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Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law ? Computation
Michael J. Bommarito [email protected]
April 22, 2011
M.S.E. Financial Engineering, M.S. Political Science, University of Michigan.Currently a hedge fund quant ⇒ This is my own work and in no way represents my employer.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 2
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Hey stupid, your title is broken.
Or is it?
I Law ⊂ Computation
I Law ⊥ Computation
I Computation(Law)
I Law + Computation
So let’s try this again.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 3
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Hey stupid, your title is broken.
Or is it?
I Law ⊂ Computation
I Law ⊥ Computation
I Computation(Law)
I Law + Computation
So let’s try this again.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 4
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Hey stupid, your title is broken.
Or is it?
I Law ⊂ Computation
I Law ⊥ Computation
I Computation(Law)
I Law + Computation
So let’s try this again.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 5
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Hey stupid, your title is broken.
Or is it?
I Law ⊂ Computation
I Law ⊥ Computation
I Computation(Law)
I Law + Computation
So let’s try this again.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 6
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Hey stupid, your title is broken.
Or is it?
I Law ⊂ Computation
I Law ⊥ Computation
I Computation(Law)
I Law + Computation
So let’s try this again.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 7
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Hey stupid, your title is broken.
Or is it?
I Law ⊂ Computation
I Law ⊥ Computation
I Computation(Law)
I Law + Computation
So let’s try this again.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 8
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Hey stupid, your title is broken.
Or is it?
I Law ⊂ Computation
I Law ⊥ Computation
I Computation(Law)
I Law + Computation
So let’s try this again.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 9
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law ? ComputationThe past, present, and future relationship
Michael J. Bommarito [email protected]
April 22, 2011
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 10
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Outline
Introduction
Law as Computation
Law is not Computation
Computation on Law
Law and Computation
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 11
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Definitions
Hang on, what do you mean by law or computation anyway?
LawWhat I mean: A set of rules designed to affect the action andespecially interaction of members of a group.
ComputationWhat I mean: Manipulating symbols and evaluating statements ina systematic and well-defined way.
OK, let’s continue.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 12
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Definitions
Hang on, what do you mean by law or computation anyway?
LawWhat I mean: A set of rules designed to affect the action andespecially interaction of members of a group.
ComputationWhat I mean: Manipulating symbols and evaluating statements ina systematic and well-defined way.
OK, let’s continue.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 13
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Definitions
Hang on, what do you mean by law or computation anyway?
LawWhat I mean: A set of rules designed to affect the action andespecially interaction of members of a group.
ComputationWhat I mean: Manipulating symbols and evaluating statements ina systematic and well-defined way.
OK, let’s continue.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 14
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Definitions
Hang on, what do you mean by law or computation anyway?
LawWhat I mean: A set of rules designed to affect the action andespecially interaction of members of a group.
ComputationWhat I mean: Manipulating symbols and evaluating statements ina systematic and well-defined way.
OK, let’s continue.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 15
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Wait, one more: an admission
I am not a lawyer and have no formal legal education.
I am certainly under-read in a number of the fields we will discuss.This is the curse of interdisciplinarity.
Please do point out any references that are relevant to today’s talkthat I’ve missed.
OK, let’s actually get started.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 16
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Wait, one more: an admission
I am not a lawyer and have no formal legal education.
I am certainly under-read in a number of the fields we will discuss.This is the curse of interdisciplinarity.
Please do point out any references that are relevant to today’s talkthat I’ve missed.
OK, let’s actually get started.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 17
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Wait, one more: an admission
I am not a lawyer and have no formal legal education.
I am certainly under-read in a number of the fields we will discuss.This is the curse of interdisciplinarity.
Please do point out any references that are relevant to today’s talkthat I’ve missed.
OK, let’s actually get started.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 18
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Wait, one more: an admission
I am not a lawyer and have no formal legal education.
I am certainly under-read in a number of the fields we will discuss.This is the curse of interdisciplinarity.
Please do point out any references that are relevant to today’s talkthat I’ve missed.
OK, let’s actually get started.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 19
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Wait, one more: an admission
I am not a lawyer and have no formal legal education.
I am certainly under-read in a number of the fields we will discuss.This is the curse of interdisciplinarity.
Please do point out any references that are relevant to today’s talkthat I’ve missed.
OK, let’s actually get started.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 20
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Not a new idea.
Those long chains of reasoning, simple and easy as they are, ofwhich geometricians make use in order to arrive at the mostdifficult demonstrations, had caused me to imagine that allthose things which fall under the cognizance of man might
very likely be mutually related in the same fashion.
Descartes. McCrae, The Unity of the Sciences: Bacon, Descartes, and Leibniz, 18 J. Hist. Ideas 27 (1957)
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 21
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Not a new idea.
Descartes, along with Bacon and Leibniz, didn’t draw a strongdistinction between law and natural science.
Leibniz Center for Law at the University of Amsterdam
In particular, Leibniz viewed the recently rediscovered work ofRoman jurists as equal to Greek geometricians.See Hoeflich, Law & Geometry: Legal Science from Leibniz to Langdell, Amer. J. Legal Hist., 30:2 (1986) for more.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 22
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Not a new idea.
