BOOK 12 - AIR LAW.pdf

8/9/2019 BOOK 12 - AIR LAW.pdf

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These materials are to be used only for the purpose of individual, private study and maynot be reproduced in any form or medium, copied, stored in a retrieval system, lent, hired,rented, transmitted, or adapted in whole or in part without the prior written consent ofJeppesen.

Copyright in all materials bound within these covers or attached hereto, excluding that materialwhich is used with the permission of third parties and acknowledged as such, belongs exclusivelyto Jeppesen.

Certain copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the International Civil AviationOrganisation, the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority, and the Joint Aviation Authorities(JAA).

This book has been written and published to assist students enrolled in an approved JAA AirTransport Pilot Licence (ATPL) course in preparation for the JAA ATPL theoretical knowledgeexaminations. Nothing in the content of this book is to be interpreted as constituting instruction oradvice relating to practical flying.

Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained within thisbook, neither Jeppesen nor Atlantic Flight Training gives any warranty as to its accuracy orotherwise. Students preparing for the JAA ATPL theoretical knowledge examinations should notregard this book as a substitute for the JAA ATPL theoretical knowledge training syllabuspublished in the current edition of “JAR-FCL 1 Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes)” (the Syllabus).The Syllabus constitutes the sole authoritative definition of the subject matter to be studied in aJAA ATPL theoretical knowledge training programme. No student should prepare for, or isentitled to enter himself/herself for, the JAA ATPL theoretical knowledge examinations withoutfirst being enrolled in a training school which has been granted approval by a JAA-authorisednational aviation authority to deliver JAA ATPL training.

Contact Details:

Sales and Service DepartmentJeppesen GmbHFrankfurter Strasse 23363263 Neu-IsenburgGermany

Tel: ++49 (0)6102 5070E-mail: [email protected]

For further information on products and services from Jeppesen, visit our web site at:www.jeppesen.com

© Jeppesen Sanderson Inc., 2004 All Rights Reserved

JA310112-000 ISBN 0-88487-362-5 Printed in Germany


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PREFACE_______________________

As the world moves toward a single standard for international pilot licensing, many nations haveadopted the syllabi and regulations of the “Joint Aviation Requirements-Flight Crew Licensing"(JAR-FCL), the licensing agency of the Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA).

Though training and licensing requirements of individual national aviation authorities are similar incontent and scope to the JAA curriculum, individuals who wish to train for JAA licences needaccess to study materials which have been specifically designed to meet the requirements of theJAA licensing system. The volumes in this series aim to cover the subject matter tested in theJAA ATPL ground examinations as set forth in the ATPL training syllabus, contained in the JAApublication, “JAR-FCL 1 (Aeroplanes)”.

The JAA regulations specify that all those who wish to obtain a JAA ATPL must study with aflying training organisation (FTO) which has been granted approval by a JAA-authorised nationalaviation authority to deliver JAA ATPL training. While the formal responsibility to prepare you forboth the skill tests and the ground examinations lies with the FTO, these Jeppesen manuals willprovide a comprehensive and necessary background for your formal training.

Jeppesen is acknowledged as the world's leading supplier of flight information services, andprovides a full range of print and electronic flight information services, including navigation data,computerised flight planning, aviation software products, aviation weather services, maintenance

information, and pilot training systems and supplies. Jeppesen counts among its customer baseall US airlines and the majority of international airlines worldwide. It also serves the large generaland business aviation markets. These manuals enable you to draw on Jeppesen’s vastexperience as an acknowledged expert in the development and publication of pilot trainingmaterials.

We at Jeppesen wish you success in your flying and training, and we are confident that yourstudy of these manuals will be of great value in preparing for the JAA ATPL ground examinations.

The next three pages contain a list and content description of all the volumes in the ATPL series.


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ATPL Series

Meteorology (JAR Ref 050)

The Atmosphere Air Masses and Fronts

Wind Pressure System

Thermodynamics Climatology

Clouds and Fog Flight Hazards

Precipitation Meteorological Information

General Navigation (JAR Ref 061)

Basics of Navigation Dead Reckoning Navigation

Magnetism In-Flight Navigation

Compasses Inertial Navigation Systems

Charts

Radio Navigation (JAR Ref 062)

Radio Aids Basic Radar PrinciplesSelf-contained and Area Navigation Systems

External-Referenced Basic Radio Propagation TheoryNavigation Systems

Airframes and Systems (JAR Ref 021 01)

Fuselage Hydraulics

Windows Pneumatic Systems

Wings Air Conditioning System

Stabilising Surfaces Pressurisation

Landing Gear De-Ice / Anti-Ice Systems

Flight Controls Fuel Systems

Powerplant (JAR Ref 021 03)

Piston Engine Engine Systems

Turbine Engine Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

Engine Construction

Electrics (JAR Ref 021 02)

Direct Current Generator / AlternatorAlternating Current Semiconductors

Batteries Circuits

Magnetism


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Instrumentation (JAR Ref 022)

Flight Instruments

Automatic Flight Control Systems

Warning and Recording Equipment

Powerplant and System Monitoring Instruments

Principles of Flight (JAR Ref 080)

Laws and Definitions Boundary Layer

Aerofoil Airflow High Speed Flight

Aeroplane Airflow Stability

Lift Coefficient Flying Controls

Total Drag Adverse Weather Conditions

Ground Effect Propellers

Stall Operating Limitations

CLMAX Augmentation Flight Mechanics

Lift Coefficient and Speed

Performance (JAR Ref 032)

Single-Engine Aeroplanes – Not certified under JAR/FAR 25(Performance Class B)

Multi-Engine Aeroplanes – Not certified under JAR/FAR 25(Performance Class B)

Aeroplanes certified under JAR/FAR 25 (Performance Class A)

Mass and Balance (JAR Ref 031)

Definition and Terminology

Limits

Loading

Centre of Gravity

Flight Planning (JAR Ref 033)

Flight Plan for Cross-Country Meteorological Messages

Flights Point of Equal Time

ICAO ATC Flight Planning Point of Safe Return

IFR (Airways) Flight Planning Medium Range Jet Transport

Jeppesen Airway Manual Planning

Air Law (JAR Ref 010)

