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COMMON INDO-EUROPEAN/AFROASIATIC ROOTS: SUPPLEMENT 1
ALLAN R, BOMHARD
1. INTRODUCTION
In my book Toward Prato-Nostratic: A New Approach to the
Com-parison of Indo-European and Afroasiatic (Amsterdam: John
Benja-mins, 1984), I listed 318 possible cognate sets common to
Indo-European and Afroasiatic. In the two years that have passed
since the publication of that book, I have continued my studies,
and several reviews of my book have appeared. The time seems
approp-riate to bring the proposed cognate sets up to date by
adding new material and by correcting several problematical
etymologies. However, to those not familiar with the principles
underlying my earlier studies, a mere list of new material would
not be easily comprehensible. I shall, therefore, begin with a
synopsis of these principles; for details, the reader should
consult the per-tinent sections of my book, as follows:
Foreword .......................................... i Preface
............................................. v
1. In traduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. The Reconstruction of the PIE
Consonant System ......... 5 3. The Reconstruction of the PIE Vowel
System ........... 37 4. Accentuation in the Indo-European
Languages ......... 61 5. The Development of the PIE Phonological
System
in the Non-Anatolian Daughter Languages ............. 75 6. The
Development of the PIE Phonological System
in the Anatolian Daughter Languages ................ 93 7. The
Reconstruction of the PAA Consonant System ..... 133 B. The
Reconstruction of the PAA Vowel System ........... 175 9.
Comparison of PIE and PAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 179 10. Problems of Root Structure
........................ 285
Postscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 291 References
..................................... 293
A complete list of references is contained in my book (pp.
293-315). The bibliography at the end of this article contains only
titles referred to here, additions of works omitted in my book, and
mater-ial published since 1984.
2. PREVIOUS COMPARISONS
There have been several attempts to demonstrate that
Indo-Euro-pean and Afroasiatic are genetically related. Even though
some
GENERAL LINGUISTICS, Vol. 26, No. 4. Published by The
Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park and
London.
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striking similarities have been revealed by the previous
attempts, these efforts have, by and large, been unconvincing for
several of reasons: In the first place, the phonological system of
Proto-Indo-European as traditionally reconstructed differs
drastically from the phonological system posited for
Proto-Afroasiatic (or, more commonly, Proto-Semitic). This has made
it difficult toes-tablish convincing sound correspondences, with
the result that many lexical look-alikes (such as, for instance,
Akkadian ~arnu "horn" vs. Latin cornu "horn") have been taken to be
cognates when they are not, while true cognates have gone
undetected. Some have tried to overcome the problems involved by
assuming that Proto-Indo-European underwent a Lautverschiebung
(this is the position of the Soviet School [Illic-Svityc, Dybo,
Dolgopol'skij, Shevoroshkin]). This assumption, however, only
complicates matters and can hardly be considered a viable solution.
Next, there appear to be rela-tively few similarities in the
morphology of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic. This is
not surprising -- as I see the situation, Proto-Indo-European and
Proto-Afroasiatic parted com-pany many millennia before the stage
of development that can be reached by a direct comparison of the
extant daughter languages. It was during this span of time between
the separation of pre-Proto-Indo-European and pre-Proto-Afroasiatic
and the emergence of the historically-attested daughter languages
that each proto-lan-guage developed its own distinctive
morphological system. Under these circumstances, it appears
unlikely that we will be able to recover the morphological system
of the ancestor of these two proto-languages in great detail. The
most that can be hoped for is the recovery of broad similarities.
The situation may be roughly likened to trying to reconstruct the
Indo-European parent language on the basis of a comparison of, say,
contemporary Sindhi and Al-banian. Were these the only two
surviving Indo-European daughter languages, we would be hard put to
show that these two languages are genetically related, which, of
course, they are.
In order even to suggest that Indo-European and Afroasiatic may
have been genetically related, enough resemblances must be
recognized in their phonological systems, morphological structures,
and vocabularies to rule out all possibility of either borrowing or
mere chance. In spite of some heroic efforts, not one of the
previously-attempted comparisons achieved this goal. Consequently,
a totally new approach is called for -- one that takes into
ac-count recent advances in phonological theory that have broadened
our understanding of sound change, one that exploits new notions of
Proto-Indo-European consonantism, and one that makes use of the
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rapidly-growing body of data from the non-Semitic branches of
Afro-asiatic. This last point is particularly important since all
of the previous investigations into the possible relatedness of
Indo-European and Afroasiatic have relied almost exclusively upon
data from the Semitic languages alone.
3. TRADITIONAL PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM
Those who have tried to compare the Proto-Indo-European
phono-logical system with that of Proto-Afroasiatic have been
handicapped from the start. The main problems center on the
consonants. The traditional reconstruction consists of a three-stop
system {this is Lehmann's [1952:99] position), with plain
voiceless, plain voiced, and voiced aspirated members~ to which
some also add voiceless as-pirated members. However, the voiceless
aspirates should be removed since it has been plausibly suggested
that these sounds were mostly secondarily derived in the daughter
languages and played no part in marking distinctive contrasts at
the Proto-Indo-European level {cf. Bernhard forthcoming/a for
details). The main opponent of this view is Oswald Szemerenyi, who
has argued for a return to the four-stop system of the
Neogrammarians. The three-stop system is com-plete in the dental,
velar, and labiovelar series, but the labial series was most likely
defective, lacking a plain voiced member {but cf. Szemerenyi
1985b:ll-12).
The Neogrammarian reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European
phonological system is as follows {cf. Brugmann 1904:52):
Monophthongs: a e 0 u a a e 6 T u
Diphthongs: a i ei oi ai au eu ou au ai ei 6i au eu 6u
Syllabic Liquids and Nasals: ';; 1);1 ~ Q lJ 0 r I ~ ~ ~ 0 g
Occlusives: p ph b bh (labial) th d dh (dental)
k kh g gh (palatal) q qh g gh (velar) qll qllh gll gllh
(labiovelar)
Fricatives: 5 sh z zh ]:> ph 0 oh Nasals: m n ~ lJ Liquids: r
Semi vowels: l ll
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By way of comparison, we can take a look at Lehmann's (1952: 99)
reconstruction, which is as follows:
1. Obstruents: p k kW
b d g gW bh dh gh gwh
s
2. Resonants: m
w r y 3. Vowels: e a 0
e
i e a. o u.
4. Laryngeals: X y
4. PROTO-AFROASIATIC PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM
One of the most significant characteristics of Afroasiatic
consonantism is the system of triads found in the stops and
affri-cates -- each series (except the lateralized affricates)
contains three members: a voiceless (aspirated) member, a voiced
member, and a glottalized (that is, ejective) member. The
lateralized affricate series probably lacked a voiced member *dJ.
Another noteworthy characteristic is the presence of a glottal stop
*?, a glottal fricative *h, and voiceless and voiced pharyngeal
frica-tives *n and *>. According to Diakonoff (1970:453-80),
Proto-Afroasiatic had a vertical vowel system consisting of *a and
*a as well as a series of syllabic resonants *~, *~, *~, and *~ In
my opinion, the evidence from the non-Semitic branches of
Afroasiatic does not appear to support the reconstruction of
syllabic resonants for Proto-Afroasiatic.
The Proto-Afroasiatic phonological system may be reconstructed
as follows (cf. Bomhard 1984:133-34 and forthcoming/b):
Stops and Affricates:
Voiceless: p t_;; ty Voiced: b d dz dY Glottalized: p' t' t s' t
'y
Fricatives:
Voiceless: s
Voiced:
Glides, Nasals, and Liquids: w
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li kY gY
H' k'Y
y m n r
k k" g gw
k' k'W
t
'
?
h
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5. REVISED PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM
It is immediately apparent that the Proto-Indo-European
phono-logical system as traditionally reconstructed has very little
in common with the Proto-Afroasiatic phonological system. However,
the Proto-Indo-European phonological system, especially the
con-sonantism, has come under strong criticism recently as data
collect-ed from the study of a great number of the world's
languages have shown that the traditional (that is, the three-stop)
reconstruction lacks credible typological parallels. As a result,
various attempts have been made to establish a system that is more
acceptable from a typological point of view (for discussion, cf.
Barnhard 1984:5-36 and forthcoming/c). Without going into details,
it may simply be stated that most of the proposed solutions have
been little better than the traditional reconstruction, and some
have even been worse. This is not true, however, of the revisions
proposed by Garnkrelidze, Hopper, and Ivanov. By substituting
glottalized stops (that is, ejectives) for the traditional plain
voiced stops, Garnkrelidze-Hopper-Ivanov have arrived at a system
that is both typologically plausible and historically probable (the
best treatment of the Glot-talic Theory is to be found in
Garnkrelidze-Ivanov 1984:5-80). In addition, Garnkrelidze-Ivanov
reinterpret the traditional plain voice-less stops as voiceless
aspirates, while making no changes to the traditional voiced
aspirates. They point out, however, that the feature of aspiration
is phonernically irrelevant in a system of this type.
(Consequently, aspiration is ignored in this paper.)
The revised Proto-Indo-European consonant system may be
recon-structed as follows (cf. Barnhard 1984:36 and
forthcoming/a):
Stops: Voiceless (Asp ira ted): ph/p t hjt kh/k k"h/k" Voiced
(Asp ira ted): bh/b dh/d gh/g gwh;gw Glottalized: (p') t' k' k'w
?
Fricatives:
Voiceless: s X nh Voiced: I'll
Glides: w y
Resonants: m/1)) n/g r/r; 1/J
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I see the voiced aspirates as a relatively late development. For
early pre-divisional Proto-Indo-European, I would reinterpret the
traditional voiced aspirates as plain voiced stops.