Descartes, along with Bacon and Leibniz, didn’t draw a strongdistinction between law and natural science.
Leibniz Center for Law at the University of Amsterdam
In particular, Leibniz viewed the recently rediscovered work ofRoman jurists as equal to Greek geometricians.See Hoeflich, Law & Geometry: Legal Science from Leibniz to Langdell, Amer. J. Legal Hist., 30:2 (1986) for more.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 23
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:
I Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.I Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)
I Common lawI Civil lawI Divine law or law by decree
I What do they map to?I Legal/Illegal BooleanI Transfer paymentI Action
I State an argument, which consists of a set of observed orhypothetical facts.
I Deduce the consequence of the argument.
These consequences are either rulings or new, “derived” laws.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 24
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:I Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
I Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)I Common lawI Civil lawI Divine law or law by decree
I What do they map to?I Legal/Illegal BooleanI Transfer paymentI Action
I State an argument, which consists of a set of observed orhypothetical facts.
I Deduce the consequence of the argument.
These consequences are either rulings or new, “derived” laws.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 25
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:I Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
I Where do these come from?
(bootstrapping...)I Common lawI Civil lawI Divine law or law by decree
I What do they map to?I Legal/Illegal BooleanI Transfer paymentI Action
I State an argument, which consists of a set of observed orhypothetical facts.
I Deduce the consequence of the argument.
These consequences are either rulings or new, “derived” laws.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 26
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:I Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
I Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)
I Common lawI Civil lawI Divine law or law by decree
I What do they map to?I Legal/Illegal BooleanI Transfer paymentI Action
I State an argument, which consists of a set of observed orhypothetical facts.
I Deduce the consequence of the argument.
These consequences are either rulings or new, “derived” laws.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 27
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:I Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
I Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)I Common law
I Civil lawI Divine law or law by decree
I What do they map to?I Legal/Illegal BooleanI Transfer paymentI Action
I State an argument, which consists of a set of observed orhypothetical facts.
I Deduce the consequence of the argument.
These consequences are either rulings or new, “derived” laws.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 28
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:I Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
I Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)I Common lawI Civil law
I Divine law or law by decree
I What do they map to?I Legal/Illegal BooleanI Transfer paymentI Action
I State an argument, which consists of a set of observed orhypothetical facts.
I Deduce the consequence of the argument.
These consequences are either rulings or new, “derived” laws.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 29
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:I Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
I Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)I Common lawI Civil lawI Divine law or law by decree
I What do they map to?I Legal/Illegal BooleanI Transfer paymentI Action
I State an argument, which consists of a set of observed orhypothetical facts.
I Deduce the consequence of the argument.
These consequences are either rulings or new, “derived” laws.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 30
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:I Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
I Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)I Common lawI Civil lawI Divine law or law by decree
I What do they map to?
I Legal/Illegal BooleanI Transfer paymentI Action
I State an argument, which consists of a set of observed orhypothetical facts.
I Deduce the consequence of the argument.
These consequences are either rulings or new, “derived” laws.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 31
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:I Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
I Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)I Common lawI Civil lawI Divine law or law by decree
I What do they map to?I Legal/Illegal Boolean
I Transfer paymentI Action
I State an argument, which consists of a set of observed orhypothetical facts.
I Deduce the consequence of the argument.
These consequences are either rulings or new, “derived” laws.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 32
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:I Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
I Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)I Common lawI Civil lawI Divine law or law by decree
I What do they map to?I Legal/Illegal BooleanI Transfer payment
I Action
I State an argument, which consists of a set of observed orhypothetical facts.
I Deduce the consequence of the argument.
These consequences are either rulings or new, “derived” laws.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 33
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:I Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
I Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)I Common lawI Civil lawI Divine law or law by decree
I What do they map to?I Legal/Illegal BooleanI Transfer paymentI Action
I State an argument, which consists of a set of observed orhypothetical facts.
I Deduce the consequence of the argument.
These consequences are either rulings or new, “derived” laws.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 34
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:I Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
I Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)I Common lawI Civil lawI Divine law or law by decree
I What do they map to?I Legal/Illegal BooleanI Transfer paymentI Action
I State an argument, which consists of a set of observed orhypothetical facts.
I Deduce the consequence of the argument.
These consequences are either rulings or new, “derived” laws.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 35
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:I Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
I Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)I Common lawI Civil lawI Divine law or law by decree
I What do they map to?I Legal/Illegal BooleanI Transfer paymentI Action
I State an argument, which consists of a set of observed orhypothetical facts.
I Deduce the consequence of the argument.
