis of the features of the joints examining them with non-destructive testing: Micrography, Tensile strength test, and destructive testing: Leakage test. The elements to be joined has been made of 6060 aluminium, material is well suited to creating indirectly or directly joints for all kinds of coolers or condensers.



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Alpaslan YARAR1

1 Selcuk University, Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Department Hydraulics Division, 42031 Konya, Turkey, [email protected]

ANALITICAL AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODELS TO ESTIMATE

THE DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT FOR OGEE SPILLWAY

Keywords: discharge coefficient, ogee spillway, artificial neural networks.

ABSTRACTIn this study, analytical and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model were

used for determine the discharge coefficient of Ogee Spillways. For this aim, a flume having 7.5 cm width, 15 cm depth and 5 m length, was used in the laboratory. Discharge coefficients were calculated using the discharge mea-surements for different heads. Discharge coefficients were also computed by the formula for the measured heads. An ANN model was set by using the experimental results in order to estimate the discharge coefficient. So, the performance of the ANN model was investigated. As the result, it was seen that ANN model produced very successful output.


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Ersel YILMAZ1*, Mustafa Ali KAPTAN2

1 Department of Biosystem Engineering, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey, e-mail:[email protected]

2 Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey, e-mail:[email protected]

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS IN AYDIN REGION IN TURKEY

Keywords: geothermal energy, power plant, pollutions, environment

ABSTRACTGeothermal energy is a clean and sustainable energy source but as all

industrial activities has also effect on environment. The positive and nega-tive impact on environment has to be considered prior to any decision to develop a geothermal field and to use the possible corrective measures. The environmental effects may be temporary or irreversible and include changes to landscape and land use, emissions into the atmosphere, surface and subsurface waters, noise, land subsidence, seismicity and solid waste. The environmental impact can be minimized by multiple use of the energy source and the reinjection of spent fluids.

In the paper the environmental impact of geothermal power plants in Aegean regions i.e. Aydın province in Turkey is presented. Aydın province is located in the Aegean region, in southwestern Turkey and its capital is the city Aydın with a population of close to 200,000. The high geothermal po-tential of this region is because of geographical location of on the active tec-tonic Alpine-Himalaya Orogen belt with active volcanoes and young faults.

To 2015 about 71% (439.48 MW) of installed capacity of geothermal power plants in Turkey is located in Aydın region. According to data from the Min-eral Research & Exploration General Directorate, there are totally well 290 licenses (214 explore licenses and 76 business licenses) and 46 geothermal water resources purposely in Aydın region in 2012.

In the paper special attention is paid to the contamination of geothermal water sources, especially content of boron. Many of geothermal plants drain



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its wastewater to the Menderes River, which is used to irrigation of agricultural fields. Geothermal wastewater contaminated to ground water and the boron content of the water sources for agricultural purposes opened is increasing. Some data shows concentration of boron on level 0.43 – 2.34 mg/kg in soils. The boron toxicity is becoming increasingly an importance situation while the cotton growth in this region is very common and that’s why it is believed that the severity and expand of the toxicity will become higher in the future.


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Konrad ZAJKOWSKI1*

1 Koszalin University of Technology, Department of Energy, 15-17 Raclawicka Street, 75-620 Koszalin, Poland, [email protected]

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT

IN THE LIGHT OF WHITE CERTIFICATES

Keywords: energy losses, reactive power compensation, white certificates, energy certification and auditing

ABSTRACTThe article discusses the problem of the determination of savings on ac-

tive energy as a result of a reactive power compensation. Statutory guidance on the required energy audit to obtain white certificates in the European Union was followed. The analysis was made on the basis of the Polish Law. The paper presents a detailed analytical method and an estimation method taking into account the impact on the line, the transformer and the gener-ator. The effect of the reactive power compensation on the environment in accordance with relevant laws was estimated.

The methods proposed for the determination of savings on active energy as a result of the reactive power compensation carried out possess some errors and inconvenience. The detailed method requires knowledge of the network topology and a determination of reactive power Q at each point of the network. This method of analysis is easy in execution, especially if the consumer of energy is the main or the most significant purchaser of electricity in the network.

REFERENCES[1] W. Szpyra, Wpływ mocy biernej na straty w sieci. Energetyczny równoważnik

mocy biernej, IV Conference „Straty Energii Elektrycznej w Sieciach Elektro energetycznych”, Poland (2008).



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[2] W. Szpyra, Efektywność kompensacji mocy biernej stanu jałowego transforma-torów SN/nn, Przegląd Elektrotechniczny 2 (2011).

[3] K. Zajkowski, The method of solution of equations with coefficients that con-tain measurement errors, using artificial neural network, Neural Computing and Applications, Vol. 24, Issue 2, pp. 431–439 (2014).