6. VOWELS
The vocalism of Proto-Indo-European as traditionally
recon-structed was richer by far than that of Proto-Afroasiatic.
Proto-Indo-European had *~, *B, *a, *i, and *~ plus *e. This
reconstruc-tion is most likely correct for the stage of development
existing immediately prior to the emergence of the non-Anatolian
Indo-Euro-pean daughter languages, but it is by no means ancient
and is the end product of a long, complicated evolution. The
earliest form of Proto-Indo-European may have had a system of
vowels such as the fol-lowing (cf. Bernhard 1984:42-43; Schmalstieg
1980:22):
u a
a Also the sequences: ey ay iy uy
ew aw iw uw
I follow Pulleyblank (1965:86-101) in his reinterpretation of
the *e ~ *o ablaut of traditional Proto-Indo-European as a *e ~ *a
ab-laut.
As for the long vowels, I think it probable that they had more
than one origin. It is highly likely that long vowels did not exist
in pre-Proto-Indo-European but, rather, arose solely in
Indo-European proper. First, long vowels developed from the
contraction of two short vowels. Next, long vowels developed from
compensatory leng-thening when laryngeals were lost between a short
vowel and an im-mediately following non-syllabic. Finally, long
vowels arose from the monophthongization of diphthongs and by means
of the analogical process known as "v:rddhi".
rhe vowels *i and *u are to be reconstructed as independent
phonemic entities and not as mere allophones of the glides *y and
*w respectively.
Both Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic made extensive
use of vowel gradation. In both proto-languages, the consonants
carried the basic meaning of a stem, while the vowels were used to
determine morphological function. Of the Afroasiatic daughter
lan-guages, the system of vowel gradation found in the Semitic
branch is by far the oldest documented and the most extensively
studied.
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When compared with the system of vowel gradation found in the
latest form of Proto-Indo-European, that of Proto-Semitic appears
totally different. However, both can be derived from earlier
systems that are virtually identical. The development of the
Proto-Indo-European system of vowel gradation was greatly
influenced by accentuation.
7. ROOT STRUCTURE
It has long been accepted that the canonical form of the
Proto-Indo-European root was *CVC-, that is to say that the basic
root structure was biconsonantal. The Afroasiatic root structure
pattern-ing, on the other hand, was long thought to resemble that
found in Semitic, where triconsonantal roots predominate. Until
fairly re-cently, there was such a dearth of reliable data from the
non-Semitic branches of Afroasiatic that there was no way to judge
the antiquity of the Semitic root structure patterning. The little
data that was available -- mainly from Egyptian and Berber seemed
to indicate that the Semitic patterning was ancient, and it was,
therefore, taken to be representative of the Proto-Afroasiatic
state of affairs. In recent years, there have been great advances
in Chadic and Cushitic studies. Data from these branches, when
compared with Semitic, Egyp-tian, and Berber, have shown beyond any
reasonable doubt that the fundamental form of the root in
Proto-Afroasiatic -- as in Proto-Indo-European -- was biconsonantal
and that the Semitic patterning is due to an innovation.
The rules governing the structural patterning of roots and stems
in Proto-Afroasiatic were as follows (cf. Barnhard
1984:289-90):
1. There were no initial vowels in Proto-Afroasiatic.
There-fore, every root began with a consonant.
2. There were no initial consonant clusters either.
Conse-quently, every root began with one and only one
consonant.
3. Two basic syllable types existed: (A) *CV and (B) *CVC, where
C = any non-syllabic and V = *a or *e. Permissible root forms
coincided with these two syllable types.
4. A stem could either be identical with a root or it could
consist of a root plus one or more derivational morphemes.
5. A stem could assume any one of the following shapes: (A) *CV,
(B) *CVC, (C) *CVCV, (D) *CVCVC, (E) *CVCCV, or (F) *CVCCVC.
6. There were three fundamental stem types: (A) verbal stems,
(B) nominal and adjectival stems, and (C) pronominal and
indeclinable stems.
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It is thus clear that the third consonantal element, be it
in-fix or suffix, was simply not a part of the root at the
Proto-Afro-asiatic level and that the underlying root structure
patterning did not differ in any appreciable aspect from that found
in Proto-Indo-European.
8. COMPARISON OF PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN AND PROTO-AFROASIATIC
The Proto-Indo-European consonant system as revised by
Gamkre-lidze, Hopper, and Ivanov belongs to the same linguistic
type as does that of Proto-Afroasiatic -- each has the three-way
contrast voiceless (aspirated} ~ voiced ~ glottalized. Similarly
constituted phonological systems are fairly widespread among the
languages of the world, being found, for example, in the Caucasian
languages, in many American Indian languages, and in several
sub-Saharan African languages.
We may now compare the Proto-Afroasiatic phonological system
with that of Proto-Indo-European as revised by
Gamkrelidze-Hopper-Ivanov:
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1. The labial, dental, velar, and labiovelar stops as well as
the glides and resonants correspond member for member and require
no further comment.
2. The Proto-Afroasiatic dental affricates *ts, *dz, and *ts'
correspond to dental stops in Proto-Indo-European.
Pre--Proto-Indo-European may be assumed to have had a series of
dental affricates which wer.e later eliminated through
deaf-fricatization and merger with the previously-existing dental
stops.
3. The Proto-Afroasiatic palato-alveolar stops *tY, *dY, and
*t'Y and the palatalized velar stops *kY, *gY, and *k'Y correspond
to the non-palatalized stops *t, *d, and *t' and *k, *g, and *k'
respectively in Proto-Indo-European. The palatalization is
secondary in Proto-Afroasiatic. Likewise, the palato-alveolar
sibilant *8 is to be derived from pre-Proto-Afroasiatic *s through
palatalization: *s + *sY + *8.
4. The Proto-Afroasiatic lateralized affricates *ti and *ti'
correspond to velar stops in Proto-Indo-European. Lateral-ized
affricates may also have existed in early pre-Indo-European. The
change of lateralized affricates into palatal velar, or postvelar
stops (or affricates} is a common devel-opment in the Northeast
Caucasian languages, and a similar shift may be posited for
pre-Proto-Indo-European:
*ti + *ki + *kx + *k *ti' + *ki' + *kx' + *k'
5. The Proto-Afroasiatic glottal stop *? and voiceless glottal
fricative *h correspond to *? and *h respectively in
Proto-Indo-European. The voiceless and voiced pharyngeal
frica-tives *n and *r of Proto-Afroasiatic correspond to the
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voiceless and voiced pharyngeal/laryngeal fricatives *nh and
*'1ft respectively as well as the voiceless and voiced
velarfricatives *x and *y respectively in Proto-Indo-Euro-pean.
Pre-Proto-Indo-European, however, had only*?, *h, *n, and*>. In
the earliest form. of Proto-Indo-European proper, some pharyngeal
fricatives developed into velar fricatives. Then, at a later date,
the remaining pharyn-geal fricatives developed into the
multiP.ly-articulated pharyngeal/laryngeal fricatives *nh and *'1ft
(for details, cf. Bernhard 1984: 10-18). - -
The correspondences between Proto-Afroasiatic and
Proto-Indo-European are summarized in the following table:
Proto- Revised Traditional Proto- Revised Traditional AA PIE PIE
AA PIE PIE
p p p, ph k k k, kh; q, qh b b bh 9 9 gh; 9h p' (p') (b) k' k'
g; 9 t p p, ph
kW kW u q\!h q~, t t t, th 9w 9W 9J,lh
d d dh k'W k'W 9),! t' t' d
? ? ~1 L5 t t, th h h ~4
~ d dh n nh ~2 ~ t' d '1 '1ft ~2 5 5 5 n X ~
'1 y ~ tY t t, th dY d dh w w, u ~' u t'Y t' d y y, i L, i 5 5
5
m m/w m/w 1j= k k, kh; q, qh n n/!;1 n/!;1 1;!' k' g; 9 I 1/J
1/J
r r/r r/r kY k k, kh; q, qh 9y 9 gh; 9h a a e, a k'Y k' g; 9 a a
o (a)
NOTE: Both Dolgopol'skij and Diakonoff have posited postvelars
for Proto-Afroasiatic. Postvelars have also been posited for
Proto-Indo-European by several scholars (Gamkrelidze and Ivanov,
Normier, Schmidt-Brandt). In my opinion, these theories are not
without
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merit. Since, however, I do not at present believe that there
were more than two guttural series -- plain velars and labiovelars
-- in Proto-Indo-European at the time when the parent language
began to split up into the historically-attested non-Anatolian
daughter lan-guages, the postvelars, if they ever existed, must
have been lost at some point prior to the latest period of
development. Until more positive evidence is brought forth for the
existence of postvelars in Proto-Indo-European, it is best to leave
these sounds out of consideration.
9. REMARKS ON THE PROPOSED COGNATE SETS
The addition of new etymologies in this paper brings the total
to just over 350 roots common to Proto-Indo-European and
Proto-Afroasiatic. The addition of new data to existing etymolgies,
es-pecially from the Cushitic languages and Coptic, lessens the
Semitic bias of the Afroasiatic material.
The search for possible cognates continues to be an extremely
painstaking process which is greatly hampered by the lack of a
com-parative dictionary of the Afroasiatic languages similar to
those existing for Proto-Indo-European. Marcel Cohen's pioneering
Essai aomparatif sur Ze voaabuZaire et Za phon~tique du
ahamito-s~mitique is now too outdated to be of significant value.