These consequences are either rulings or new, “derived” laws.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 36
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):I the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using
computational methodsI the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative
systems and norm-governed societies and multi-agent systemsI the investigation of techniques from advanced information technology, using law as the illustrative domain
I applications of advanced information technology to support tasks in the legal domain
We’ll get to these last two later.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 37
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):I the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using
computational methods
I the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normativesystems and norm-governed societies and multi-agent systems
I the investigation of techniques from advanced information technology, using law as the illustrative domain
I applications of advanced information technology to support tasks in the legal domain
We’ll get to these last two later.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 38
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):I the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using
computational methodsI the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative
systems and norm-governed societies and multi-agent systems
I the investigation of techniques from advanced information technology, using law as the illustrative domain
I applications of advanced information technology to support tasks in the legal domain
We’ll get to these last two later.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 39
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):I the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using
computational methodsI the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative
systems and norm-governed societies and multi-agent systemsI the investigation of techniques from advanced information technology, using law as the illustrative domain
I applications of advanced information technology to support tasks in the legal domain
We’ll get to these last two later.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 40
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):I the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using
computational methodsI the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative
systems and norm-governed societies and multi-agent systemsI the investigation of techniques from advanced information technology, using law as the illustrative domain
I applications of advanced information technology to support tasks in the legal domain
We’ll get to these last two later.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 41
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Philosophy and Law (from the titled journal):
I . . . a philosophical reflection on the law informed by aknowledge of the law
I . . . legal analysis informed by philosophical methods andprinciples
But, to be honest, this isn’t my cup of tea.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 42
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Philosophy and Law (from the titled journal):
I . . . a philosophical reflection on the law informed by aknowledge of the law
I . . . legal analysis informed by philosophical methods andprinciples
But, to be honest, this isn’t my cup of tea.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 43
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Philosophy and Law (from the titled journal):
I . . . a philosophical reflection on the law informed by aknowledge of the law
I . . . legal analysis informed by philosophical methods andprinciples
But, to be honest, this isn’t my cup of tea.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 44
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Philosophy and Law (from the titled journal):
I . . . a philosophical reflection on the law informed by aknowledge of the law
I . . . legal analysis informed by philosophical methods andprinciples
But, to be honest, this isn’t my cup of tea.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 45
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Philosophy and Law (from the titled journal):
I . . . a philosophical reflection on the law informed by aknowledge of the law
I . . . legal analysis informed by philosophical methods andprinciples
But, to be honest, this isn’t my cup of tea.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 46
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
So there are two fields that continue to approach law ascomputation, either implicitly or explicitly.
Artificial intelligence and law, where we think about how torepresent and evaluate computation in a legal system.
Philosophy and law, where we use logical computations to createor examine legal systems.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 47
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
So there are two fields that continue to approach law ascomputation, either implicitly or explicitly.
Artificial intelligence and law, where we think about how torepresent and evaluate computation in a legal system.
Philosophy and law, where we use logical computations to createor examine legal systems.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 48
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
So there are two fields that continue to approach law ascomputation, either implicitly or explicitly.
Artificial intelligence and law, where we think about how torepresent and evaluate computation in a legal system.
Philosophy and law, where we use logical computations to createor examine legal systems.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 49
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation tomorrow
I Structured, machine-readable laws
I Validated, well-defined legal systems
I Automated legal reasoning
I Flexible, goal-based generation of new laws or contracts (likeautomated theorem provers)
While many treat automated reasoning as the holy grail, I think theinverse or optimization problem will provide more benefit to society.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 50
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation tomorrow
I Structured, machine-readable laws
I Validated, well-defined legal systems
I Automated legal reasoning
I Flexible, goal-based generation of new laws or contracts (likeautomated theorem provers)
While many treat automated reasoning as the holy grail, I think theinverse or optimization problem will provide more benefit to society.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 51
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation tomorrow
I Structured, machine-readable laws
I Validated, well-defined legal systems
I Automated legal reasoning
I Flexible, goal-based generation of new laws or contracts (likeautomated theorem provers)
While many treat automated reasoning as the holy grail, I think theinverse or optimization problem will provide more benefit to society.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 52
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation tomorrow
I Structured, machine-readable laws
I Validated, well-defined legal systems
I Automated legal reasoning
I Flexible, goal-based generation of new laws or contracts (likeautomated theorem provers)
While many treat automated reasoning as the holy grail, I think theinverse or optimization problem will provide more benefit to society.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 53
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation tomorrow
I Structured, machine-readable laws
I Validated, well-defined legal systems
I Automated legal reasoning
I Flexible, goal-based generation of new laws or contracts (likeautomated theorem provers)
While many treat automated reasoning as the holy grail, I think theinverse or optimization problem will provide more benefit to society.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 54
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation tomorrow
I Structured, machine-readable laws
I Validated, well-defined legal systems
I Automated legal reasoning
I Flexible, goal-based generation of new laws or contracts (likeautomated theorem provers)
While many treat automated reasoning as the holy grail, I think theinverse or optimization problem will provide more benefit to society.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 55
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Examples of tomorrow, today - Hammurabi
Hammurabi (Michael Poulshock)
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 56
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Examples of tomorrow, today - Hammurabi
Around the world, there are millions of pages of law - constitutions, statutes, regulations, case law,and interpretive decisions - with which societies are expected to comply. This mass of material islogically complicated, referentially byzantine, terminologically inaccessible, difficult tocontextualize, and sometimes vague and ambiguous. Aside from the ethical issues caused by thiscomplexity, it is grossly inefficient as an information system. The capital required for an actor tounderstand a legal right or obligation is a wasted resource that creates drag on individual,corporate, and social progress.
Though not often thought of this way, law is inherently computational. It is a set of algorithmsthat prescribe how various computations are to be carried out. What is my standard (tax)deduction? Am I eligible for family and medical leave? On what day did I become liable forunemployment taxes? Determinations such as these are like mathematical functions: given variousinputs, they produce corresponding outputs.