International Agreements Air Traffic Services

and Organisations Aerodromes

Annex 8 – Airworthiness of Facilitation

Aircraft Search and Rescue

Annex 7 – Aircraft Nationality Security

and Registration Marks Aircraft Accident Investigation

Annex 1 – Licensing JAR-FCL

Rules of the Air National Law

Procedures for Air Navigation


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Human Performance andLimitations (JAR Ref 040)

Human Factors

Aviation Physiology and Health Maintenance

Aviation Psychology

Operational Procedures (JAR Ref 070)

Operator Low Visibility Operations

Air Operations Certificate Special Operational Procedures

Flight Operations and Hazards

Aerodrome Operating Minima Transoceanic and Polar Flight

Communications (JAR Ref 090)

Definitions Distress and Urgency

General Operation Procedures Procedures

Relevant Weather Information Aerodrome Control

Communication Failure Approach ControlVHF Propagation Area Control

Allocation of Frequencies


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CHAPTER 1

Abbreviations and Definitions

Section 1 - Common abbreviations used in the JAA Central Question Bank ................................................1-1Section 2 - ICAO Definitions .........................................................................................................................1-6

CHAPTER 2

The History of Aviation Law and the Chicago Convention 1944

Background...................................................................................................................................................2-1Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................2-1Safety ..........................................................................................................................................................2-1International Law...........................................................................................................................................2-1Scheduled and Non Scheduled Air Services.................................................................................................2-21919 Aeronautical Commission of the Paris Peace Conference...................................................................2-2Convention of the Unification of Certain Rules to International Carriage by Air (Warsaw 1929) ...................2-21944 Convention on International Civil Aviation (the Chicago Convention) ..................................................2-3Part I – Air Navigation...................................................................................................................................2-4Part II - The International Civil Aviation Organisation....................................................................................2-8The Organisation ..........................................................................................................................................2-8

The Assembly ...............................................................................................................................................2-9 Annexes to the Convention...........................................................................................................................2-9Other International Agreements made at Chicago......................................................................................2-11The International Air Transport Agreement and the International Air Services Transit Agreement.............2-11Supplementary Freedoms...........................................................................................................................2-11The Convention of Tokyo 1963...................................................................................................................2-12The Hague Convention of 1970 ..................................................................................................................2-13The Montreal Convention of 1971...............................................................................................................2-13

Addendum to Chapter 2..............................................................................................................................2-14Chapter IX - The Council ............................................................................................................................2-17Chapter X - The Air Navigation Commission...............................................................................................2-19

CHAPTER 3

Other International and European Organisations

The International Air Transport Association (IATA).......................................................................................3-1The Convention of Rome 1933/1952 ............................................................................................................3-1Commercial Practices and Associated Rules (Leasing)................................................................................3-1Leasing of Aeroplanes between JAA Operators ...........................................................................................3-2Leasing of Aeroplanes Between a JAA Operator and Any Body Other Than a JAA Operator......................3-2Leasing of Aeroplanes at Short Notice..........................................................................................................3-3European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) ................................................................................................3-3ECAC Objectives ..........................................................................................................................................3-3Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA).....................................................................................................................3-3JAA Organisation..........................................................................................................................................3-3Functions of JAA...........................................................................................................................................3-4Organisation and Procedures .......................................................................................................................3-4JAA/FAA Harmonisation ...............................................................................................................................3-5Eurocontrol....................................................................................................................................................3-5


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CHAPTER 4

Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes)

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4-1JAR-FCL ...................................................................................................................................................... 4-1Licensing Requirements and Regulations.................................................................................................... 4-2Specific Requirements for Licence Issue PPL(A)......................................................................................... 4-3

ATPL(A) Experience .................................................................................................................................... 4-5CPL(A) Experience ...................................................................................................................................... 4-5Instructor Ratings......................................................................................................................................... 4-6Examiners (Aeroplane) ................................................................................................................................ 4-6Class and Type Ratings............................................................................................................................... 4-7Instrument Rating (IR(A)) ............................................................................................................................. 4-8Recent Experience....................................................................................................................................... 4-9Curtailment of Privileges of Licence Holders Aged 60 Years or More.......................................................... 4-9Medical Requirements ............................................................................................................................... 4-10JAA Theoretical Knowledge Examinations for ATPL (A)............................................................................ 4-12

CHAPTER 5

Registration of Aircraft and Aircraft Markings

Nationality, Common, and Registration Marks ............................................................................................. 5-1Location of Nationality, Common, and Registration Marks........................................................................... 5-2Registration of Aircraft.................................................................................................................................. 5-3

CHAPTER 6

Airworthiness of Aircraft

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 6-1Certificate of Airworthiness .......................................................................................................................... 6-1

CHAPTER 7

Rules of the Air

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 7-1General Rules .............................................................................................................................................. 7-2Negligent or Reckless Operation of Aircraft ................................................................................................. 7-2Minimum Heights ......................................................................................................................................... 7-2Cruising Levels............................................................................................................................................. 7-2Prohibited and Restricted Areas................................................................................................................... 7-2

Avoidance of Collisions................................................................................................................................ 7-2Simulated Instrument Flight (SIF)................................................................................................................. 7-7Flight Plans .................................................................................................................................................. 7-7Communications ........................................................................................................................................ 7-10Visual Flight Rules (VFR)........................................................................................................................... 7-12Instrument Flight Rules .............................................................................................................................. 7-14

Rules Applicable to IFR Flights within Controlled Airspace ........................................................................ 7-15IFR Flight Levels ........................................................................................................................................ 7-15Rules Applicable to IFR Flights Outside Controlled Airspace..................................................................... 7-15Communications ........................................................................................................................................ 7-16Position Reports......................................................................................................................................... 7-16Special VFR (SVFR) .................................................................................................................................. 7-16Cruising Levels........................................................................................................................................... 7-17Table of Cruising Levels............................................................................................................................. 7-20

Appendix 1 to Chapter 7 ............................................................................................................................ 7-22Signals for Use in the Event of Interception ............................................................................................... 7-22


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CHAPTER 8

Signals

Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................8-1Emergency Signals .......................................................................................................................................8-1

Aerodrome Signals .......................................................................................................................................8-2 Acknowledgement.........................................................................................................................................8-2Visual Ground Signals ..................................................................................................................................8-3Signals from the Pilot of an Aircraft to a Marshaller ......................................................................................8-8

CHAPTER 9

Altimeter Setting Procedures

Expression of Vertical Position......................................................................................................................9-1Transition ......................................................................................................................................................9-2Use of QNH or QFE......................................................................................................................................9-3Flight Planning ..............................................................................................................................................9-4