Fortunately, an up-to-date dictionary is currently being compiled
by a team of Soviet scholars under the direction of Igor M.
Diakonoff. Publi-cation of this dictionary, which is to be entitled
A Sample of a Comparative HistoriaaZ VoaabuZary of Afrasian, is
eagerly awaited. It may be noted here too that Diakonoff is also
preparing a revised and updated edition of his 1965 survey of
Afroasiatic comparative grammar (to be entitled Afrasian
Languages).
Buck's A Diationary of SeZeated Synonyms in the PrinaipaZ
Indo-European Languages has been used as a control for the proposed
seman-tic development, and references are given to the appropriate
sections of this work. References are also given to the two
standard Indo-European etymological dictionaries -- Pokorny's
Indogermanisahes etymoZogisahes W~rterbuah and Walde's
(Walde-Pokorny) VergZeiahendes
W~rterbuah der indogermanisahen Spraahen. The standard
etymological dictionaries for the individual Indo-European daughter
languages have also been extensively consulted. Furthermore, I have
not hesitated to deviate from the etymologies proposed by Pokorny
and Walde where subsequent scholarship has brought forth more
plausible proposals. I have tried to be conservative in suggesting
possible cognates -- in the etymologies that follow, the
sound/meaning cor-
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respondences are either such that the Proto-Afroasiatic and
Proto-Indo-European sterns have the same meaning or are such that
each can plausibly be derived from an earlier, common root which
can account for the semantic development in Proto-Afroasiatic on
the one hand and for that in Proto-Indo-European on the other. This
latter prin-ciple may be illustrated by example number 6 (see below
for details), PAA *ban-/*ban- "to build, construct" vs. PIE
*ban-d-/*ban-d-l*b~J-d"to tie, bind, fasten". For the semantic
development, compare Skt. takqati "to form, fashion, make, create",
Lat. texi5 "to weave, build", Hitt. tak-ki-(e-)es-zi "to join,
build", Gk. -.bt-.wv "carpenter", Ossetic taxun "to weave", Arm. t'
ek' em "to bend, shape", OCS. tesq "to hew", etc. (cf. Pokorny
1959:1058, 1058-59). Forpre-Afroasi-atic/Indo-European, I would
reconstruct *bVn- "to bend, turn, twist, join together". In
Afroasiatic, this developed semantically into "to join, build",
while, in Indo-European, this developed into "to tie, bind,
fasten".
10. NEW/REVISED AFROASIATIC/INDO-EUROPEAN COGNATE SETS
NOTE: For Afroasiatic, the following abbreviations are used:
Akk. = Akkadian, Ar. = Arabic, Ararn. = Aramaic, ESA = Epigraphic
South Arabian, Eth. = Ethiopic (Ga'az), Hebr. =Hebrew, Ug. =
Ugaritic; PChad. = Proto-Chadic, PEC = Proto-East Cushitic, PS =
Proto-Semitic, PSC = Proto-Southern Cushitic; Copt. = Coptic, Eg. =
Egyptian. The remaining names are always given in full for ease of
comprehension. For Indo-European, standard abbreviations are
employed.
1. PAA *pa?-/*pa?- (perhaps *pa?W-/ *pa?W-) "to swell, fatten,
be full": PS *Pa?-am- ~ Hebr. p'Uniih "superabundance, fat"; Ar.
fa'ama "to quench one's thirst with water; to be full", fa'ima "to
be fat"; Akk. piiimu "robust"; Eq. pl-t "liquor, drink"; PSC
*pu?us- "to swell, rise" + Kw'adza pu'us-; Ma'a -pu'u "to rise (of
sun)".
PIE *pa?-i-/*pa?-i-, *pa?-y-1 *pa?-y- + (with metathesis of *?
and *y) *pay?-/*pay?- "to swell, fatten": Skt. payate "to
swell,Lfatten, overflow, abound", pt.-van- "swelling, _full, fat",
payas- "milk"; Gk. 1tCwv "fat, rich"; Lith. pienas "milk"; OSax.
feit (+ Gmc. *faita-z) "fat". PIE *pa?-/*pa?- (or, more likely,
*pa?W-/*pa?W-) , "to drink, swallow": Skt. piiti (+ *pa?W-ti),
pibati (+*pi-p?-eti), payate (+*pay?- meta-thesized from earlier
*pa?y-) "to drink, swallow"; Hitt. pa-as-;zi "to drink, swallow";
Gk. ltLVw, Lesb. ltW\JW "to drink"; Lat. bibo, pi5ti5 "to drink";
Oir. ibid "to drink".
Cf. Buck 1949:5.13, 5.86; Pokorny 1959:793-94 *Pek(a)-, *pf- "to
be fat", 839-40 *po(i)-, *pi- "to drink"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:
73-75 and 71-72. The Egyptian cognate has been added.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
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2.
3.
4.
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PAA *pal-/*pal- verbal stem indicating downward motion, hence
"to fall, fall down, fall to the ground; to set (sun), grow dark":
PS *na-pal- ->- Hebr. nafal "to fall, lie", mappalah "decaying
ruins, heap of rub-ble"; Aram. nafal "to fall, fall down"; Akk. (W.
Sem. loan) napalu "to fall", napalsuhu "to fall to the ground,-fall
upon something, throw oneself to the ground, let oneself fall to
the ground"; Ug. npl "to fall". PS *?a-pal--+ Ar. 'afala "to go
down, set"; Hebr. 'ofel "darkness", 'af"el "dark", 'aflah "dark";
Akk. aplu "late".
PIE *pal- "to fall, fall down": Arm. p' lanim "to fall in"; OE.
feallan "to fall, fall down", feaU, fieU "fall, ruin, des-truction,
death", fieUan "to make to fall, fell, pull down, destroy, kill";
Oice. faUa "to fall", fall "fall, death, ruin, decay, destruction",
feUa "to fell, make to fall, kill, slay"; Lith. puolu, pulti "to
fall (up)on, attack, assault, fall".
Cf. Buck 1949:1.62, 1.63, 10.23, 14.17; Pokorny 1959:851 *phBl-"
to fall"; Walde-Pokorny 1973. II: 103; Illic-Svityc 1984. III:
97-106, no. 372 *p'/a/jlA. This is a new etymology.
PAA *baP- "cypress, pine, fir": Ps *bu:r>-atY- _,_ Akk.
bu:r>asu "pine"; Hebr. barDS "cypress, pine"; Aram. barBS 11
cypress, pine"; Gurage (Endegen) bu:r>at "a kind of tree". PEC
*bi:r>bi:r>-"juniperus procera" -+ Burji bi:r>bt:r>-i
"juniper-like firtree"; Oromo bi:r>bi:r>-sa; Konso
pi:r>pi:r>-ta; Gawwada pi:r>pi:r>-ko; Gollango
pi:r>pi:r>-ko.
PIE *bGX'- "pine, fir": Oice. bGX'I' "pine-needles"; OCS.
bo:r>'b "spruce, fir".
Cf. Brunner 1969:27, no. 78; Buck 1949:8.64; Pokorny 1959:109
*bha:r>U-, *bha1'1).0-, *bho:r>s- "something jutting out";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:l64. The East Cushitic cognates have been
added.
PAA *bal-/*bal- "to mix, mix up, confuse": PS *bal-al-
->-Akk. balalu "to mix, mix up, confuse, mingle"; Hebr. balal
"to mingle, mix, confuse". PS *bal-a'i-->- Hebr. bala' "to be
confused". Copt. bUe "blind". PEC *bal'i-/*baUa'i-"blind, one-eyed"
+ Burji bal'-a "blind"; Oromo baUa-a "blind"; Sidamo bal' -icca "'
ball-icca "blind"; Darasa balla'-a "blind".
PIE *bland-/*bland-/*bl~Jd- "to mix, blend; to make blind, be
blind": Goth. blandan "to mix", blinds "blind"; OE. blandan "to
mix", blendan "to blind, de-ceive", blind "blind"; Olce. blanda "to
blend, mix", blinda "to blind", blindl' "blind", blundl' "dozing,
slumber"; Lith. blendziu, bl'esti "to become dark"; OCS. bz"'.dC(,
bl"isti "to go blindly".
Cf. Illic-Svityc 1971.1:185-86, no. 20 *bulA; Moller 1911:27-28;
Buck 1949:4.97, 5.17; Pokorny 1959:157-58 *bhlendh- "dim,
red-dish"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:216. This is a new etymology.
However, cf. Barnhard 1984:198, no. 27; Moller 1911:26-27.
-
5. PAA *bargY-/*bargY- "to stand out, protrude, be prominent":
PS *baradz~ * Ar . ba.raza "to show, appear, come into view,
emerge1 to jut out, protrude, be ptotllii\ent, stand out", bUl'Uz
"prominence, projection", biil'iz "protrUding, projecting"; Gurage
(ifulane) bareiaitaa "to dream". C:Uah. Beja birga "high, tall";
Ororno borgi "height".
PIE *barg-/*barg-/*b:r;g- "to be prominent, high": Skt.
b:r:Mnt-"high, tall, great"; Arm. barjr "high"; OE. beorh, beorg
"hill, mountain"; Hitt. par-ku-us "high".
Cf. tllic-Svityc 1971.!:177 1 h~. 9 *berg/i/; Buck 1949:1.22,
4,62, 12.31; Pokorny 1959lHli-41 *bhergh- "high, noble";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.!!:172~74. The Cushitic cognates have been
added.