The Hammurabi Project provides a vehicle for representing portions of the law in an executableformat, so that the process of logical inference can be offloaded from human to machine. Onceexecutable, it can be embedded into our computing infrastructure where it can drive otherapplications.
From the Hammurabi rationale.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 57
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Examples of tomorrow, today - Estrella
Estrella
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 58
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Examples of tomorrow, today - MetaLex
CEN MetaLex
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 59
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Summary
Law should be viewed as computable in the mathematical sense ora machine in the Turing sense.
Code is law (is code).Lessig.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 60
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Summary
Law should be viewed as computable in the mathematical sense ora machine in the Turing sense.
Code is law (is code).Lessig.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 61
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Before we continue, we should acknowledge a reality.
For the majority of lawyers in the real world, law is notcomputation.
I Law is ADR, where warm cookies at 5pm trump legal andeconomic theory. See Barry Goldman, The Psychology of Settlement.
I Law is the judge’s ideology.
I Law is the relative professionalism and sophistication ofcounsels.
I Law is a business.
While computation may be involved in these processes,computation alone cannot explain observed outcomes.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 62
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Before we continue, we should acknowledge a reality.
For the majority of lawyers in the real world, law is notcomputation.
I Law is ADR, where warm cookies at 5pm trump legal andeconomic theory. See Barry Goldman, The Psychology of Settlement.
I Law is the judge’s ideology.
I Law is the relative professionalism and sophistication ofcounsels.
I Law is a business.
While computation may be involved in these processes,computation alone cannot explain observed outcomes.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 63
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Before we continue, we should acknowledge a reality.
For the majority of lawyers in the real world, law is notcomputation.
I Law is ADR, where warm cookies at 5pm trump legal andeconomic theory. See Barry Goldman, The Psychology of Settlement.
I Law is the judge’s ideology.
I Law is the relative professionalism and sophistication ofcounsels.
I Law is a business.
While computation may be involved in these processes,computation alone cannot explain observed outcomes.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 64
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Before we continue, we should acknowledge a reality.
For the majority of lawyers in the real world, law is notcomputation.
I Law is ADR, where warm cookies at 5pm trump legal andeconomic theory. See Barry Goldman, The Psychology of Settlement.
I Law is the judge’s ideology.
I Law is the relative professionalism and sophistication ofcounsels.
I Law is a business.
While computation may be involved in these processes,computation alone cannot explain observed outcomes.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 65
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Before we continue, we should acknowledge a reality.
For the majority of lawyers in the real world, law is notcomputation.
I Law is ADR, where warm cookies at 5pm trump legal andeconomic theory. See Barry Goldman, The Psychology of Settlement.
I Law is the judge’s ideology.
I Law is the relative professionalism and sophistication ofcounsels.
I Law is a business.
While computation may be involved in these processes,computation alone cannot explain observed outcomes.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 66
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Before we continue, we should acknowledge a reality.
For the majority of lawyers in the real world, law is notcomputation.
I Law is ADR, where warm cookies at 5pm trump legal andeconomic theory. See Barry Goldman, The Psychology of Settlement.
I Law is the judge’s ideology.
I Law is the relative professionalism and sophistication ofcounsels.
I Law is a business.
While computation may be involved in these processes,computation alone cannot explain observed outcomes.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 67
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Before we continue, we should acknowledge a reality.
For the majority of lawyers in the real world, law is notcomputation.
I Law is ADR, where warm cookies at 5pm trump legal andeconomic theory. See Barry Goldman, The Psychology of Settlement.
I Law is the judge’s ideology.
I Law is the relative professionalism and sophistication ofcounsels.
I Law is a business.
While computation may be involved in these processes,computation alone cannot explain observed outcomes.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 68
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain theseoutcomes?
I Law and economics
I Law and anthropology
I Law and sociology
I Law and psychology
I Law and neuroscience
I Law and networks
I Broadly, “empirical legal studies”
In general, these are the application of a mode of analysis tolaw.(somewhat loose usage of computation...)
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 69
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain theseoutcomes?
I Law and economics
I Law and anthropology
I Law and sociology
I Law and psychology
I Law and neuroscience
I Law and networks
I Broadly, “empirical legal studies”
In general, these are the application of a mode of analysis tolaw.(somewhat loose usage of computation...)
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 70
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain theseoutcomes?
I Law and economics
I Law and anthropology
I Law and sociology
I Law and psychology
I Law and neuroscience
I Law and networks
I Broadly, “empirical legal studies”
In general, these are the application of a mode of analysis tolaw.(somewhat loose usage of computation...)
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 71
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain theseoutcomes?
I Law and economics
I Law and anthropology
I Law and sociology
I Law and psychology
I Law and neuroscience
I Law and networks
I Broadly, “empirical legal studies”
In general, these are the application of a mode of analysis tolaw.(somewhat loose usage of computation...)
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 72
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain theseoutcomes?
I Law and economics
I Law and anthropology
I Law and sociology
I Law and psychology
I Law and neuroscience
I Law and networks
I Broadly, “empirical legal studies”
In general, these are the application of a mode of analysis tolaw.(somewhat loose usage of computation...)
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 73
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain theseoutcomes?