CHAPTER 10Instrument Procedures

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................10-1Publications.................................................................................................................................................10-1Obstacle Clearance ....................................................................................................................................10-2

Abbreviations ..............................................................................................................................................10-2Departure Procedures.................................................................................................................................10-2The Instrument Departure Procedure .........................................................................................................10-3Establishment of a Departure Procedure ....................................................................................................10-3Standard Instrument Departures.................................................................................................................10-5Contingency Procedures.............................................................................................................................10-6Published Information .................................................................................................................................10-8

Airways Departure Routes (SID Charts) .....................................................................................................10-8The Instrument Approach Procedure ........................................................................................................10-13Obstacle Clearance ..................................................................................................................................10-15

Accuracy of Fixes......................................................................................................................................10-21Descent Gradient ......................................................................................................................................10-24

Approach Segments .................................................................................................................................10-24Standard Arrivals Routes (STARS)...........................................................................................................10-24Missed Approach ......................................................................................................................................10-28Visual Manoeuvring (Circling) VM(C)A in the Vicinity of the Aerodrome...................................................10-30Published Information ...............................................................................................................................10-31Holding Procedures ..................................................................................................................................10-36Simultaneous Operations on Parallel or Near Parallel Instrument Runways ............................................10-42

CHAPTER 11

Aeronautical Information Service

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................11-1Responsibilities and Function .....................................................................................................................11-1The Integrated Aeronautical Information Package (IAIP)............................................................................11-1Prohibited, Restricted, and Danger Areas...................................................................................................11-2NOTAM (Notice to Airmen) .........................................................................................................................11-3

Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control (AIRAC) .........................................................................11-6 Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC).....................................................................................................11-7Pre-Flight and Post Flight Information.........................................................................................................11-8

Aeronautical Information Publication (AlP)..................................................................................................11-8Contents of Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) ..............................................................................11-9


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CHAPTER 12

Air Traffic Services and Airspace

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 12-1Objective of the Air Traffic Services (ATS)................................................................................................. 12-1Divisions of the Air Traffic Services............................................................................................................ 12-2Determination of the need for Air Traffic Services...................................................................................... 12-2Classes of Airspace ................................................................................................................................... 12-2Required Navigation Performance (RNP) .................................................................................................. 12-5Units Providing Air Traffic Services............................................................................................................ 12-5Flight Information Regions (FIRs) .............................................................................................................. 12-6Control Areas ............................................................................................................................................. 12-6Flight Information Regions or Control Areas in the Upper Airspace........................................................... 12-7Control Zones............................................................................................................................................. 12-7Service to Aircraft in the event of Emergency .......................................................................................... 12-10Time in Air Traffic Services ...................................................................................................................... 12-10

ATS Route Designators ........................................................................................................................... 12-10 Air Traffic Incident Report (ATIR)............................................................................................................. 12-14Collision Avoidance Systems (ACAS – Airborne; TCAS – Traffic) ........................................................... 12-15Use of ACAS/TCAS Indications ............................................................................................................... 12-15

CHAPTER 13

Air Traffic Control Services

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 13-1 Air Traffic Control Service .......................................................................................................................... 13-1Operation of Air Traffic Control Service...................................................................................................... 13-3Emergency and Communication Failure .................................................................................................... 13-8

CHAPTER 14

Flight Information Service (FIS)

Application ................................................................................................................................................. 14-1

What is provided by a FIS .......................................................................................................................... 14-1Operational Flight Information Service Broadcasts (OFIS) ........................................................................ 14-2

CHAPTER 15

Aerodrome Control Service

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 15-1 Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ) ................................................................................................................... 15-1Functions of Aerodrome Control Towers.................................................................................................... 15-2Traffic and Taxi Circuits ............................................................................................................................. 15-2Information to Aircraft by Aerodrome Control Towers ................................................................................ 15-5Control of Aerodrome Traffic...................................................................................................................... 15-6Control of other than Aircraft Traffic on the Manoeuvring Area .................................................................. 15-7

Control of Traffic in the Traffic Circuit ......................................................................................................... 15-7Wake Turbulence Categorization of Aircraft and Increased Longitudinal Separation Minima .................... 15-9


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CHAPTER 16

Approach Control Service

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................16-1Departures ..................................................................................................................................................16-1

Arrivals........................................................................................................................................................16-2 Approach Sequence (Stacking) ..................................................................................................................16-4Information for Arriving Aircraft ...................................................................................................................16-6

CHAPTER 17

Area Control Service

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................17-1Separation...................................................................................................................................................17-2Vertical Separation......................................................................................................................................17-2Horizontal Separation .................................................................................................................................17-3Lateral Separation.......................................................................................................................................17-4Longitudinal Separation ..............................................................................................................................17-6Reduced Separation Minima.....................................................................................................................17-14

CHAPTER 18

Air Traffic Advisory Service

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................18-1Objective and Basic Principles....................................................................................................................18-1Operation ....................................................................................................................................................18-1

Aircraft Using the Air Traffic Advisory Service.............................................................................................18-2 Aircraft Not Using the Air Traffic Advisory Service ......................................................................................18-2 Air Traffic Services Units.............................................................................................................................18-2

CHAPTER 19

Radar in Air Traffic Control

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................19-1Radar Coverage..........................................................................................................................................19-1Identification of Aircraft ...............................................................................................................................19-3SSR Identification Procedures ....................................................................................................................19-3PSR Identification Procedures ....................................................................................................................19-3Position Information ....................................................................................................................................19-4Radar Vectoring..........................................................................................................................................19-4Use of Radar in the Air Traffic Control Service ...........................................................................................19-7Radar Separation Minima ...........................................................................................................................19-7Emergencies, Hazards, and Equipment Failures........................................................................................19-9Use of Radar in the Approach Control Service ...........................................................................................19-9Radar Approaches ....................................................................................................................................19-11Use of Radar in Aerodrome Control..........................................................................................................19-12

CHAPTER 20

Secondary Surveillance Radar

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................20-1Operation of Transponders .........................................................................................................................20-2Emergency Procedures ..............................................................................................................................20-3Communication Failure Procedures............................................................................................................20-3Unlawful Interference with Aircraft in Flight.................................................................................................20-3Phraseology................................................................................................................................................20-3


