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Land Use and Environment
the relationship of land use and the natural environment
policies and programs to control land use impacts and to
protect and restore environmental resources.
environmentally sensitive land use, design anddevelopment
methods and techniques of environmental land analysis
technologies for mitigation of environmental impacts
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Sustainability
paths of economic, social, environmental, andpolitical progress that aim to meet the needs oftoday without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needsthe integration of the Es, the tri-objectives
Economy,
Environment, and
social Equity, plus
Engagement for political participation, and
Eternity for a future orientation
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Environmental Management for Sustainability
Means of controlling or guiding human-environmentinteractions to protect and enhance human healthand welfare and environmental quality
Nature impacts humans (natural hazards)
Humans impact humans through the environment
(pollution)Humans deplete economic natural resources
Humans undermine natural systems and ecosystems
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What is Green & Sustainable Community?
Sustainable: Stable economy
Livable, affordable, walkable, mixed use community
Healthy environment
Engaged public
Green: Restore and protect natural waters, biodiversity, air quality
Use land, energy, water, materials efficiently Reduce carbon emissions
Mitigate natural hazards
Adapt to environmental change
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Developing a skill set to creategreen, sustainable communities
Geospatial analysis
Natural science, engineering and analysis:
Soils, water flow, water quality, ecology (forestry,
wetlands, coastal zone, habitats), climate change Integration methods and metrics
Integrating science, design, planning, and policy
Planning process and collaboration
Land conservation programs
Community design
Smart growth management
Watershed and ecosystem management
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In production,available Dec 2011but we will usenew material
Creating Sustainable Communities,
Watersheds, and Ecosystems
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Part I. Context
Environmental Management
Environmental Planning
Land Use Planning
Collaborative Planning
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Part II:Environmental Land Analysis
Geospatial Information and GIS
Soils and Geology
Land Use and Water: Flow, Quality, Groundwater
Ecology, Vegetation, Urban Forestry Land-Water Interface: Riparian, Wetland, Coastal
Land Use and Wildlife Habitat
Land Use and Climate ChangeNatural Hazard Mitigation
Integrative Methods & Metrics
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Part III: Environmental Land UseManagement
Land Conservation
Design with Nature for People
Smart Growth: Local Government &Environmental Land Use
Regional, State, Federal Environmental LandUse
Ecosystem and Watershed Management
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You arehere
Po
pulation,billion
We are in the middle of the great transition
to where is the question.
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The End of Cheap Oil
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Global Land-Ocean Temperature index
2010 was hottest year on record!!
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If nothing is done to slowgreenhouse gas emissions. . .
CO2 concentrations will likely
be more than 700 ppm by 2100
Global average temperatures
projected to increase between
2.5 - 10.4F
2100
Source: OSTP
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Climate change and extreme weather:Is the last year and the last month a sign of things to come?
Australia floods in January
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Brazil floods and mudslides in January
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Connecticut snow
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Joplin, MO Tornado: 119 dead
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Summer 2011Heat Wave
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Natural Hazards
Flooding near
Buena Vista, VA,
1995
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Flood Profiles and
Flood Plain Maps
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Smart land use to reduce
coastal storm hazard to
development and protectbeach and dune resources
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Other natural hazards: landslides
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Seismic
Earthquake
Hazards
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Japanese Earthquake/Tsunami
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Geospatial Information and GIS:
The Geospatial Revolution!!
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Remote Sensing
Aerial Photos
DOQQ
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Environmental
Monitoring with
Satellite data
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Soils
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Soils
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Erosion and
Sediment
Control
Planning
Land se and Water
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Land use and Water
Hydrologic Cycle
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Effect of land usechange and
impervious surfaceon runoff andstream flow
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Schueler, Fraley-McNeal, Cappiella, 2009
Schuelers Impervious Cover Model
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Reformulated Impervious Cover Model
Schueler, Fraley-McNeal, Cappiella, 2009
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TR 55:
Impact of land use on
peak discharge
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Win TR-55
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Low Impact
Development (LID)
Bioretention:
Using vegetated
Depressions toDetain and Treat
Runoff
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Drainage Swale
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G d t T i l
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Groundwater Terminology
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Wellhead
Protection
Areas
Landscape Ecology
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Landscape Ecology
Forested Riparian Buffers: Water quality and habitat protection
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Forested Riparian Buffers: Water quality and habitat protection
The Riparian Zone
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The Riparian Zone
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American
ForestsEcological
Analysis:
Canopy Cover
Atlanta, 1974
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Forest Cover
1996
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Wetlands: Avoid Minimize Mitigate
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Wetlands: Avoid, Minimize, Mitigate
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Alternative development designs to mitigate impact in theCoastal zone
Wildlife Habitats
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Core ReservesManaged specifically for
wildlife species diversity.
Buffer Zone
Managed for desirable edgespecies and lowIntensity recreation.
Farm or Ranch Land
Linking CorridorManaged as habitat andfor species migrationand dispersal.
Green Infrastructure
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Green Infrastructure
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Holmes Run:Urban Biodiversity
in a highly urbanized
watershed
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Habitat Conservation
Plans (HCP) andNatural Community
Conservation Plans (NCCP)
P t III L d U M t t C t
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Part III: Land Use Management to CreateGreen & Sustainable Communities,
Watersheds, and Ecosystems
Land Use and Climate Change
Land ConservationDesign with Nature for People
Smart Growth Management
Ecosystem and Watershed Management
Why do we need the
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yGreen & Sustainable Community?