I Law and economics
I Law and anthropology
I Law and sociology
I Law and psychology
I Law and neuroscience
I Law and networks
I Broadly, “empirical legal studies”
In general, these are the application of a mode of analysis tolaw.(somewhat loose usage of computation...)
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 74
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain theseoutcomes?
I Law and economics
I Law and anthropology
I Law and sociology
I Law and psychology
I Law and neuroscience
I Law and networks
I Broadly, “empirical legal studies”
In general, these are the application of a mode of analysis tolaw.(somewhat loose usage of computation...)
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 75
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain theseoutcomes?
I Law and economics
I Law and anthropology
I Law and sociology
I Law and psychology
I Law and neuroscience
I Law and networks
I Broadly, “empirical legal studies”
In general, these are the application of a mode of analysis tolaw.(somewhat loose usage of computation...)
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 76
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain theseoutcomes?
I Law and economics
I Law and anthropology
I Law and sociology
I Law and psychology
I Law and neuroscience
I Law and networks
I Broadly, “empirical legal studies”
In general, these are the application of a mode of analysis tolaw.
(somewhat loose usage of computation...)
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 77
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain theseoutcomes?
I Law and economics
I Law and anthropology
I Law and sociology
I Law and psychology
I Law and neuroscience
I Law and networks
I Broadly, “empirical legal studies”
In general, these are the application of a mode of analysis tolaw.(somewhat loose usage of computation...)
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 78
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
What kind of questions can we ask and answer?
I How will a law affect the economic behavior or utility of anactor?
I How will a law affect the distribution of utility amongstactors?
And the inverse,
I Given a desired behavior, how can we effect this through law?
I Given a desired allocation, how can we effect this through law?
These are questions about the design of economic rules andinstitutions.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 79
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
What kind of questions can we ask and answer?
I How will a law affect the economic behavior or utility of anactor?
I How will a law affect the distribution of utility amongstactors?
And the inverse,
I Given a desired behavior, how can we effect this through law?
I Given a desired allocation, how can we effect this through law?
These are questions about the design of economic rules andinstitutions.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 80
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
What kind of questions can we ask and answer?
I How will a law affect the economic behavior or utility of anactor?
I How will a law affect the distribution of utility amongstactors?
And the inverse,
I Given a desired behavior, how can we effect this through law?
I Given a desired allocation, how can we effect this through law?
These are questions about the design of economic rules andinstitutions.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 81
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
What kind of questions can we ask and answer?
I How will a law affect the economic behavior or utility of anactor?
I How will a law affect the distribution of utility amongstactors?
And the inverse,
I Given a desired behavior, how can we effect this through law?
I Given a desired allocation, how can we effect this through law?
These are questions about the design of economic rules andinstitutions.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 82
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
What kind of questions can we ask and answer?
I How will a law affect the economic behavior or utility of anactor?
I How will a law affect the distribution of utility amongstactors?
And the inverse,
I Given a desired behavior, how can we effect this through law?
I Given a desired allocation, how can we effect this through law?
These are questions about the design of economic rules andinstitutions.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 83
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
What kind of questions can we ask and answer?
I How will a law affect the economic behavior or utility of anactor?
I How will a law affect the distribution of utility amongstactors?
And the inverse,
I Given a desired behavior, how can we effect this through law?
I Given a desired allocation, how can we effect this through law?
These are questions about the design of economic rules andinstitutions.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 84
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
What kind of questions can we ask and answer?
I How will a law affect the economic behavior or utility of anactor?
I How will a law affect the distribution of utility amongstactors?
And the inverse,
I Given a desired behavior, how can we effect this through law?
I Given a desired allocation, how can we effect this through law?
These are questions about the design of economic rules andinstitutions.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 85
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
Some scholars also apply economics to specific legal contexts.
For example, why would a legal dispute go through a lengthy,expensive trial instead of a relatively cheap settlement?
I Close probability of success, i.e., near p ≈ 12
I High cost of discovery
I Significant amount of asymmetric information
I . . . or just an irrational actor.
For the seminal work and a good review, see Priest & Klein, The Selection of Disputes for Litigation and Daughety
& Reinganum, Economic Theories of Settlement Bargaining.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 86
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
Some scholars also apply economics to specific legal contexts.
For example, why would a legal dispute go through a lengthy,expensive trial instead of a relatively cheap settlement?
I Close probability of success, i.e., near p ≈ 12
I High cost of discovery
I Significant amount of asymmetric information
I . . . or just an irrational actor.
For the seminal work and a good review, see Priest & Klein, The Selection of Disputes for Litigation and Daughety
& Reinganum, Economic Theories of Settlement Bargaining.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 87
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
Some scholars also apply economics to specific legal contexts.
For example, why would a legal dispute go through a lengthy,expensive trial instead of a relatively cheap settlement?
I Close probability of success, i.e., near p ≈ 12
I High cost of discovery
I Significant amount of asymmetric information
I . . . or just an irrational actor.
For the seminal work and a good review, see Priest & Klein, The Selection of Disputes for Litigation and Daughety
& Reinganum, Economic Theories of Settlement Bargaining.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 88
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
Some scholars also apply economics to specific legal contexts.