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CHAPTER 21

The Alerting Service

Alerting Service.......................................................................................................................................... 21-1Phases of the Alerting Procedure............................................................................................................... 21-2Format of Notification of Declaration.......................................................................................................... 21-3

Additional Information for the RCC............................................................................................................. 21-3

Information to Aircraft Operating In the Vicinity of an Aircraft in a State of Emergency.............................. 21-3Unlawful Interference ................................................................................................................................. 21-3

CHAPTER 22

Search and Rescue

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 22-1Organisation............................................................................................................................................... 22-1Operating Procedures ................................................................................................................................ 22-2Search and Rescue Signals....................................................................................................................... 22-4Ground/Air Signals used by Rescue Units ................................................................................................. 22-6

Air-To-Ground Signals ............................................................................................................................... 22-6

CHAPTER 23

Aerodromes

Annex 14.................................................................................................................................................... 23-1Types of Aerodrome................................................................................................................................... 23-1Parts of an Aerodrome............................................................................................................................... 23-1

Aerodrome Reference Code ...................................................................................................................... 23-1 Aeronautical Data....................................................................................................................................... 23-2Runways .................................................................................................................................................... 23-5Taxiways .................................................................................................................................................... 23-7Taxiway Curve ........................................................................................................................................... 23-9Holding Bays, Taxi Holding Positions......................................................................................................... 23-9

Aprons ...................................................................................................................................................... 23-10

Visual Aids for Navigation ........................................................................................................................ 23-10Markings .................................................................................................................................................. 23-11Runway Markings..................................................................................................................................... 23-11Runway Centre Line Marking................................................................................................................... 23-12Threshold Markings.................................................................................................................................. 23-12Displaced Threshold Marking................................................................................................................... 23-13

Aiming Point Marking ............................................................................................................................... 23-14Touchdown Zone Marking........................................................................................................................ 23-14Runway Side Stripe.................................................................................................................................. 23-16Taxiway Markings .................................................................................................................................... 23-16Taxiway Centre Line Marking................................................................................................................... 23-16Runway Holding Position Marking............................................................................................................ 23-16Taxiway Intersection Marking................................................................................................................... 23-17VOR Aerodrome Check-Point Marking .................................................................................................... 23-18

Aircraft Stand Markings............................................................................................................................ 23-19 Apron Safety Lines................................................................................................................................... 23-19Information Markings................................................................................................................................ 23-19Signs ...................................................................................................................................................... 23-19Markers .................................................................................................................................................... 23-23

Aerodrome Lighting.................................................................................................................................. 23-24 Approach Lighting Systems ..................................................................................................................... 23-25Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI and Abbreviated PAPI) ........................................................... 23-32Minimum Eye Height (MEHT)................................................................................................................... 23-33


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Runway Lights ..........................................................................................................................................23-34Taxiway Lighting .......................................................................................................................................23-34Obstacles..................................................................................................................................................23-38Marking of Vehicles...................................................................................................................................23-40Emergency Vehicles .................................................................................................................................23-40Emergency Services .................................................................................................................................23-40Bird Hazard...............................................................................................................................................23-40

CHAPTER 24

Aviation Security

General .......................................................................................................................................................24-1 Aims and Objectives ...................................................................................................................................24-1National Organisation .................................................................................................................................24-1International Co-Operation..........................................................................................................................24-1Preventative Security Measures .................................................................................................................24-2Carriage of Legal Weapons ........................................................................................................................24-2Pre-Flight Checks .......................................................................................................................................24-2Measures Related to Passengers and their Cabin Baggage ......................................................................24-2Missing Passengers....................................................................................................................................24-2

Measures Relating to Access Control .........................................................................................................24-2Management of Response to Acts of Unlawful Interference .......................................................................24-3Flight Deck Door .........................................................................................................................................24-3Training Programmes .................................................................................................................................24-3Isolated Aircraft Parking Position ................................................................................................................24-3

CHAPTER 25

Aircraft Accident Investigation

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................25-1Definitions ...................................................................................................................................................25-1Objective of the Investigation......................................................................................................................25-2Protection of Evidence, Custody, and Removal of Aircraft..........................................................................25-2Request from State of Registry or State of Operator ..................................................................................25-2Request from State of Design or State of Manufacturer .............................................................................25-3Notification for Accidents or Serious Incidents............................................................................................25-3Reports .......................................................................................................................................................25-4

CHAPTER 26

Facilitation

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................26-1Entry and Departure of Aircraft ...................................................................................................................26-1Entry and Departure of Persons and their Baggage ...................................................................................26-3Departure Requirements and Procedures ..................................................................................................26-4Inadmissible Passengers, Deportees and Persons in Custody...................................................................26-4

CHAPTER 27

National Law

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................27-1The Law of the UK ......................................................................................................................................27-1Major UK Differences..................................................................................................................................27-1Royal Flights ...............................................................................................................................................27-3Military Aerodrome Traffic Zones (MATZ)...................................................................................................27-3


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Air Law 1-1

INTRODUCTIONThis chapter of Aviation Law contains two sections and is intended for use with all the coursematerial provided:

SECTION 1 — COMMON ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE JAA CENTRAL QUESTION BANK

A

A Ampere ALT Altitude

ABM Abeam ALTN Alternate

ABN Aerodrome beacon APCH Approach

AC Alternating current APT Airport

AC Altocumulus APU Auxiliary power unit

ACAS Airborne collision avoidance system ARR Arrival

ACFT Aircraft AS Altostratus

ACT Active ASDA Accelerate stop distance available

AD Aerodrome AMSL Above mean sea level

ADC Air data computer ATA Actual time of arrival

ADDN Additional ATC Air traffic control

ADF Automatic direction finding ATIS Automatic terminal information service

ADI Attitude director indicator ATO Actual time overhead

AEO All engines operating ATS Air traffic services

AFIS Aerodrome flight information service AUX Auxiliary

AFM Aircraft flight manual AVG Average

AGL Above ground level AWY Airway

AIP Aeronautical Information Publication AZM Azimuth

B

BKN Broken BRG Bearing

C

ºC Degrees Celsius CI Cirrus

CAS Calibrated air speed CL Lift coefficient

CAT Clear air turbulence Cm Centimetre

CB Cumulonimbus CO Communications

CC Cirrocumulus CP Critical point

CD Drag coefficient CRM Crew resource management

CDI Course direction indicator CS Cirrostratus

CDU Control display unit CTR Control zone

cg Centre of gravity CU Cumulus

CWY Clearway


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Chapter 1 Abbreviations and Definitions