6. PM *b~a/*ba1!~ "til build, con-strutt": PS *ban~(Jj,)!y~-+
Ar. bana 11 to build, erect, coh= struct", banii' "buildinlh eon~
struction"; Hebr, banah 11 tu build"; Aram. btm'i: "to build"; Akk.
banii "to build, cofi~ttruct, form"; Ug, bl'lh)/y "to build";
Sabaean bny "to build, con-struct", bmJ, bny "building,
construction"; Harsiisi beni5 "to build", beni "building"; Soqotri
bene "to build". PChad. *ban- "house, hut" -+ Bole bono "hut,
house"; Mubi beni "to build"; Mokulu btno 11 hut, house".
PIE *ban-d-/*ban-d-/*b'IJ-d- "to t}e, bind, fasten": Skt.
badh-niiti, bandhati "to bind, tie, f:tx, fasten"; Mariithi biid(h)
11dam", badha "stru~ture"; Goth. bindan "to bind", bandi "band,
bond".
Cf. Buck 1949:19.16, 9.44, 9.75; Pokorny 1959:127 *bhendh~ "to
bind"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:l52. This is a new et)llilol
-
Cf. Illic-Svityc 197l.I:224 *dA>A; Buck 1949:12.12; Pokorny
1959: 235-39 *dhe- "to set, put, place"; Walde-Pokorny
1973.I:826-29. This is a new etymology.
9. PAA *d
-
Cf. Buck 1949:11.14; Pokorny 1959:212-13 *dergh- "to grasp";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.1:807-08. This is a new etymology.
14. PAA *t'em-/*t'con- "to quiet, pacify, calm": PS *t'con- +
Ar. tamrzana "to quiet, calm,
appe~se, pacify, allay, as-suage, soothe", tamn "quiet,
tranquil", tcon'mm, ta'mana "to calm, q~iet, pacify, ap-pease,
assuage, soothe".
PIE (*t'em-/)*t'con- "to tame, subdue": Skt. dfnnyati "to tame,
subdue, conquer"; Gk. 6cqJa1;w "to overpower, tame, subdue,
conquer"; Lat. domO "to tame, subdue, overcome, conquer"; Goth.
ga-tconjan "to tame"; OE. temian "to tame, subdue", tam "tame"; Hit
t. da-ma-aS-zi "to press, oppress".
Cf. Pokorny 1959:199-200 (*deme-), >~dome-, *dJ71e- "to tame,
subdue"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.1:788-90. This is a new etymology.
15. PAA *t'ens-/*t'ans- "to be loaded heavily": Eg. dns "to be
loaded heavily", dns (dns) "weight, load, burden; heavy", dnsmn "to
be heavy, weighty".
PIE (*t'ens-/*t'ans-/) *t'ns-"to be tightly loaded, clo~ely
pressed together or packed to-gether; dense": Lat. densus "thick,
dense, close, compact, set close together", denseo "to make thick,
press together, thicken"; Gk. 6cwus "thick with hair, hairy,
shaggy, rough".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.63. 12.64; Pokorny 1959:202-03 *dens- "thick";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:793-94. This is a new etymology.
16. PAA *t'em-/*t'con- "to twist, turn": PS *t'am- ->- Eth.
tamrza "to roll up, fold up";' Gur~ge tamG:ma "to be bent,
crooked,
~urved", pamapama "to wind around, roll around, twist", tamazaza
"to twist"; Tna. pamama "to be bent", pam-pama "to wrap around",
tam-zaza "to twist"; Amh. tamattama 11 to wrap". Eg. dJn "woi:-m,
~~rpent".
PIE *t' em- "worm": Gk. 6E\1EAEO: s "leeches"; Alb. dhemje
"grub, maggot".
Cf. Buck 1949:3.84; Pokorny 1959:201 *demel- "worm"(?);
Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:790. This is a new etymology.
17. PAA *t'el-/*t'al- "to get, be-get": PEC *d:aZ- "to beget,
give birth" ->- Saho-Afar dal-; Somali 4aZ-; Rendille gei-; Bani
d:eZ-; Dasenech d:aZ-; Oromo d:aZ-; Konso d:aZ-/d:eZ-; Gidole
d:aZ-; Burji d:aZ-; Dullay d:aZ-; Yaaku del-.
PIE *t'eZ-/*t'aZ- "to get, ob-tain": Goth. ga-tilon "to at-tain,
obtain"; OE. tilian "to strive after, attempt, obtain, treat,
cure"; OHG. ziZon, ziZen "to hasten, aim, strive"; MDu. te len "to
produce, care for, attend"; Du. teZen "to beget, bear".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.71. This is a new etymology.
239
-
18. PAA *t'V~V-/*t'aw- "to hit, strike": PEC *d'aw- "to hit,
strike" -+ Elmolo d'a-; Oromo d'a(w)-; Konso d'aw-; Burji
d'aw-.
PIE *t'u- (/*t'ej:~-/*t'a!!-) "to hit, strike": PCelt.
*dur-no-"fist" + Welsh cbJrn "fist"; Oir. doi'I'! "fist", durni "to
strike with fists"; Bret. dourn "hand". Latv. dUre, dttris "fist",
duf.u, dUru, dui>t "to sting, thrust".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.33, 9.21; Pokorny 1959:203; Walde-Pokorny 1973.
!:794-95. This is a new etymology.
19. PAA *daa?-l*dza?- "to waste away, become -exhausted, faded,
withered, weary, weak": Eq.
PIE *da?-/*da?- "to waste away, become exhausted, faded,
with-ered, weary, languid, weak":
zl ".to be weak or feeble", z~-' "weak, feeble man". PSC
*daii?-"to be extinguished" + AlagWS tsa'ata "barren (animal,
per-Son)"; Dahalo daii'- "to die", daii'e "death", ~ii'ama
"corpse", daii'ata "enemy". PSC *daa?es-'.,..to eXtinguish" + Iraqw
tsa'es-; Dahalo 1!'e'eo- "to kill";'
Lat. fames "hunger", fati.go "to weary. tire"; orr. ded- "to
dwin-dle"; OE. derrrn "damage, injury, loss, misfortune"; Oice.
dtr.si "sluggish, lazy fellow", dasast "to become weary,
exhausted", dasallr "weary, exhausted (from cold or bodily
exertion)".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.75, 4.91, 5.14; Pokorny 1959:239 *dhe- "to pass
away" (?); Walde-Pokorny 1973.1:829. This is a new etymology.
20. PAA *tYam-/*tYam- "to strike, hit, stun, stupefy": PS
*tYam-aZ- + Ar. tamiZa "to
PIE *tam-/*tam- "to strike, , hit, stun, stupefy": Skt.
tlim-yati "to be faint, exhausted"; NHG. dJJmZich "dull, silly,
stupid"; Lat. temuZ.entus "drun-ken, intoxicated, tipsy", teme-tum
"any intoxicating drink"; Russ. Ch. Sl. tomiti "to tor-ture,
torment, harrass, tire".
240
be dizzy, stupefied". PBC *tum- "to !}trike, forge" + Burji
tum-ana "to churn, thresh, hit"; Oromo tum-"forge"; Somali tum-
"h8DIIler", tumii.Z. "blacksmith".
Cf. Brunner 1969:91, no. 499; Pokorny 1959:1063 *tern-
"stunned"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.1:720. The East Cushitic cognates
have been added.
21. PAA *saw-/*sQbJ- "to be dry, arid, hot": Eg. 8wy "to be dry,
arid, hot", 8wyw "dr:y, arid", 8ww "dry, hot", swi "drought, heat";
Copt. 8owe "to dry up, be dry", sow "dry".
PIE *su-s-, *s~-s- "dry": Skt. 6oqa-1] "drying up"; Gk. (Hom.)
a?ios; "dry, withered"; OE. sear "dry, withered"; Lith. sailsas
"dry, arid"; OCS. SUX'Z> "dry".
Cf. Buck 1949:15.84; Pokorny 1959:880-81 *saus-, *sus- "dry";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.11:447-48. This is a new etymology.
22. PAA *tt'aZ.-/*tt'aZ- "to be bent, curved, round": PS
*tt'aZ.-a~- "to be bent, c.ITved, round", *tt'iZ.~"rib" + Ar.
daZ.i'a"to be crooked, bent, curved; to curve, bend", gil.' "rib";
Akk. l}eZu "rib, side"; Ug.
PIE *k'aZ-/*k'aZ-/*k'k- "bent, curved, round": Skt. gul.'
"globe, pill", gZau-1] "round lmnp"; Gk. yCyyAU\10!; "a hinge,
joint", y>.ou
-
?l't "r~bs"; Hebr. ?ela' "rib"; Sheri ZaZ' "rib". PEC *cf1
in(aJ\- (+ *cf1 iUaJ\-) "rib" + Burji cfin-a "rib, ribs, side of
body"; Somali cjina' "side"; Oromo c'ina-a "rib, side of body";
Gidole cfina'-itt "rib".
glomera "to form into a sphere"; OE. cl'iwen "ball of thread";
MLG. klwnpe "lump, mass".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.81, 12.82, 12.83; Pokorny 1959:357-64 *gel-"to
form into a ball"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:612-21. The East Cushitic
cognates have been added.
23. PAA *ka/*ka demonstrative stem: PEC *ka, (subj.) *ku "this"+
Burji (dem. m.) ka "this", {subj.) kU, {pl. abs. and subj.) c{,
kEzci "that". PSC (rnasc. bound) *ka "this" + Kw'adza -(u)ko masc.
gender marker; Asa -(u)k, -ok masc. gender marker; Iraqw (ntr.) ka
"this"; Burunge (masc.) ki "this", (masc.) ka 'a "that"; Ma'a ka
"this".