For example, why would a legal dispute go through a lengthy,expensive trial instead of a relatively cheap settlement?
I Close probability of success, i.e., near p ≈ 12
I High cost of discovery
I Significant amount of asymmetric information
I . . . or just an irrational actor.
For the seminal work and a good review, see Priest & Klein, The Selection of Disputes for Litigation and Daughety
& Reinganum, Economic Theories of Settlement Bargaining.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 89
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
Some scholars also apply economics to specific legal contexts.
For example, why would a legal dispute go through a lengthy,expensive trial instead of a relatively cheap settlement?
I Close probability of success, i.e., near p ≈ 12
I High cost of discovery
I Significant amount of asymmetric information
I . . . or just an irrational actor.
For the seminal work and a good review, see Priest & Klein, The Selection of Disputes for Litigation and Daughety
& Reinganum, Economic Theories of Settlement Bargaining.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 90
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
Some scholars also apply economics to specific legal contexts.
For example, why would a legal dispute go through a lengthy,expensive trial instead of a relatively cheap settlement?
I Close probability of success, i.e., near p ≈ 12
I High cost of discovery
I Significant amount of asymmetric information
I . . . or just an irrational actor.
For the seminal work and a good review, see Priest & Klein, The Selection of Disputes for Litigation and Daughety
& Reinganum, Economic Theories of Settlement Bargaining.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 91
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
Some scholars also apply economics to specific legal contexts.
For example, why would a legal dispute go through a lengthy,expensive trial instead of a relatively cheap settlement?
I Close probability of success, i.e., near p ≈ 12
I High cost of discovery
I Significant amount of asymmetric information
I . . . or just an irrational actor.
For the seminal work and a good review, see Priest & Klein, The Selection of Disputes for Litigation and Daughety
& Reinganum, Economic Theories of Settlement Bargaining.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 92
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Empirical Legal Studies
Often referred to pejoratively as “law and regression.”
Journal of Empirical Legal Studies
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 93
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Empirical Legal Studies
Unlike other legal analyses, however, ELS tends to start fromobserved outcomes.
I Held to some accountability w.r.t. data!
I Higher likelihood of relevance and policy implication.
I Researchers have a common language and knowledge ofresearch design and methodology.
It is easy to lie with statistics, but it is easier to liewithout them.Fred Mosteller
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 94
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Empirical Legal Studies
Unlike other legal analyses, however, ELS tends to start fromobserved outcomes.
I Held to some accountability w.r.t. data!
I Higher likelihood of relevance and policy implication.
I Researchers have a common language and knowledge ofresearch design and methodology.
It is easy to lie with statistics, but it is easier to liewithout them.Fred Mosteller
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 95
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Empirical Legal Studies
Unlike other legal analyses, however, ELS tends to start fromobserved outcomes.
I Held to some accountability w.r.t. data!
I Higher likelihood of relevance and policy implication.
I Researchers have a common language and knowledge ofresearch design and methodology.
It is easy to lie with statistics, but it is easier to liewithout them.Fred Mosteller
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 96
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Empirical Legal Studies
Unlike other legal analyses, however, ELS tends to start fromobserved outcomes.
I Held to some accountability w.r.t. data!
I Higher likelihood of relevance and policy implication.
I Researchers have a common language and knowledge ofresearch design and methodology.
It is easy to lie with statistics, but it is easier to liewithout them.Fred Mosteller
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 97
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Empirical Legal Studies
Unlike other legal analyses, however, ELS tends to start fromobserved outcomes.
I Held to some accountability w.r.t. data!
I Higher likelihood of relevance and policy implication.
I Researchers have a common language and knowledge ofresearch design and methodology.
It is easy to lie with statistics, but it is easier to liewithout them.Fred Mosteller
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 98
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Criticism of “Law and . . . ” research
Balkinization, Jan 16, 2008
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 99
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Computation on Law tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
I Less inconsistent sentencing, awards, or damages (close totoday...)
I Better understanding of inefficiencies in legal systems
I Better design of legal systems from economic or psychologicalperspectives
I Learning and classification for prediction of legal outcomes
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 100
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Computation on Law tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
I Less inconsistent sentencing, awards, or damages (close totoday...)
I Better understanding of inefficiencies in legal systems
I Better design of legal systems from economic or psychologicalperspectives
I Learning and classification for prediction of legal outcomes
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 101
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Computation on Law tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
I Less inconsistent sentencing, awards, or damages (close totoday...)
I Better understanding of inefficiencies in legal systems
I Better design of legal systems from economic or psychologicalperspectives
I Learning and classification for prediction of legal outcomes
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 102
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Computation on Law tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
I Less inconsistent sentencing, awards, or damages (close totoday...)
I Better understanding of inefficiencies in legal systems
I Better design of legal systems from economic or psychologicalperspectives
I Learning and classification for prediction of legal outcomes
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 103
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Computation on Law tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
I Less inconsistent sentencing, awards, or damages (close totoday...)
I Better understanding of inefficiencies in legal systems
I Better design of legal systems from economic or psychologicalperspectives
I Learning and classification for prediction of legal outcomes
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 104
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Computation on Law tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
I Less inconsistent sentencing, awards, or damages (close totoday...)