Air Law1-2

D

DA Decision altitude DG Directional gyroscope

DC Direct current DH Decision height

DEG Degrees DIST Distance

DEP Departure DME Distance measuring equipment

DES Descent DP Dew point

DEST Destination DR Dead reckoning

DEV Deviation DVOR Doppler VOR

D/F Direction finding

E

E East EICAS Engine indicator and crew alertingsystem

EAS Equivalent airspeed EOBT Estimated off blocks time

EAT Expected approach time EPR Engine pressure ratio

ECAM Engine condition aircraft monitoring EST Estimated

EFIS Electronic flight instrument system ETA Estimated time of arrival

EGT Exhaust gas temperature ETO Estimated time overhead

F

º F Degrees Fahrenheit FL Flight level

FAF Final approach fix FLT Flight

FCST Forecast FMS Flight management system

FD Flight director FT Feet

FIS Flight information system FT/MIN Feet per minute

FIS Flight Information Service

G

G Gramme GP Glide path

GAL Gallons GPWS Ground proximity warning system

GND Ground GS Ground speed

H

HDG Heading HSI Horizontal situation indicator

HF High frequency HT Height

hPa Hectopascal Hz Hertz

HR Hours

I

IAS Indicated airspeed INT Intersection

ILS Instrument landing system ISA International standard atmosphere

IMC Instrument meteorological conditions ISOL Isolated

IMP GAL Imperial gallons ITCZ Inter-tropical convergence zone

INS Inertial navigation systems IVSI Instantaneous vertical speed indicator

J

J Joule


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Abbreviations and Definitions Chapter 1

Air Law 1-3

K

kg Kilogramme kt Knot

kHz Kilohertz kW Kilowatt

km Kilometre

L

LAT Latitude LMT Local mean time

LB Pounds LONG Longitude

LDG Landing LT Local time

LDP Landing decision point LTD Limited

LEN Length LVL Level

LLZ Localiser (Localizer) LYR Layer

LMC Last minute change

M

m Metre MLS Microwave landing system

M Mass MM Middle marker

M Mach Number MNM Minimum

MAC Mean aerodynamic chord

MAP Manifold pressure

MNPS Minimum navigation performancespecification

MAPt Missed approach point MOCA Minimum obstruction clearance altitude

max Maximum MORA Minimum off route altitude

MDH Minimum descent height MPH Miles per hour

MDH/A Minimum descent height/altitude MPS, mps Metres per second

MEA Minimum enroute altitude MSA Minimum sector altitude

MET Meteorological MSL Mean sea level

MIN Minutes MSU Mode selector unit

N

N Newton NDB Non-directional beacon

NGT Night NM Nautical miles

N North NOTAM Notice to airmen

NAT North Atlantic track NS Nimbostratus

NAV Navigation

O

OAT Outside air temperature OM Operating mass

OBS Omni bearing selector OM Outer marker

OCA(H) Obstacle clearance altitude (height) OPS Operations

OCL Obstacle clearance limit O/R On request

OEI One engine inoperative OVC Overcast

P

P Pressure POS Position

PAX Passenger PSI Pounds per square inch

PET Point of equal time PSR Point of Safe Return

PIC Pilot in command PTS Polar track structure

PLN Flight plan PWR Power

PNR Point of no return


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Air Law1-4

R

r Radius RNAV Area Navigation

RAC Rules of the air and air traffic services ROC Rate of climb

RAS Rectified airspeed ROD Rate of descent

REP Reporting point RVR Runway visual range

RMI Remote magnetic indicator RWY Runway

RMK Remark

S

S South SR Sunrise

SAR Search and rescue SS Sunset

SARPs Standards and Recommended Practices SSR Secondary surveillance radar

SC Stratocumulus ST Stratus

SCT Scattered STAR Standard arrival route

SDBY Standby STD Standard

SEC Seconds STN Station

SEV Severe STNR Stationary

SFC Surface STS Status

SID Standard instrument departure SVFR Special VFR

SIM Simulator SWY Stop way

SKC Sky clear

T

T Temperature THR Threshold

TA Transition altitude TL Transition level

TAS True airspeed T/O Take-off

TAT Total air temperature TOC Top of climb

TC Tropical cyclone TORA Take off run available

TCAS Traffic collision avoidance system TS Thunderstorm

TDP Take-off decision point TWY Taxiway

U

U/S Unserviceable UTC Co-ordinated universal time

US-GAL US gallons

V

V Volt VSI Vertical speed indicator

VAR Magnetic variation VV Vertical visibility

VDF VHF direction finding station V A Design manoeuvring speed

VG Vertical gyro VB Design speed for max gust intensity

VHF Very high frequency VC/MC Design cruise speed / Mach number

VIS Visibility VD Design dive speed

VLF Very low frequency VF Design flap speed

VMC Visual meteorological conditions VFE Flap extended speed

VOLMET Meteorological information for aircraft inflight

VFO Flap operating speed

VOR VHF omni directional range VLE Landing gear extended speed

vrb Variable VLO Maximum landing gear operatingspeed


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VLOF Lift off speed VR Rotating speed

VMAX TYRE Maximum tyre speed VREF Landing reference speed

VMBE Maximum break energy speed VS Stalling speed or minimum steady flightspeed at which the aeroplane iscontrollable

VMC Minimum control speed VSO Stalling speed or minimum steady flightspeed in landing configuration

VMCA Air minimum control speed VS1 Stalling speed or minimum steady flightspeed obtained in best configuration

VMCG Ground minimum control speed VX Speed for best angle of climb

VMO/MMO Maximum operating limit speed / MaximumMach number

VY Speed for best rate of climb

VMU Minimum un-stick speed V1 Critical engine failure speed

VNE Never exceed speed V2 Take-off safety speed for piston engineaircraft

VNO Normal operating speed

W

W Watt W/V Wind velocity

W West WPT Way point

WC Wind component WS Wind shear

WCA Wind correction angle WX Weather

X

X Cross XX Heavy

XTK Cross track

Y

YD Yard

Z


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SECTION 2 — ICAO DEFINITIONS

The following definitions are from the ICAO Annexes. The learning objectives for 010 Air Lawrequire that the student is able to recall definitions from a given list. Do not memorise this list. Bythe time you complete the course, you will be able to define all the definitions necessary to passthe examination.