PIE *ka-/*ka-, *ki- demonstra-tive stem: Hitt. ka-a-as, (ntr.
nom. -ace. sg.) ki-i "this, that"; Gk. *xt: in xt:t:vo s.; "that";
Lat. ce- in ce-do "give here!", -c(e) in hi-e, af-c, illf-c, i
llu-c, tun-c, nun-c, ec-ce , ci- in cis, citer, citrO, ci-tra; Oir.
ce in bith ce "this world"; Goth. himma, hina, hita; hiri "come
here!"; hicl.Pe "hith-er".
Cf. Pokorny 1959:609-10 *ko-, *ke- "this"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:
452-54. This is a new etymology.
24. PAA *kam-/*kam- "to seize, grasp, grip, clutch": PS *kam- +
Ar. kamaSa "to seize, grasp, grip, clutch", kamsa "a handful"; Akk.
kamfi "to capture". PSC *kam-"to hold" -+ Iraqw kom- "to have";
Burunge kom- "to have"; Asa kom- "to have"; Kw'adza komoa- "to
grip"; Dahalo kam-.
PIE *kam-t-/*kam-t-/*hy-t- "to seize, grasp, grip, clutch":
Goth. handua "hand"; -hinpan "to seize" (used only in com-pounds):
fra-hin'pan "to cap-ture, imprison", fra-hunpana "prisoner-"; hunps
"booty"; OE. hand "hand", ge-hendan "to hold", hentan "to try to
seize, attack, seize", hUp "plunder, booty"; OHG. hant "hand";
Oice. hand "hand", henda "to catch with the hand"; OSwed. hinna
'!to obtain".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.33; Feist 1939:161, 244-45. This is a new
etymo-logy.
25. PAA *kan-/*kan- "to sing, sound": Eg. knkn "to sing to a
beaten drum, clap the hands rhythmical-ly".
PIE *kan- "to sing, sound": Gk. ffCXVct}(rl "sharp sound, the
ring or clang of metal"; Lat. canO "to sing, sound, play"; orr.
canim "to sing"; Goth. hana "cock".
Cf. Buck 1949: 18 .12; Pokorny 1959:525-26 *kan- "to sing";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.1:351. This is a new etymology.
241
-
26. PAA *k'ar-/*k'ai'- "to cut": PS *k'ai'- "to cut: to cut
in-to, make an incision, engrave, notch; to cut off, sever, nip
off, clip; to cut in two, split, bite" ~ Ar. kai'asa "to pinch,
nip, bite", ~araba "to wound", 'f!ara4a "to cut, sever, cut off,
clip, gnaw, nibble, bite", ~ai'aifa "to gnash, grind (one's teeth),
nibble, crunch, chew", 'f!arama "to gnaw, nibble", ~ai'maifa "to
eat, crunch, nibble", kai'ata "to cut into small
piec~s, chop, mince", ~ai'"{;ama "to cut off, clip", kai'kada
"to gnaw, bite"; Heb~. ~a? "to nip, pinch", [.o s "the fulfillment
or com-pletion of anything, i.e., its consumation, issue, result,
end", Te:>.w "to complete, fulfil, ac-complish", Te:>.ne:~s
"perfect, complete".
-
Cf. Buck 1949:13.13; Boisacq 1950:952; Frisk 1970.II:871-73;
Pokorny 1959:640 *kli.eZ- "swarm, crowd"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:517.
This is a new etymology.
28. PAA *kwar-/*kw=- "to dig, plow": PS *ka.P-aw/y- ~ Hebr.
kii:rah "to dig (a well)"; Ar. ka.Pii: "to dig"; Eth. ka.Paya "to
dig a hole"; Harari Xa.Pa "to dig a hole", mlt:r:ra "pick"; Gur age
( Selti) klb>e "to dig a hole". 'ps *?a-ka.P- -+ Ar. 'aka.Pa "to
plow, till, culti-vate". Eg. ;kr name of the Earth-god; Copt. ere
"to dig".
PIE *kwar-/*kW=-/*kwlb_ "to draw, drag, plow": Skt.
k&r-fiati, k.rii&t~ "to draw, drag, plow", ka.PfiU-~
"furrow, trench"; Av. ka.Psa- "furrow", karsu-"field11; Czech Cara
"line", &irati "to draw a line"; OSorb. Ca.Pa "furrow,
line".
Cf. Buck 1949:8.21, 8.212, 8.22, 9.33, 12.84; Walde-Pokorny
1973.I:429 *qers- "furrow; to draw, drag"; Mayrhofer 1956.I:l76,
177. The Semitic documentation has been expanded, and the Egyptian
and Coptic cognates have been added.
29. PAA *k'w=- "highest point, top, peak, summit, hill,
moun-tain, horn": PS *k'arn- "horn, summit, peak" ~ Akk. ka.Pnu
"horn"; Ug. krn "horni'; Hebr. keren "horn,' hill"; Phoen. krn
i'horn"; Aram. ~arna "horn"; Ar. ~aPn "horn, top, summit, peak";
l;,larsiisi !
-
244
30. PAA *?akk- "grandfather, grand-mother": PEC *?akk-
"grand-fath')r, grandmother" -+ Burji akk-o "grandmother"; Oromo
akk-o "grandmother"; Baise akk-o "grandmother"; Hadiyya akk-o
"mother's father", akk-e "mother's mother"; Konso (ikk-a
"grandfather".
PIE *?akk- "mother": Skt. akka "mother"; Gk. 'AxHw the wet-nurse
of Demeter (mater Cereris); Lat. Acca Larentia the wife of the
shepherd Faustullus who nursed and brought up the twins Romulus and
Remus; mother of the twelve Arvales Fratres.
Cf. Pokorny 1959:23 *akka "mother"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:34.
This is a new etymology.
31. PAA *?a "to, at, in, on": PSC *?a "to11 + Iraqw ay "to,
toward"; Ma'a 'a "for". PChad. *a "at, in on" + Ngizim Ci "at, in,
on"; Ha~sa Q: "at, in, on"
PIE *?a/*?a "hither, near to, towards": Skt. a "hither, near
~o,, towards"; Gk. prefixes E-/0-, n-/w-.
Cf. Pokorny 1959: 280 *~, *B "near by"; Walde-Pokorny 1973. I:
95-96. Mayrhofer 1956.I:69. This is a new etymology.
32. PAA *?ay- "mother": PEC *?ayy- "mother" -+ Somali ay-o
"stepmother"; Rendille ay-o "mother"; Bani O,y-o "mother"; Baiso
ay-o "mother"; Oromo ayy-o "mother"; Konso ayy-o "mother"; Hadiyya
ayy-a "sis-ter".
PIE *?ay-t- "mother": Goth. ai]:>ei "mother"; Dice. eioa
"mother"; MHG. eide "mother".
Cf. Buck 1949:2.36; Feist 1939:28. This is a new etymology.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
33. PAA *?am- "time, now": PEC *?amm(-an)- "time, now" -+ Somali
amm-in-ka, imm-in-ka, imm-i-ka "now"; Ororno (JJT!JTl-a "now";
Konso amm-a "now"; Gidole arnm-an-n-e; Hadiyya conm-an-i "time,
when". PSC *?ami "when?" -+ Iraqw -ami in harni "now"; Kw'adza
-ami- in hamiso "then"; Ma'a bmi "when?".
PIE *?an-/*?am-/*?1'{}- "time, moment": Oir. amm "time, moment,
point of time".
Cf. Buck 1949:14.11. This is a new etymology.
34. PAA *ham- "black": PSC *ham-"black" + Iraqw hanta "shadow,
spirit"; Burunge hante "dark-ness''; As a huma "red"; Ma' a -hame
"to be black"; Dahalo himmate.
PIE *hams-, *(h)mas- "black-bird": OHG. amusla, amsala
"blackbird"; OE. osle "black-bird"; Lat. merula "blackbird"; Welsh
rrrwyalch "blackbird".
Cf. Pokorny 1959:35-36 *ames- or *omes- (: *mes-: *ams- or
*oms-) "blackbird"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:53-54. This is a new
etymology.
------------------------~---------------------------------------------
-
35. PAA *hay- exclamation of sur-prise, astonishment, grief,
mis-fortune: PS *hay -. Hebr. hOy 11 alas!~ woe!", hi. 11woe! 11 ;
Akk. aya (in u'a aya) "alas!"; Ar. hayyi'i "up!, come on!, let's
go!, now then!". Eg. hy "Oh!, Hail!"; Copt. haio "hey!, hail!".
PIE *hay- exclamation of sur-prise, astonishment, grief,
mis-fortune: Hitt. a(y)i- "pain"; Skt. ai particle of addressing,
summoning, remembering; Av. ai particle of summoning; Gk. aC, al
exclamation of astonishment, aCat exclamation of grief; Lith. a'l,
ai "ohl".
Cf. Pokorny 1959:10 *ai interjection; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:l.
This is a new etymology.
36. PAA *hal-/*nal- "to grow, be strong": PS *hal-am- -. Hebr.
ljilam "to be healthy, strong"; Ar. l;aZama "to attain
puberty".
PIE *hhaZ- "to grow": Lat. alo "to nourish, support", altus
"grown, great, high"; Oir. alim "to rear"; Goth. a Zan "to grow'',
alds "age, life"; Gk. a/,
-
38. PAA *heyt'-/*nayt'- "to swell, be fat": PEC *hayd:- "fat" -+
Somali lp.yq "fat"; Konso hayd:-a "fat"; Gidole hayd:-a "fa.t";
Dul-lay ~ayd:-o "fat". PSC *hiq-"thick"--+- Kw'adza hilama "mature
girl not yet married"; Ma' a -hiri "hard" Dahalo hidiioe "heavy",
~t.qfioo "weight'"'.