I Better understanding of inefficiencies in legal systems
I Better design of legal systems from economic or psychologicalperspectives
I Learning and classification for prediction of legal outcomes
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 105
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Summary
Law is a domain for the application of analysis that may or maynot be motivated by legal principles.
The results of these inquiries may or may not be useful to lawyersor legal professionals.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 106
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Summary
Law is a domain for the application of analysis that may or maynot be motivated by legal principles.
The results of these inquiries may or may not be useful to lawyersor legal professionals.
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 107
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation
What happens when we set out to use computation with lawinstead of on it?
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):I the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using computational methods
I the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative systems and norm-governed societies and
multi-agent systems
I the investigation of techniques from advanced informationtechnology, using law as the illustrative domain
I applications of advanced information technology to support tasks inthe legal domain
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 108
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation
What happens when we set out to use computation with lawinstead of on it?
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):
I the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using computational methods
I the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative systems and norm-governed societies and
multi-agent systems
I the investigation of techniques from advanced informationtechnology, using law as the illustrative domain
I applications of advanced information technology to support tasks inthe legal domain
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 109
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation
What happens when we set out to use computation with lawinstead of on it?
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):I the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using computational methods
I the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative systems and norm-governed societies and
multi-agent systems
I the investigation of techniques from advanced informationtechnology, using law as the illustrative domain
I applications of advanced information technology to support tasks inthe legal domain
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 110
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation
What happens when we set out to use computation with lawinstead of on it?
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):I the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using computational methods
I the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative systems and norm-governed societies and
multi-agent systems
I the investigation of techniques from advanced informationtechnology, using law as the illustrative domain
I applications of advanced information technology to support tasks inthe legal domain
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 111
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation
What happens when we set out to use computation with lawinstead of on it?
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):I the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using computational methods
I the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative systems and norm-governed societies and
multi-agent systems
I the investigation of techniques from advanced informationtechnology, using law as the illustrative domain
I applications of advanced information technology to support tasks inthe legal domain
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 112
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation - a motivating example
Let’s walk through a simple example to emphasize how easy thiscan be. Let’s use the following requirements:
I Public domain data
I Open source, easily-licensed software
I Useful
I Easily extended
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 113
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation - a motivating example
Let’s walk through a simple example to emphasize how easy thiscan be. Let’s use the following requirements:
I Public domain data
I Open source, easily-licensed software
I Useful
I Easily extended
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 114
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation - a motivating example
Let’s walk through a simple example to emphasize how easy thiscan be. Let’s use the following requirements:
I Public domain data
I Open source, easily-licensed software
I Useful
I Easily extended
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 115
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation - a motivating example
Let’s walk through a simple example to emphasize how easy thiscan be. Let’s use the following requirements:
I Public domain data
I Open source, easily-licensed software
I Useful
I Easily extended
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 116
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation - a motivating example
Let’s walk through a simple example to emphasize how easy thiscan be. Let’s use the following requirements:
I Public domain data
I Open source, easily-licensed software
I Useful
I Easily extended
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 117
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine
I Data: U.S. Code (LRC XHTML)
I Software: Java, Apache Lucene, HTMLParser
I Result: Working, fast search engine for the Code.
$ wc -l src/main/java/org/mjb/*Code*
425 src/main/java/org/mjb/buildCodeIndex.java
86 src/main/java/org/mjb/searchCodeIndex.java
511 total
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 118
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine
I Data: U.S. Code (LRC XHTML)
I Software: Java, Apache Lucene, HTMLParser
I Result: Working, fast search engine for the Code.
$ wc -l src/main/java/org/mjb/*Code*
425 src/main/java/org/mjb/buildCodeIndex.java
86 src/main/java/org/mjb/searchCodeIndex.java
511 total
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 119
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine
I Data: U.S. Code (LRC XHTML)
I Software: Java, Apache Lucene, HTMLParser
I Result: Working, fast search engine for the Code.
$ wc -l src/main/java/org/mjb/*Code*
425 src/main/java/org/mjb/buildCodeIndex.java
86 src/main/java/org/mjb/searchCodeIndex.java
511 total
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 120
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine
I Data: U.S. Code (LRC XHTML)
I Software: Java, Apache Lucene, HTMLParser
I Result: Working, fast search engine for the Code.
$ wc -l src/main/java/org/mjb/*Code*
425 src/main/java/org/mjb/buildCodeIndex.java
86 src/main/java/org/mjb/searchCodeIndex.java
511 total
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
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Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine
// Create document.