Accepting Unit — ATCU next to take control of an aircraft.

Accident — An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft that takes place betweenthe time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight, until such time as all suchpersons have disembarked, in which a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:

being in the aircraft, or

direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have become detachedfrom the aircraft, or

direct exposure to jet blast

except when the injuries are from natural causes, self-inflicted or inflicted by other persons, or

when the injuries are to stowaways hiding outside the areas normally available to the passengersand crew, or the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which:

adversely affects the structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics of theaircraft, and

would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component

except for engine failure or damage, when the damage is limited to the engine, its cowlings oraccessories; or for damage limited to propellers, wing tips, antennas, tyres, brakes, fairings, smalldents or puncture holes in the aircraft skin, or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.

Note: An injury resulting in death within 30 days of the date of the accident is classified

as a fatal injury by ICAO.

Note: An aircraft is considered to be missing when the official search has beenterminated and the wreckage has not been located.

Advisory Airspace — Airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route, within which airtraffic advisory service is available.

Advisory Route — A designated route along which air traffic advisory service is available.

Aerodrome — A defined area of land or water (including any buildings, installations, andequipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure, and surface

movement of aircraft.

Aerodrome Beacon — Aeronautical beacon used to indicate the location of an aerodrome fromthe air.


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Aerodrome Control Service — Air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic.

Aerodrome Control Tower — A unit established to provide air traffic control service.

Aerodrome Elevation — The elevation of the highest point of the landing area.

Aerodrome Identification Sign — A sign placed on an aerodrome to aid in identifying theaerodrome from the air.

Aerodrome Operating Minima — The limits of usability of an aerodrome for:

Take-off, expressed in terms of RVR and/or visibility and, if necessary, cloud conditions

Landing in precision approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of visibility and/orRVR and DA/DH, as appropriate to the category of the operation, and

Landing in non-precision approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of visibilityand/or RVR, MDA/MDH and, if necessary, cloud conditions.

Aerodrome Reference Field Length — The minimum field length required for take-off atmaximum certificated take-off mass, sea level, standard atmospheric conditions, still air, and zerorunway slope, as shown in the appropriate aeroplane flight manual prescribed by the certificatingauthority or equivalent data from the aeroplane manufacturer. Field length means balanced fieldlength for aeroplanes, if applicable, or take-off distance in other cases.

Aerodrome Reference Point — The designated geographical location of the aerodrome.

Aerodrome Taxi Circuit — The specified path of aircraft on the manoeuvring area duringspecific wind conditions.

Aerodrome Traffic — All traffic on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome and all traffic flying inthe vicinity of an aerodrome.

Note: An aircraft is in the vicinity of an aerodrome when it is in, entering, or leaving anaerodrome traffic circuit.

Aerodrome Traffic Zone — Airspace of defined dimensions established around an aerodromefor the protection of aerodrome traffic.

Aeronautical Beacon — An aeronautical ground light visible at all azimuths, either continuouslyor intermittently, to designate a particular point on the surface of the earth.

Aeronautical Ground Light — Any light specifically provided as an aid to air navigation, otherthan a light displayed on an aircraft.

Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC) — A notice containing information that does not qualifyfor the origination of a NOTAM or for inclusion in the AlP, but which relates to flight safety, airnavigation, technical, administrative or legislative matters.

Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) — A publication issued by or with the authority of astate and containing aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air navigation.


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Aeronautical Mobile Service — A mobile service between aeronautical stations and aircraftstations, or between aircraft stations, in which survival craft stations may participate; emergencyposition-indicating radio beacon stations may also participate in this service on designateddistress and emergency frequencies.

Aeronautical Station — A land station in the aeronautical mobile service. In certain instances,

an aeronautical station may be located, for example, on board ship or on a platform at sea.

Aeronautical Telecommunication Station — A station in the aeronautical telecommunicationservice.

Aeroplane — A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly fromaerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight.

AIP Amendment — Permanent changes to the information contained in the AIP.

AIP Supplement — Temporary changes to the information contained in the AIP that arepublished by means of special pages.

AIRAC — An acronym (Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control) signifying a systemaimed at advance notification based on common dates, of circumstances that necessitatesignificant changes in operating practices

Air-Ground Communication — Two-way communication between aircraft and stations, orlocations, on the surface of the earth.

Air Report — A report from an aircraft in flight prepared in conformity with requirements forposition, and operational and/or meteorological reporting.

Air Traffic — All aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome.

Air Traffic Advisory Service — A service provided within advisory airspace to ensureseparation, in so far as practical between aircraft which are operating on IFR flight plans.

Air Traffic Control Clearance — Authorization for an aircraft to proceed under conditionsspecified by an air traffic control unit.

Note: For convenience the term “Air Traffic Control Clearance” is frequently abbreviatedto “Clearance” when used in appropriate contexts.

Note: The abbreviated term “Clearance” may be prefixed by the words “Taxi”, “Take-off”,“Departure”, “Enroute”, “Approach”, or "Landing” to indicate the particular portion of flight

to which the Air Traffic Control Clearance relates.

Air Traffic Control Instruction — Directives issued by ATC for the purpose of requiring a pilot totake a specific action.


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Air Traffic Control Service — A service provided for the purpose of:

Preventing collisions between aircraft, and,

On the manoeuvring area between aircraft and obstructions.

Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.

Air Traffic Control Unit — A generic term meaning variously, area control centre, approachcontrol office, or aerodrome control tower.

Air Traffic Service — A generic term meaning variously, flight information service, alertingservice, air traffic advisory service, or air traffic control service (area control service, approachcontrol service, or aerodrome control service).

Air Traffic Services Airspaces — Airspaces of defined dimensions, alphabetically designated,within which specific types of flights may operate and for which air traffic services and rules ofoperation are specified.

Note: ATS airspaces are classified as Class A to G

Air Traffic Services Reporting Office — A unit established for the purpose of receiving reportsconcerning air traffic services and flight plans submitted before departure.

Note: An Air Traffic Services reporting office may be established as a separate unit orcombined with an existing unit, such as another Air Traffic Services Unit, or a unit of the

Aeronautical Information Service.

Air Traffic Services Unit — A generic term meaning variously, air traffic control unit, flightinformation centre, or air traffic services reporting office.

Aircraft — Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the airother than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface.