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Konrad ZAJKOWSKI1*

1 Koszalin University of Technology, Department of Energy, 15-17 Raclawicka Street, 75-620 Koszalin, Poland, [email protected]

AN INNOVATIVE HYBRID INSULATION SWITCH TO ENABLE/DISABLE ELECTRICAL LOADS

WITHOUT OVERVOLTAGES

Keywords: hybrid power systems, overvoltage protection, power semicon-ductor switches, zero current switching

ABSTRACTThis article describes an innovative project for the design of a low voltage

switch to enable/disable electrical devices from an AC source, which is char-acterised by the absence of arc ignition. When powered off, this device is a galvanic separation of the receiver from the power source. The proposed hy-brid interaction has two switches: the insulating switch made of mechanical contacts and the current switch made of elements from power electronics. It enables the realisation of the commutation process under the conditions required for an insulating switch. Switching ON and OFF is performed at the time when the transition sinusoidal current goes through zero.

The absence of arc ignition increases the equipment uptime and im-proves the comfort-powered receiver and equipment located nearby.

REFERENCES[1] K. Zajkowski, patent for invention No. PL224323B1 „Łącznik hybrydowy do

komutacji bezłukowych w instalacjach niskiego napięcia”. Polish Patent Office, Protection for: Koszalin University of Technology (publ. 2016).

[2] K. Zajkowski, patent for invention No. PL224324B1 „Sposób izolacyjnego i bezłu-kowego wyłączania oraz załączania odbiorników niskiego napięcia”. Polish Patent Office, Protection for: Koszalin University of Technology (publ. 2016).

[3] K. Zajkowski, The method of solution of equations with coefficients that contain measurement errors, using artificial neural network, Neural Computing and Ap-plications, Vol. 24, Issue 2, pp. 431–439 (2014).



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Ireneusz ZBICIŃSKI1*, Aleksandra ZIEMIŃSKA-STOLARSKA2

1 Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, 213 Wolczanska Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland, [email protected]

2 Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, 213 Wolczanska Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF

THE LARGE WATER BODIES ON THE BASIS OF MONITORING AND INTEGRATED 3D MODELS

ABSTRACT

The paper presents water monitoring methods used to determine and predict the ecological status of large water bodies based on calibrated 3D water quality models. State monitoring system of quality of water was dis-cussed and critically reviewed. Mobile measurements technique to collect vast number of measuring points across the large water body during one day cruise to make maps of pollutants distributions was described. Maps of water quality parameters show dynamic changes of spatial distributions of pollutants both in time and along the length of the lake which proves that one point measurements cannot be representative for the large water body. Critical evaluation of calibration principles and accuracy of the most frequently used water quality models, WASP and GEMSS are presented. On the basis of CFD calculations, close correlation between water quality and hydrodynamics in large water bodies regarding the physicochemical aspects and biological production was proved. Neglecting the effect of hydrodynamic on eutrophication process introduce large element of un-certainty in determination of nutrients flow in the large water bodies. An example of scenarios for improving the ecological potential of dam reser-voirs to obtain significant reduction of selected nutrients concentration in the lake is discussed.



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Aleksandra ZIEMIŃSKA-STOLARSKA1*, Magda H. BARECKA2, Ireneusz ZBICIŃSKI2

1 Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, 213 Wolczanska Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland, [email protected]

2 Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, 213 Wolczanska Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland

EFFECT OF REPLACEMENT OF TIN DOPED INDIUM OXIDE (ITO) BY ZnO: ANALYSIS OF

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CATEGORIES

ABSTRACTAbundant use of natural resources is doubtlessly one of the greatest

challenges of sustainable development. Process alternatives, which en-able sustainable manufacturing of valuable products from more accessible resources, are consequently required. One of examples of limited resourc-es is Indium, currently broadly used for tin doped indium oxide (ITO) for production of transparent conductive films (TCO) in electronics industry. Therefore, candidates for Indium replacement, which would reach as good performance as the industrial state-of-the-art technology based on ITO are widely studied. However, the environmental impact of new layers remains unknown. Hence, this paper studies the environmental effect of ITO replace-ment by zinc oxide (ZnO) by means life cycle assessment (LCA). The analysis enables to quantify the environmental impact over the entire period of its life cycle of products- during manufacturing, use phase and waste genera-tion. The analysis was based on experimental data for deposition process. Further, analysis of different impact categories was performed in order to determine specific environmental effects related to technology change. What results from analysis, is that ZnO is a promising material for ITO re-placement in any case. Apart from the deposited materials, energy efficiency of deposition process is also crucial for sustainable TCO layer production.

“This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 641864”



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Krzysztof ŻAK1*, Piotr NIESŁONY2

1 Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, [email protected]

2 Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, [email protected]

ANALYSIS OF GEOMETRIC STRUCTURE OF THE SURFACE AFTER TURNING

THIN-WALLED COMPONENTS

Keywords: surface roughness, machining turning, functionality

ABSTRACTThe paper presents analysis resulting surface after machining turning

thin-walled components. A set of 3D surface roughness parameters were used to characterize the effects of superficial turning operation and their impact on the functionality of parts.


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