Document doc = new Document ();
doc.add(new Field("documentid", documentID , Field.Store.YES ,
Field.Index.NOT_ANALYZED ));
doc.add(new Field("usckey", uscKey , Field.Store.YES ,
Field.Index.NOT_ANALYZED ));
doc.add(new Field("currentthrough", currentThrough , Field.Store.YES ,
Field.Index.NOT_ANALYZED ));
doc.add(new Field("itempath", itemPath , Field.Store.YES ,
Field.Index.ANALYZED ));
doc.add(new Field("head", head , Field.Store.YES , Field.Index.ANALYZED ,
Field.TermVector.YES));
doc.add(new Field("text", text , Field.Store.NO, Field.Index.ANALYZED ,
Field.TermVector.YES));
// Write into index.
indexWriter.addDocument(doc);
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 122
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Results
$ mvn -q exec:java -Dexec.mainClass="org.mjb.searchCodeIndex" \
-Dexec.args="text swap"
documentid :7 U.S.C. 6s
currentthrough :20110107
score :2.2053032
itempath:
Title 7
CHAPTER 1
> 6 s . Registration and regulation of swap dealers and major swap participants
documentid :7 U.S.C. 6r
currentthrough :20110107
score :2.0396917
itempath:
Title 7
CHAPTER 1
> 6 r . Reporting and recordkeeping for uncleared swaps
documentid :7 U.S.C. 7b-3
currentthrough :20110107
score :1.7781076
itempath:
Title 7
CHAPTER 1
> 7 b 3 . Swap execution facilities
...
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 123
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensionsHow about a web interface?
(Sorry LII, that Perl code is getting a little long in the tooth...)
What if we plugged the Lucene index into a Solr Tomcat servlet?
http://localhost:8080/solrdev/browse?q=swap
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 124
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensionsHow about a web interface?(Sorry LII, that Perl code is getting a little long in the tooth...)
What if we plugged the Lucene index into a Solr Tomcat servlet?
http://localhost:8080/solrdev/browse?q=swap
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 125
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensionsHow about a web interface?(Sorry LII, that Perl code is getting a little long in the tooth...)
What if we plugged the Lucene index into a Solr Tomcat servlet?
http://localhost:8080/solrdev/browse?q=swap
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 126
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensionsHow about a web interface?(Sorry LII, that Perl code is getting a little long in the tooth...)
What if we plugged the Lucene index into a Solr Tomcat servlet?
http://localhost:8080/solrdev/browse?q=swap
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 127
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
OK, that’s cute enough for a presentation. But what aboutextending this into a more useful application?
I Adaptive search weighting to “personalize” legal research
I Related document suggestion with Mahout
I Relational modeling with neo4j.
I Including other source material, like the C.F.R., state andmunicipality codes, etc.
I Apply to internal document stores like contracts or evidence
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 128
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
OK, that’s cute enough for a presentation. But what aboutextending this into a more useful application?
I Adaptive search weighting to “personalize” legal research
I Related document suggestion with Mahout
I Relational modeling with neo4j.
I Including other source material, like the C.F.R., state andmunicipality codes, etc.
I Apply to internal document stores like contracts or evidence
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 129
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
OK, that’s cute enough for a presentation. But what aboutextending this into a more useful application?
I Adaptive search weighting to “personalize” legal research
I Related document suggestion with Mahout
I Relational modeling with neo4j.
I Including other source material, like the C.F.R., state andmunicipality codes, etc.
I Apply to internal document stores like contracts or evidence
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 130
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
OK, that’s cute enough for a presentation. But what aboutextending this into a more useful application?
I Adaptive search weighting to “personalize” legal research
I Related document suggestion with Mahout
I Relational modeling with neo4j.
I Including other source material, like the C.F.R., state andmunicipality codes, etc.
I Apply to internal document stores like contracts or evidence
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 131
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
OK, that’s cute enough for a presentation. But what aboutextending this into a more useful application?
I Adaptive search weighting to “personalize” legal research
I Related document suggestion with Mahout
I Relational modeling with neo4j.
I Including other source material, like the C.F.R., state andmunicipality codes, etc.
I Apply to internal document stores like contracts or evidence
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 132
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
OK, that’s cute enough for a presentation. But what aboutextending this into a more useful application?
I Adaptive search weighting to “personalize” legal research
I Related document suggestion with Mahout
I Relational modeling with neo4j.
I Including other source material, like the C.F.R., state andmunicipality codes, etc.
I Apply to internal document stores like contracts or evidence
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 133
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
OK, that’s cute enough for a presentation. But what aboutextending this into a more useful application?
I Adaptive search weighting to “personalize” legal research
I Related document suggestion with Mahout
I Relational modeling with neo4j.
I Including other source material, like the C.F.R., state andmunicipality codes, etc.
I Apply to internal document stores like contracts or evidence
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 134
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
But none of those are really creative.
What if we stored metadata about clients, case facts, and disputeoutcomes along with search history?
. . .
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 135
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
But none of those are really creative.
What if we stored metadata about clients, case facts, and disputeoutcomes along with search history?
. . .
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 136
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
But none of those are really creative.
What if we stored metadata about clients, case facts, and disputeoutcomes along with search history?
. . .
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 137
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
I Better access and management of legal material
I Learning and classification to aid legal research
I Learning and classification for prediction of legal outcomes
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 138
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
I Better access and management of legal material
I Learning and classification to aid legal research
I Learning and classification for prediction of legal outcomes
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 139
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
I Better access and management of legal material
I Learning and classification to aid legal research
I Learning and classification for prediction of legal outcomes
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 140
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
I Better access and management of legal material
I Learning and classification to aid legal research
I Learning and classification for prediction of legal outcomes
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation
Page 141
Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Conclusion
Thanks for listening!
. . . and an even bigger thanks to Seth for organizing this.
http://michaelbommarito.com
Michael J. Bommarito II [email protected]
Law ? Computation