Aircraft Category — Classification of aircraft according to specified basic characteristics (e.g.aeroplane, helicopter, glider, free balloon).

Aircraft Certified For Single-Pilot Operation — A type of aircraft that the State of Registry hasdetermined, during the certification process, can be operated safely with a minimum crew of onepilot.

Aircraft Equipment — Articles, other than stores and spare parts of a removable nature, for useon board an aircraft during flight, including first aid and survival equipment.

Aircraft Identification — A group of letters, figures, or a combination thereof which is eitheridentical to, or the coded equivalent of, the aircraft callsign to be used in air-groundcommunications, and which is used to identify the aircraft in ground-ground ATS communications.

Aircraft Observation — The evaluation of one or more meteorological elements made from anaircraft in flight.


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Aircraft Proximity — A situation in which, in the opinion of a pilot or ATS personnel, the distancebetween aircraft, as well as their relative positions and speed, have been such that the safety ofthe aircraft involved may have been compromised. Aircraft proximity is classified as follows:

Risk Of Collision — The risk classification of aircraft proximity, in which serious risk ofcollision has existed.

Safety Not Assured — The risk classification of aircraft proximity, in which the safety ofthe aircraft may have been compromised.

No Risk Of Collision — The risk classification of aircraft proximity, in which no risk ofcollision has existed.

Risk Not Determined — The risk classification of aircraft proximity in which insufficientinformation was available to determine the risk involved, or inconclusive or conflictingevidence precluded such determination.

Aircraft Stand — A designated area on an apron intended for parking aircraft.

Aircraft Type — All aircraft of the same basic design, including all modifications thereto, exceptthose modifications which result in a change in handling or flight characteristics.

AIRMET Information — Information issued by a meteorological watch office concerning theoccurrence or expected occurrence of specified enroute weather phenomena that may affect thesafety of low-level aircraft operations and which was not already included in the forecast issuedfor low-level flights in the FIR concerned or sub-area thereof.

Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) — An aircraft system based on SSRtransponder signals that operates independently of ground based equipment to provide advice tothe pilot on potential conflicting aircraft that are equipped with SSR transponders.

Airline — As provided in Article 96 of the Convention, any air transport enterprise offering oroperating a scheduled international air service.

AIRPROX — The code word used in an air traffic incident report to designate aircraft proximity.

Airway — A control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor equipped withradio navigation aids.

ALERFA — The code word used to designate an alert phase.

Alert Phase — A situation wherein apprehension exists as to the safety of an aircraft and its

occupants.

Alerting Service — A service provided to notify appropriate organisations regarding aircraft inneed of search and rescue aid, and assist such organisations as required.


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Alternate Aerodrome — An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes eitherimpossible or inadvisable to proceed to or land at the aerodrome of intended landing. Alternateaerodromes include the following:

Take-off Alternate — An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft can land should thisbecome necessary shortly after take-off and it is not possible to use the aerodrome of

departure.

Enroute Alternate — An aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land afterexperiencing an abnormal or emergency condition while enroute.

Destination Alternate — An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed should itbecome impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing.

Note: The aerodrome from which a flight departs may also be an enroute or adestination alternate aerodrome for that flight.

Altitude — The vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point measured

from mean sea level (MSL).

Approach Control Office — A unit established to provide ATC service to controlled flightsarriving at, or departing from, one or more aerodromes.

Approach Control Service — ATC service for arriving or departing controlled flights.

Appropriate ATS Authority — The relevant authority designated by the state responsible forproviding air traffic services in the airspace concerned.

Appropriate Authority

Regarding flight over the high seas — The relevant authority of the state of registry.

Regarding flight other than over the high seas — The relevant authority of the statehaving sovereignty over the territory being over flown.

Apron — A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for thepurposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail, or cargo, fuelling, parking, or maintenance.

Apron Management Service — A service provided to regulate the activities and the movementof aircraft and vehicles on an apron.

Area Control Centre — A unit established to provide Air Traffic Control Service to controlledflights in control areas under its jurisdiction.

Area Control Service — Air Traffic Control Service for controlled flight in Control Areas.

Area Navigation (RNAV) — A method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on anydesired flight path within the coverage of the station referenced navigation aids or within the limitsof the capability of self contained aids, or a combination of these.


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Area Navigation Route — An ATS route established for the use of aircraft capable of employingarea navigation.

ATIS — The symbol used to designate automatic terminal information service.

ATS Route — A specified route designed for channelling the flow of traffic as necessary for theprovision of air traffic services.

Note: The term “ATS route” is used to mean variously, airway, advisory route, controlledor uncontrolled route, arrival or departure route, etc.

Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) — A surveillance technique in which aircraftautomatically provide, via a data link, data derived from on board navigation and position fixingsystems, including aircraft identification, four dimensional position, and additional data asappropriate.

Automatic Terminal Information Service — The provision of current, routine information toarriving and departing aircraft by means of a continuous and repetitive broadcast throughout theday, or a specified portion of the day.

Baggage — Personal property of passengers or crew carried on an aircraft by agreement withthe operator.

Barrette — Three or more aeronautical ground lights closely spaced in a traverse line so thatfrom a distance they appear as a short bar of light.

Base Turn — A turn executed by the aircraft during the initial approach between the end of theoutbound track and the beginning of the intermediate or final approach track. The tracks are notreciprocal.

Note: Base turns may be designated as being made either in level flight or while

descending, according to the circumstances of each individual procedure.

Blind Transmission — A transmission from one station to another station in circumstanceswhere two-way communication cannot be established, but where it is believed the called station isable to receive the transmission.

Broadcast — A transmission of information relating to air navigation that is not addressed to aspecific station or stations.

Cargo — Any property carried on an aircraft other than mail, stores, and accompanied ormishandled baggage.

Ceiling — The height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below6000 metres (20 000 ft) covering more than half the sky.

Certify as Airworthy (to) — To certify that an aircraft or parts thereof comply with currentairworthiness requirements after maintenance has been performed on the aircraft or partsthereof.


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Air Law 1-13

Change-over Point — The point at which an aircraft navigating over an ATS route segment,defined by reference to very high frequency omni directional radio ranges, is expected to transferits primary navigational reference from the facility behind the aircraft to the next facility ahead ofthe aircraft.

Note: Change-over points are established to provide the optimum balance in respect of

signal strength and quality between facilities at all levels to be used and to ensure acommon source of azimuth guidance for all aircraft operating along the same portion of aroute segment.