To respond to three imperatives:
The Land Use Sprawl Imperative
The Climate Change Imperative
The Affordable Livibility Imperative
The Solution?
Urbanism compact, walkable, mixed use,dense, transit-oriented, green communities
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The Land Use Sprawl ImperativeSprawl: land consumptive, dispersed, auto-dependentland development made up of homogeneous segregatedland uses heavily dependent on collector roads.
Consumes natural habitat and agricultural land
Drives up vehicle miles traveled, oil consumption, GHG emissions
Social impacts of isolated, auto dependent, sedentary lifestyles
Unsustainable patterns of land use
The Imperative:
manage land use and development and arrest sprawl
to protect water, agriculture, habitats
to conserve energy and materials and reduce GHG emissions
design and plan livable, walkable, and healthy communities
reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) & oil & GHG emissions
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U.S. Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)
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U.S. Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)1960-2005, projections to 2025
Millions
Growth at 2.3%/yr, doubling every 30 years
Energy Use: Land Use, Building size, Consumer choice
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Suburban
Average
Suburban
Green
Urban SF
Average
Urban SF
Green
Urban MF Urban MF
Green
12571 50
2150
21
108
56 90
4527
18
184
92
147
74 61
49
MillionBtu/yr
Typical Residential Energy Use by Design Type
Primary Electric
Heating
Transport
219
297
140 138
88
417
Los Angeles VMT CO2 per sq. mi.
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g 2 p q
Los Angeles CO2 per household
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Los Angeles CO2 per household
The Climate Change Impe ati e
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The Climate Change ImperativeUnsustainable patterns of energy use
Carbon-based fossil fuels cause global warming,climate change and expected impacts:
increased human deaths from heat waves, floods,hurricanes, droughts, malnutrition, and infectious diseases;
water supply shortages; spatial shifts of ecosystems and agricultural systems;
species extinction; and
coastal sea level rise and flooding
The Imperative: Mitigate climate change by reducing GHG by reducing
carbon energy
Prepare for and adapt to the consequences of climate
change
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Land Use & Climate Change
Our sprawling patterns of land use have created anautomobile and petroleum culture that is a majorsource of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We can mitigate GHG emissions through more efficient
patterns of land use and building and transportation
technology
Our patterns of coastal and streamside developmentand water consumption make us vulnerable to theimpacts of climate change We need to anticipate the effects of climate change and
adapt to those changes with planning for alternative watersupply and more severe natural hazards from extremeweather events and sea level rise.
The emerging field of Climate Action Planningstresses both mitigation and adaptation.
The Affordable Livability Imperative
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The Affordable Livability ImperativeIncreasing rates of poverty
Jobs: Un- and under-employmentJobs-housing imbalance
Unaffordable housing
Unaffordable mobility
The Imperative:
Create affordable housing and mobility through dense,
compact, mixed use development and transit access Workforce training for green jobs
Workforce housing
Green & Sustainable Communities
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Green & Sustainable Communities
Apply sustainable technologies and designs atvarious scales
Promote market penetration of these systems
through green rating systems,
sustainability planning, and
public policies and regulations
social movement and consumer and community choice
S t i bl D i
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Sustainable Designs
Applied at different scales from building to site toneighborhood to community to region
Environmental objectives:
Energy, water, land and material efficiency; renewable energy;climate change mitigation
Water and air quality protection, waste minimization
Natural hazard mitigation and adaptation
Biodiversity preservation
Economic objectives:
Social objectives:
N i hb h d S l
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Neighborhood Scale
Neighborhood LID: Light Imprint Develop.Green Infrastructure
Neighborhood/community energy systems
Combined heat & power
District heating (+absorption cooling)
Neighborhood solar
Sustainable land use Compact, Mixed use, Walkable Design
5 Ds: Density, Diversity, Design, Destination
accessibility, Distance to transit
Neighborhood: Green Infrastructure
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gTree Canopy, Bioretention & Infiltration
LID Neighborhood Design:
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LID Neighborhood Design:smaller lots, retained vegetation
on-site water retention/infiltration,
Sustainable Land Use
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Sustainable Land UseSmart Growth (neighborhood scale):
Grow where infrastructure exists Infill development and redevelopment
New Urbanism Design: Compact, mixed use, walk-able neighborhoods
Neo-traditional neighborhoods
5 Ds of Sustainable Land Use: Density: population/employment per acre
Diversity: mixed use residential/commercial/jobs
Design: aesthetics, sidewalks, street connectivity
Destination accessibility: ease of trip from pt. of origin
Distance to Transit: 1/4 to mile from home or work
Th N i hb h d
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The Neighborhood
The optimal size of a neighborhood
is a quarter-mile from center toedge. For most people, a quartermile is a five-minute walk. For aneighborhood to feel walkable,many daily needs should besupplied within this five-minute
walk. That includes not only homes,but stores, workplaces, schools,houses of worship, and recreationalareas.
Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
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TOD Arlington County, VA
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TOD Arlington County, VA
Portland
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The 20-minute Complete Neighborhood Concept
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Portland Light Rail and TODs
King Farm New Urbanism development near Rockville, MD
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Photosimulation of redevelopment design
in Stillwater, MN
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,
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Spatial impact of the automobile: 40 people, one peson per car
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40 people as if in their cars
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40 people as if on a bus
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40 people walking and biking
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Local Government
Land Use Planning
and Management
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Zoning ordinance
UrbanGrowth
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Boundary
Growth Boundary
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Portland, Oregon
regon
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