PIE *hhait'- "to swell": Arm. aitnwn-"t.o swell"; Gk. otb&w,
oc6w "to swell, become swol-len", oC6n11a., oL6os; "a swel-ling,
tumor"; OHG. eiz "ab-scess. ulcer"; Olce. eitr "poison", eista
"testicle".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.63; Pokorny 1959:774 *oid- "to swell";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:l66-67. The Southern Cushitic cognates have
been added.
39. PAA *hew-/*haw- "to swell, in-crease": Eg. 1}w "surplus,
plen-ty", J;.w5 "more, surplus, over-abundance, plenty", hw5
"excess, greatly", !zws "to sw~ll".
PIE *hhuk'-/*hheuk'-/*hhauk'-"to gi"'ow, increa;e": Skt: ukqati
"to grow". vakr;ayati "to grow, increase, be strong or powerful",
ugr&.-~ "powerful, mighty, strong", ojas- "energy, power,
strength"; Lat. augei5 "to increase, enlarge, streng-then",
augmentum "increase, growth", augustus "majestic, august,
venerable"; Goth. aukan "to add, increase", wahsan "to grow,
increase"; OE. weaxan "to grow, flourish, increase", weaxung
"increase, increase of prosperity"' eacian "to increase"' eacen
"increased, enlarged, en-dowed, strengthened, strong, mighty, vast,
great"; Gk. &Et;w "to increase, enlarge"; Lith. G:ugu,
&ugti "to grow, increase".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.53, 12.55, 13.15, 13.16; Pokorny 1959:84-85
*aldeg- "to increase"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:22-24 *aldeg-, *aug-,
*ug-. This is a new etymology.
40. PAA *nar- "falcon, hawk": Eg. PIE *xer-/*xar- "bird, eagle":
Hr, Hrw Horus, one of the two brother hawk-gods; Copt. hi5r the god
Horus.
Hitt. aa-a-ra-as (gen. aa-ra-na-as) "eagle"; Gk. opvc' "bird";
Goth. ara "eagle"; Lith. ere lis (dial. are lis) "eagle".
Cf. Buck 1949:3.64; Pokorny 1959:325-26 *er-, *or- "eagle";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:l35. This is a new etymology; it replaces no.
259.
41. PAA *hew-/*haw- "to lack, stand in need, be in want":
246
PS *haw-ag- -+ Ar. 'alpuaga "to have need, stand in need, be in
want", haZJg "need, want, lack, defi~iency, destitution"; l).arsusi
~iitog "to need". PS *xaw-ay- -+ Ar lJawii "to be empty, be
hungry", [Jawiya "to be empty, bare, dreary, deso-late, waste". Eg.
~"to lack,
PIE *xu-/*xeu-/*xau-, *xueA-"to lack, st~nd in"" need, ... be in
want": Skt. Urul:-h "wanting, deficient, defective"; Arm. un,ain
"empty"; Gk. e:i3vL~ "reft of, bereaved of"; Lat. vaai5 "to be
empty, void, vacant", va.nus "empty, void, vacant", viistus "empty,
unoccupied, de-solate; waste, desert"; Goth. wan "want, lack", wans
11 lack-
-
be in want", l;zwr "to be poor, miserable, weak", J;uvrw
"beggar, poor man; destitute", "'1;puq "to be hungry", J;zwq
"hunger".
ing, wanting"; Oice. vanr "lack-ing, wanting"; OHG. wuosti
"waste"; OE. Wan "wanting, de-ficient"; Olr. !&s "empty".
Cf. Buck 1949:5.14, 9.93, 13.22; Pokorny 1959:345-46 *eu-,
*eua-: *uii- *ua- "to lack empty"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:l08-09.
This is a~ne~ etymology. '
42. PM *het'-/*hat'- "to scratch, scrape, cut into, hollow out":
PS *xat'-at'- + Akk. hatiitu "to make a ditch, excavat~,d~edge a
river", lJippatu "trench, foun-dation, pit"; Ar. batta "to carve,
engrave, inscribe, draw a line"; Harsiisi xtCit "to make signs on
the ground by the road to guide travellers", xatt "let-ter, line";
Sabaean tJpp ii:o fix the boundaries of a piece of land". PEC
*niid'- "to scrape (ground), sweep" + Burj i hiid'-11 to dig";
Somali hiid- 11 to sweep"; Oromo hacf: ,,to scrape the ground". PSC
*had- "to cut into, gash"+ Ma'a-haduZa "to lop"; Dahalo Qii{j.o
"iron arrowhead 11
PIE *nhet'- "water course": Av. a6u ";3.ter course, brook,
canal".
Cf. Buck 1949:1.36, 8.22; Pokorny 1959:4 *ad(u)-, *ad-ro- "water
course". This is a new etymology.
43. PM *wer-/*war- "to stretch, ex-tend, increase": Eg. wr
"great, much, superior", wrr "to be great, increase, grow"; Copt.
wer "how much?' how many?' how great?".
PIE *wer-/*war- "to stretch, ex-tend": Skt. uro-1] "wide, broad,
spacious, extended, great, large, much", varas- "width, breadth,
expanse, room, space"; Av. (in compounds) vouru- "wide, broad"; Gk.
cupu, (+ *c-Fpu, or, through metathesis, *Fcpu, [cf. Frisk 1973.
I:592-93]) "wide, broad", cOpo' "breadth, width".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.55, 12.61; Pokorny 1959:1165 *uer- "wide";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:285. This is a new etymology. ~
44. PM *mer-/*mar- "to twist, turn, tie up": Eg. mr "to bind up,
tie together"; Copt. mour "to bind, tie". PEC *mar- "to twist, go
around" -+- Oromo mar- "coil, rope"; Afar mar-o "round"; Rendille
mar- "to be round".
PIE *mer-/*mar- "to twist, turn, plait, weave": Gk. 1J(pJ.1C~
"cord, string, rope"; Oice. mero "fish-trap".
Cf. Buck 1949:9.19; Pokorny 1959:733 *mer- "to plait, weave";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:272-73. The Coptic and East Cushitic
cog-nates have been added.
247
-
45. PAA *man-/*man- "to copulate, beget, be virile": PS
*man-ay-+ Ar. mana "to desire, wish for; to ejaculate", minan
"semen, sperm"; Eth. (ta)mannaya "to desire, wish for"; Gurage
(ta)-menli "to wish, have sexual in-tercourse". Eq. Mml an i
thy-phallic god of generation.
PIE *manu- "man, begetter, pro-genitor, father" : Skt. manu-h
"man, mankind, father of men"; Goth. manna "man"; OE. mann "man,
human being"; OCS. mqz1> "man".
Cf. Illic-Svityc 1976.II:58-59, no. 292 *mlinA; Buck 1949:2.1,
2.21; Pokorny 1959:700 *manu-s (or *manu-s) "man, mankind";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:266. This is a new etymology.
46. PAA *na8-/*na8- "to diminish, weaken; to become weak, be
weak": PS *?a-na8- -+- Hebr. 'iinas "to be weak, sick"; Akk. enesu
"to become weak"' ensu "weak, powerless"; Soqot:ri 'enes "to be
small"; Gurage anasa "to be small, be little, be less"; Harari
anasa "to be little, be less, decrease"; Eth. (with metathesis)
na'asa "to be less, diminish". PS *nas-a.:t'- -+- Akk. nasiiru "to
de-duct, remove, reduce in size, diminish in strength, weaken,
subtract"; Ar. nasara "to loosen and tear away, tear off". Eq. ns
"to be helpless".
PIE *nas-/*nas- "to be weak, sick": Gk. voa.Ow "to ail, be sick,
be ill", vOcros: "sickness, disease, malady".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.82, 4.84; Boisacq 1950:672; Chantraine 1974.III:
757; Frisk 1970.II:323-24. This is a new etymology.
47. PAA *na~-/*na~- "to come, go, arrive, journey, travel,
sail": Eq. n', n'y "to come, go, ar-rive, journey, travel, sail",
n'' "to sail away", n'-t "a sailing, journey, sailing ship"; Copt.
na "to go".
PIE *na~ft-u-s "ship, boat": Skt. nau) "ship, boat"; Gk. vaus
"ship"; Lat. niivis "ship", niivigo "to sail, set sail"; Oir. nau
"ship"; Oice. n01' "a kind of ship".
Cf. Buck 1949:10.81, 10.83; Pokorny 1959:755-56 *nii:us- "ship";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:315. This is a new etymology.
48. PAA *nafr- "descendant, off-spring": PS *nipr- -+- Akk.
nipru "offspring". Eq. nfr "child, youth, young man".
248
PIE *nap-(ii)t- "descendant, offspring": Skt. napiit-
"des-cendant, grandson", napti.-1;1 "female descendant"; Lat. nepos
-tis "grandson, nephew", neptis "granddaughter"; Oir. ni(a)e, nia
"sister's son", neaht "niece"; OE. nefa "nephew, grandson,
stepson", nift "niece, granddaughter, stepdaughter"; OLith.
nepotis, nepuotis "grand-son", nepte "granddaughter"; Russ. Ch. Sl.
netij1> "nephew", nestera "niece".
-
Cf. Buck 1949:2.48, 2.49, 2.53, 2.54; Pokorny 1959:764
*nepot-"grandson, nephew", (f.) *nepti "granddaughter, niece";
*neptf,,os "descendant"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:329-30; Benveniste
1973:188-92. This is a new etymology.