Circling Approach — An extension of an instrument approach procedure which provides forvisual circling of the aerodrome prior to landing.

Clearance Limit — The point to which an aircraft is granted an Air Traffic Control Clearance.

Clearway — A defined rectangular area on the ground or water under the control of theappropriate authority, selected or prepared as a suitable area over which an aeroplane may makea portion of its initial climb to a specified height.

Code (SSR) — The number assigned to a particular multiple pulse reply signal transmitted by atransponder in Mode A or Mode C.

Commercial Air Transport Operation — An aircraft operation involving the transport ofpassengers, cargo, or mail for remuneration or hire.

Configuration (as applied to the aeroplane) — A particular combination of the positions of themoveable elements, such as wing flaps, landing gear etc, which affect the aerodynamiccharacteristics of the aeroplane.

Control Area — A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth.

Controlled Aerodrome — An aerodrome at which Air Traffic Control Service is provided toaerodrome traffic.

Note: The term “Controlled Aerodrome” indicates that Air Traffic Control Service isprovided to Aerodrome Traffic, but does not necessarily imply that a Control Zone exists.

Controlled Airspace — An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control serviceis provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification.

Note: Controlled airspace is a generic term which covers ATS airspace Class A, B, C, D,and E.

Controlled Flight — Any flight which is subject to an Air Traffic Control Clearance.

Control Zone — A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth to aspecified upper limit.


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Air Law1-14

Co-Pilot — A licensed pilot serving in any piloting capacity other than as PIC, but excluding apilot who is on board the aircraft for the sole purpose of receiving flight instruction.

Crew Member — A person assigned by an operator to duty on an aircraft during flight time.

Critical Power Unit(s) — The power unit(s) failure of which gives the most adverse effect on the

aircraft characteristics relative to the case under consideration.

Cruise Climb — An aeroplane cruising technique resulting in a net increase in altitude as theaeroplane mass decreases.

Cruising Level — A level maintained during a significant portion of a flight.

Current Flight Plan — The flight plan, including changes, if any, brought about by subsequentclearances.

Danger Area — An airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to the flightof aircraft may exist at specified times.

Dead Reckoning (DR) Navigation — The estimating or determining of position by advancing anearlier known position by the application of direction, time, and speed data.

Decision Altitude (DA) or Decision Height (DH) — A specified altitude or height in the precisionapproach at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference tocontinue the approach has not been established.

Note: DA is referenced to mean sea level, DH is referenced to threshold elevation

Note: The required visual reference means that section of the visual aids or of theapproach area which should have been in view for sufficient time for the pilot to havemade an assessment of the aircraft position and rate of change of position, in relation tothe desired flight path. In Category III operations with a DH the required visual referenceis that specified for the particular procedure and operation.

Declared Distances

Take-Off Run Available (TORA) — The length of runway declared available andsuitable for the ground run of an aircraft.

Take-Off Distance Available (TODA) — The length of the take-off run available, plusthe length of the clearway, if provided.

Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA) — The length of the take-off run available,plus the length of the stopway, if provided.

Landing Distance Available (LDA) — The length of the runway that is declaredavailable and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane landing.


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Air Law 1-15

Dependent Parallel Approaches — Simultaneous approaches to parallel or near parallelinstrument runways where radar separation minima between aircraft on adjacent extendedrunway centre lines are prescribed.

Design Landing Mass — The maximum mass of the aircraft at which, for structural designpurposes, it is assumed that it will be planned to land.

Design Take-off Mass — The maximum mass at which the aircraft, for structural designpurposes, is assumed to be planned to be at the start of the take-off run.

Design Taxiing Mass — The maximum mass of the aircraft at which structural provision is madefor load liable to occur during use of the aircraft on the ground prior to the start of take-off.

DETRESFA — The code word used to designate a distress phase.

Displaced Threshold — A threshold not located at the extremity of the runway.

Distress Phase — A situation wherein there is a reasonable certainty that an aircraft and its

occupants are threatened by grave and imminent danger or require immediate assistance.

DME Distance — The line of sight distance (slant range) from the source of a DME signal to thereceiving antenna.

Dual Instruction Time — Flight time, during which a person is receiving flight instruction from aproperly authorised pilot on board the aircraft.

Elevation — The vertical distance of a point on or affixed to the surface of the earth, measuredfrom mean sea level.

Emergency Phase — A generic term meaning, as the case may be, uncertainty phase, alertphase, or distress phase.

Estimated Elapsed Time — The estimated time to fly from one significant point to another.

Estimated Off-Blocks Time — The estimated time at which the aircraft will commencemovement associated with departure.

Estimated Time of Arrival — For IFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft willarrive over the designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intendedthat an instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associatedwith the aerodrome, the time at which the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome. For VFR flights,the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome.

Expected Approach Time — The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following adelay, will leave the holding point to complete its approach for a landing.

Note: The actual time of leaving the holding point will depend upon the approachclearance.


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Air Law1-16

Filed Flight Plan — The flight plan, as filed with an ATS unit by the pilot or a designatedrepresentative, without any subsequent changes.

Final Approach — That part of an instrument approach procedure which commences at thespecified final approach fix or point, or where such a fix or point is not specified:

At the end of the last procedure turn, base turn or inbound turn of a racetrack procedure, ifspecified, or

At the point of interception of the last track specified in the approach procedure, and ends ata point in the vicinity of an aerodrome from which:

A landing can be made, or

A missed approach procedure is initiated

Final Approach and Take-Off Area (FATO) — A defined area over which the final phase of theapproach manoeuvre to landing is completed and from which the take-off manoeuvre iscommenced.

Final Approach Segment — The segment of an instrument runway procedure in which

alignment and descent for landing are accomplished.

Fixed Light — A light having constant luminous intensity when observed from a fixed point.

Flight Crew Member — A licensed crew member charged with duties essential to the operationof an aircraft during flight time.

Flight Information Centre — A unit established to provide flight information service and alertingservice.

Flight Information Region — An airspace of defined dimensions within which flight informationservice and alerting service are provided.

Flight Information Service — A service provided for the purpose of giving advice andinformation useful to the safe and effective conduct of flights.

Flight Level — A surface of constant atmospheric pressure, which is related to a specificpressure datum, (1013.2 Hectopascals (hPa)) and is separated from other surfaces by specif

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