49. FAA *nar-/*har- "to plow": PS *nar-atY- ~ Hebr. hO.ras "to
plow"; Aram~ J:arae."to plow"; Ar. J:ara!:_a "to plow"; Ug. l}r "to
plow"; E th. tuzrasa "to plow''; Harari harasa "to plow"; Akk.
eresu "to plow, till"; Sabaean hrt "plowed lands". PEC *nar-i't0
scratch, scrape" -+ Burji har'- "to plow, cultivate"; Hadiyya hiir-
"to scratch"; Afar hiir-is- "to clean out the con-tents of
viscera"; Konso har-" to scoop soil from a hole"; Gidole hiir-awwa
"razor, blade for shaving".
PIE *nhar- "to plow": Lat. arB "to plOw"; Hit t. !Jar-as-zi "to
"to plow"; Gk. &pOw "to plow"; Goth. arjan "to plow".
Cf. Moller 1911:15-16; Buck 1949:8.21; Pokorny 1959:62-63
*ar(a)-"to plow"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:78-79 *arii-. The East
Cushitic cognates have been added.
50. PAA *ra?y-/*ra?y- "to see, perceive": PS *ra?ay- ~ Hebr.
ra'ah "to see, perceive, look at, observe, watch, consider,
discern, reflect, gaze at, be-hold"; Ar. Pa'Q: "to see, be-hold,
perceive, notice, ob-serve, discern, look (at), regard, consider,
deem, think"; Eth. ra'aya "to see", ra'ay "vision"; Harari ri 'a
"to see"; Sabaean r'y "to see, experience". Eg. *iry (+ *rty) "to
see" (impv. ir t:w "pay attention!"), ir-t "ey;"; Copt. ya
"eye".
PIE *ra?i-/*ra?i- ~ *rai-/*rai-~ *ri-/*re- *ra?i-/*ra?i- ~ ~
(with metathesis)~*rei?-f*rai?-
-+ *rei-/*roi- "to reckon, think": Lat. ;eor, ;er'i "to reckon,
think, be of the opinion, sup-pose, judge", ratiO "reckoning,
account, computation, calcula-tion", r?;tus "religious custom,
ceremony, rite"; Goth. ra]?jo "ntunber, account", ga-rapjan ''to
count", rOdjan "to speak", ga-redan "to reflect upon", Paidjan "to
determine, order, fix, appoint"; OHG. radia, re-dea "aCCOUnt" J
r(iten II tO ad-Vise"; OE. rffid "advice", r?;m "number", r?;man
"to count, cal-culate''; orr. rim ''number''.
Cf. Buck 1949:17.13, 17.14, 18.21; Pokorny 1959:59-61 *re-,
*re-; *(aJrf-, *rei-; *re-dh-, *ro-dh-, *ra-dh-; *rei-dh-;
Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:73-75. The Egyptian and Coptic cognates have
been added.
51. PAA *k'Wer-/*k'war- "to be heavy, weighty": PS *wa-k'ar-~
Ar. wal$m'a "to load, burden, overload; to oppress, weigh heavily
upon", wik:P "heavy load, burden"; Hebr. yii~ar "to be
PIE *k'wer-/*k'wr,;- "heavy, weighty": Skt. guru-~ "heavy,
weighty, valuable, highly prized, venerable, respectable"; Gk.
$apu, "heavy, burdensome, weigh-ty, grievous"; Lat. gravis
249
-
precious, prized, costly", y?i~iir "precious, rare, splen-did,
weighty"; Aram. ya~ar "to be heavy, precious"; Ug. ylfP "precious,
dear"; Akk. ak:aru "to become scarce, pre-cious, expensive,
valuable", s~uru "to make rare; to value; to hold in esteem, give
honor (to gods)". Cush. Burji k'urk'-a "heavy", k'Ur>k'-e
"weight", k'urk'-{xf- "to be-come heavy; to conceive, become
pregnant".
"heavy, weighty, burdensome, important, eminent, venerable,
great"; Goth. kaurus "heavy".
Cf. Moller 1911:98-99; Buck 1949:11.87, 11.88, 15.81; Pokorny
1959:476-77 *g1d:er- "heavy"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:684-86. The East
Cushitic (Burji) cognates have been added.
52. PAA *bad-I* bad- "to split, cleave, separate": PS
*bad-ak'--> Hebr. beoek "breach, fissure"; Aram. baoa~ "to
penetrate"; Akk. badiiku "to cleave, split"; Eth. badak "fissure".
PS *bad-ad- -> Hebr: b?ioao "to be separated, isolated, alone",
bao "part, piece, portion"; Ar. badda "to divide, separate,
spread"; Sabaean bdd "to distribute, share out"; Harsiisi abdod "to
separate, se~er".
PIE *bad-/*bad- "to prick, dig, pierce": Hit t. pid-da-i,
pad-da-i "to dig"; Lat. fodio "to dig"; Lith. bedu "to dig, bury";
Welsh bedd "grave"; Gaul. bedo-"canal, ditch"; OCS. bodcc "to
stick, prick".
Cf. Buck 1949:8.22, 9.27; Pokorny 1959:113-14 *bhedh- "to stab,
dig"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:l88. The Semitic documentation has been
expanded.
53. PAA *ta/*ta demonstrative stem: PS *t?i/*t'f -> Ar. (m.)
t'f, (f.) ta "this"; Tigre (m.) tu, (f.) ta 11 this". Eg. t~, tn 11
this11 ; Copt. t-, te- def. art. fern. sg.
PEC (subj .) *ta, (f.) *tu/*ti dem. stem-> Burji (f.) ta,
(subj.) ci "this"; Somali (f.) ta, (subj .) tu "this". PSC (f.
bound) *ta "this" -> Iraqw ti "this"; Burunge ti "this", ta'a
"that".
PIE *ta demonstrative stem: Skt. tela "this, that"; Gk. TO
"this, that"; Goth. pata "that"; Lith. tO.s "this, that"; Toch. A
tam "this"; Hier. Luw. tas "this".
Cf. Moller 1911:242; Pokorny 1959:1086-87 *to-, *ta-, *tio- dem.
stem; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:742. The Coptic and Cushitic cognates
have been added.
54. PAA *dYar- "hand, arm": PS *dYir?i'i:- -> Ar. dira' "arm,
forearm"; Hebr.-'ezrOa', zarOa' "arm, shoulder11 ; Aram. dara.'a
"arm"; Ug. dP' "upper arm"; Akk. (WSem.-loan) zuru!:J "arm";
250
PIE *dar-/*dar-/*dr- "to hold": Skt. dhiirayati "to hold, bear,
preserve, keep"; Toch. A tsar, B {la:I' "hand".
-
Soqotri dePCi' "forearm11 ; Har-siisi derii "forearm"; SJ;ter:i.
dera'-"forearm"; Eth. mazrii'it "arm". Eg. dr-t "palm of the hand",
dri-t "hand"; Copt. tore, tore "(hand); handle, spade, pick,
oar".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.31, 4.33, 11.15; Pokorny 1959:252-55 *dher-,
*dhera- "to hold"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:856-60. The Coptic
cog-nates have been added.
55. PAA *t'Yar-/*t'Yar- "to stick, adhere; to be firm, strong,
solid": PS *t'Yar-ab- + Ar. ;;ariba "to stick, adhere", ;;urriba
"to become hard, strong; to be firm, solid"; Akk. sarbatu "tree";
I]arslisi darb 11wood, peg, piece of wood"; fth. ijal"aba "to hew,
do carpentry", fiarbat "woodwork, stonework". Eg. dri "hard, firm";
Copt. gro rrto become strong, firm, vic-torious; to make
strong".
PIE *t'aru-/*t'ra!:!- "to bind, pledge, guarantee, make strong":
Oir. derb "certain"; Goth. triggws "true"; OE. treow "truth"; Lith.
driUtas "strong, firm". PIE *t'aru-/*t'rau-"tree, wood": ,Hitt.
ta-~ "wood"; Skt. dii::ru "wood"; Gk. 6opu "tree, beam"; Goth. triu
"tree, wood"; OCS. drevo "tree".
Cf. Moller 1911:48; Buck 1949:15.74, 16.65; Pokorny 1959:214-17
*deru-, *dBru-, *dr(e)u-, *drel;!a-, *drii- "tree"; Walde-Pokorny
1973.I:804-06. The Coptic cognate has been added.
56. PAA *t'Yaw-/*t'Ya:w- "bad, evil": Eg. dw (dw) "to be bad or
evil; to be stinking", dlv-t "bad thing, evil, wickedness"; Copt.
gowt "base, lowly, rejected".
PIE *t'us- prefix indicating "bad, evil": Skt. dus-; Av. dus-;
Gk. ouo-; Goth . tuz-.
Cf. Buck 1949:16.72; Pokorny 1959:227 *dus- "evil, bad";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:816. The Coptic cognate has been added.
57. PAA *na~'-/*iiats'- "to harvest, reap": PS *nat81-ad- + Akk.
e~jedu "to harv;-st"; Ar. J:,a~jada "to harvest, reap, mow",
f]al}i.d "mown grain". PEC *nad't- "to reap"-+- Burji hat'- "to
reap"; Oromo hatt'-a:w- "to sweep"; Dobase hat'- "to hoe,
clean".
PIE *nhat'- "crop, grain": Lat. ador "a species of grain,
spelt"; Goth. atisk "grain, grain-field"; OHG. ezzisc "seed".
Cf. Buck 1949:8.32, 8.41, 8.42; Pokorny 1959:3 *ades-,
*ados-"type of grain"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:45. The East Cushitic
cog-nates have been added.
58. PAA *t'Yar-/*t'Yar- "to cut": PS *t'Yar-ar- + Ar. zarra "to
cut, split", ;;irr "sharp-edged stone, flint"; Hebr. l]Or "knife",
Ejal" "flint"; Akk. EjUl"tu "knife", surru "flint blade". Copt. gar
;, to sharpen".
PIE *t'ar-/*t'ar-/*t'r- "to cut, split": Gk. 6p~ "to skin,
flay"; OE. teran "to tear"; Skt. drnfxti "to tear, rend, split
op~n".
251
-
Cf. Moller 1911:45; Buck 1949:9.23; Pokorny 1959:206-11 *der-,
*dera-, *dre- "to skin"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:797-803 *der-,
*dere-. The Coptic cognate has been added.
59. PAA *gat'-/*gat'- "to take": PEC *gac:f- "to take" + Burji
gac:f-" to take". PSC *gerj- "to take" + Alagwa geger- "to carry";
Iraqw gagar- "to carry"; Kw'adza gel- "to choose"; Ma'a -gePa "to
bring"; Dahalo gefitokwn- "to carry".
PIE *gat'-/*gat'-, *ga-n-t'-"to take": Goth. bigitan "to find";
Oice. geta "to get"; OSax. bigetan "to seize"; OE. begietan "to
get, obtain, at-tain"; Lat. pY~eh8ndO "to seize"; Alb. gj{ndem "to
be found".
Cf. Buck 1949:11.13, 11.14, 11.16; Pokorny 1959:437-38 *ghend-,
*ghed- "to grasp, seize"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:589-90. The East
Cushitic (Burji) cognate has been added.
60. PAA *k'am-/*k'am- "to chew, bite, eat, cut to pieces,
crush": PS *k'am-an- + Ar. (Datina) kamah "to eat"; Eth. lf.amf:a
"t'o gra~e, eat"; Harari lflimaf;ta "to take a mouthful"; Amh.
J:.ama "to swallow without chewing"; Gurage (Wolane) J:.ama "to
chew qiit". Eg. qmit "to cut, wound". PEC *k'om- "to chew, bite,
eat" -+ Saho -qom-; Somali qOn "wound", qOm- "to wound"; Dasenech
(imp tv.) kom "eat!"; Oromo k'am- "to chew C'at".
PIE *k'am-/*k'am-/*k''ll- "to chew, bite, cut to pieces, crush":
Skt. jambhate, jabhate "to chew up, crush, destroy", jambha-h
"tooth"; Gk. YOIJ~O
-
become big", (caus.) gan-is-" to make big, enlarge", gann-an-e
"big, great, mighty"; Konso kan- "to be left to grow big"; Dullay
kan- "to grow", kan-a "big"; Somali gen "age".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.55, 13.18; Pokorny 1959:491 *glsihen- "to
swell"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:679. The East Cushitic cognates have
been added.
63. PAA *hark'-/*nark'- "to tear, rend, break apart": PS
*xar-ak'-~ Ar. IJara~ "to tear, rend, break apart"; Hebr. !zii.rq~
"to grate". Eg. Demotic (7.-ry) ~ "to grind (the teeth)"; Copt.
hroijrij "to grind or gnash (the teeth)".
PIE *hhark'-/*hhark'- "to tear, rend, break apart": Oir. orgaim
"to slay"; Hitt. IJar-ak-zi "to be destroyed"; Arm. harkanem "to
split, fell".
Cf. Buck 1949:9.26, 9.27, 9.28. The Egyptian and Coptic cognates
have been added.
64. PAA *?ad.Y-/*?adY- "to be pointed, sharp", *?adYn- "ear": PS
*?adY-an- "to be pointed, sharp", *?udYn- "ear" ~ Hebr. 'ozen
"ear", 'a.zen "implements, tools"; Ar. 'udun, 'udn "ear", 'adina
"to listen, permit, al-loW, hear"; Akk. uznu 11 ear"; Ug. luzn
"ear"; Eth. 'azan "ear", ma'azan "edge, corner, peak, pinnacle";
Amh. ma'azan "corner, angle"; Harari uzun "ear"; Tigre 'azan "ear";
Tna. 'azni "ear", mi:i'azar; "corner"; Gurage azan "~ar"; Sti~ri
'in "ear". Eg. 7.-dn(-
-
66. PAA *mat'-/*mat'- "to be wet, moist": PS *mat'-ar- + Hebr.
mZit;G:r "rain"; Akk. me~ru "rain"; Ar. mapara "to rain"; Ug. mt1'
"rain". PS *mat'- -+ Gurage matamata "to be soaked through
by.rai~, be drenched, be rotten, be putrid". Berb. Tamazight
a-matta "a tear". Cush. Kam-
batt~muqqo "to be wet"; Qabenna rmt~a "wet", rrruqqo' "to be
wet"; Gallinya muqqe "wet". PSC *mii4-or *mad- "rain" + Burunge
madiTJ "rainy. season"; Ma'a mclre. Chad. N. Bauchi Ch.
*mad:-"dew"-+ Warjanci macf-ai; Pa'anci mad:a; Diryanci mad:a;
Siryanci mud:i; Jimbinanci amad'a.
PIE *mat'- "to be wet, moist": Gk. 1m6aw "to be moist"; Lat.
madeo "to be wet"; Skt. m&dati "to be glad, rejoice, get
drunk".
Cf. Buck 1949:1.75, 4.98; Pokorny 1959:694-95 *mad- "wet; to
drip"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:230-33. The Cushitic (Kambatta,
Qabenna, and Gallinya) cognates have been added.
67. PAA *nak-/*nak- "to strike, smite, slay": PS *nak-ay- +
Hebr. ni'ixah "to strike, smite"; Ar. naka "to cause damage, harm,
hurt, injure"; Eth. nakaya "to harm, injure"; Akk. naku "to strike,
smite" (?); Sabaean nky "to injure". PS *nak-a?- + Amh. nCikka "to
touch, hurt"; Tigre nCik'a "to damage, hurt"; Harari naka'a "to
touch, harm"; Tna. niix'e "to touch"; Gurage niikG. "to touch"; Ar.
naka'a "to scrape the scab off a wound; to hurt, wound, kill". Eg.
nk "to smite, attack, injure". Berb. Tamazight nay "to kill".
PIE *nak-/*nak- "to slay, smite": Lat. neao "to kill, slay",
noxa "harm, injury, damage", noceO "to hurt, in-jure, harm", nex
"violent death, murder"; Skt. nasyati "to be lost, perish,
disappear"; Gk. ve'xu~ "dead body, corpse"; orr. ec "death".
Cf. Brunner 1969:35, no. 138; Buck 1949:9.21; Pokorny 1959:762
*nek- "mortal destruction, corpse"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:326. The
Semitic documentation has been expanded.
68. PAA *lak'-l*lak'- "to gather, collect": PS *lak'-at'- +
Hebr. lakat "to gather up, pick up"; Akk. lakiitu "to collect,
gather"; Ar. la~ata "to gather, pick up, collect". PS *lak'-an- +
Ar. lakina "to gather, infer, teach".
Ps *lak' -am- + Eth. lakama "to pick"; Gurage lakama "t~ pick,
pick up"; Tna. z"a~ama "to pick, pluck, glean"; Tigre lCikma "to
gather, pluck"; Harari iakama "to pick up" Amh. lakkama "to
collect, gather (wood); pick (fruit), pick up".
254
PIE *lak'-/*lak'- "to gather": Lat. lege "to ordain, appoint";
Gk. 1-e'yw "to pick, gather, speak".
-
Cf. Buck 1949:12.21, 18.21; Pokorny 1959:658 *le- "to gather,
collect"; Walde-Pokorny 1973. II: 422. The Semitic documentation
has been expanded.
11. REFERENCES
Bauer, Hans and Pontus Leander. 1918-22. Historische Grammatik
der hebraischen Sprache des Alten Testamentes. 2nd reprint 1975.
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MORE ON THE VOCATIVE *-E ERIC P, HAMP
While Shields's attempt (GL 25, 1985, 1-3) to rescue his
accentual (+ intonational) theory of the fronting of *o to *e is
ingenious, I fear that it risks irrelevancy by ignoring the full
range of data.
It is clear that the exact background of vocative accentuation
in IE is ambiguous,as Winter has carefully stated the problem. But
none of these properties of the vocative appears to bear on the
quality of its *-e without much more extensive investigation, i.e.
of rather distant pre-IE dependencies.
We know that the same thematic *-e appeared in the imperative. I
have further shown (Hamp 1970, 1975, 1983, 1984) that the
termin-ation of the thematic zero locative was *-e. In short, it
seems simply that the shape of the thema in absolute final was *e,
for whatever orginal contextual phonetic reason (the real
problem).
The thema obviously had a history different from that of
conven-tional *e and *o. Note that in the verb,except for the
hi-consonan-tal third person plural, the thema matches in quality
the gravity of the following consonant.
REFERENCES
Hamp, Eric P. 1970. Locative singular in -ei. IF 75.105-6.
----------- 1975. Latin s~dus, s~dera. AJP 96.64-66.
1983. *Pronoun + clitic. Ba1tistica 19.176-78. 1984. Ober das
Deklinationssystem .. GL 24.179-86.
Department of Linguistics University of Chicago
GENERAL LINGUISTICS, Vol. 26, No. 4. Published by The
Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park and
London.
258