Bolsheviks

Bolsheviks 1

Bolsheviks

Bolshevik Party meeting. Sitting (from left): AvelEnukidze, Mikhail Kalinin, Nikolai Bukharin,

Mikhail Tomsky, Mikhail Lashevich, LevKamenev, Yevgeni Preobrazhensky, Leonid

Serebryakov, Vladimir Lenin and Alexei Rykov.

Boris Kustodiev's 1920 painting "Bolshevik"

The Bolsheviks, originally also[1] Bolshevists[2] orBolsheviki (Russian: большевики, большевик(singular), IPA: [bəlʲʂɨˈvʲik]; derived frombol'shinstvo, "majority", literally meaning "one of themajority") were a faction of the Marxist RussianSocial Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) whichsplit apart from the Menshevik faction[3] at theSecond Party Congress in 1903.

The Bolsheviks were the majority faction in a crucialvote, hence their name. They ultimately became theCommunist Party of the Soviet Union.[4] TheBolsheviks came to power in Russia during theOctober Revolution phase of the Russian Revolutionof 1917, and founded the Russian Soviet FederativeSocialist Republic which would later become thechief constituent of the Soviet Union in 1922.

The Bolsheviks, founded by Vladimir Lenin andAlexander Bogdanov, were by 1905 a massorganization consisting primarily of workers under ademocratic internal hierarchy governed by theprinciple of democratic centralism, who consideredthemselves the leaders of the revolutionary workingclass of Russia. Their beliefs and practices wereoften referred to as Bolshevism.

Bolshevik revolutionary leader Leon Trotskycommonly used the terms "Bolshevism" and"Bolshevist" after his exile from the Soviet Union todifferentiate between what he saw as true Leninism and the state and party as they existed under Joseph Stalin'sleadership.[citation needed]

History of the split

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In the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, held in Brussels and London during August1903, Lenin and Julius Martov disagreed over the membership rules. Lenin wanted members "who recognise theParty Programme and support it by material means[6] and by personal participation in one of the party'sorganisations." Julius Martov suggested "by regular personal assistance under the direction of one of the party'sorganisations." Lenin advocated limiting party membership to a smaller core of active members, as opposed to "cardcarriers" who might only be active in party branches from time to time or not at all. This active base would developthe cadre, a core of "professional revolutionaries", consisting of loyal communists who would spend most of theirtime organising the party toward a mass revolutionary party capable of leading a workers' revolution against theTsarist autocracy.The base of active and experienced members would be the recruiting ground for this professional core. Sympathizerswould be left outside and the party would be organised based on the concept of democratic centralism. Martov, untilthen a close friend of Lenin, agreed with him that the core of the party should consist of professional revolutionaries,but argued that party membership should be open to sympathizers, revolutionary workers and other fellow travelers.The two had disagreed on the issue as early as March–May 1903, but it was not until the Congress that theirdifferences became irreconcilable and split the party.[7] Although at first the disagreement appeared to be minor andinspired by personal conflicts, for example, Lenin's insistence on dropping less active editorial board members fromIskra or Martov's support for the Organizing Committee of the Congress which Lenin opposed, the differencesquickly grew and the split became irreparable.

Origins of the nameThe two factions were originally known as "hard" (Lenin's supporters) and "soft" (Martov's supporters). Soon,however, the terminology changed to "Bolsheviks" and "Mensheviks", from the Russian "bolshinstvo" (majority)and "menshinstvo" (minority), based on the fact that Lenin believed that most of the party stood behind him. On theother hand, Martov's supporters won the vote concerning the question of party membership. Neither Lenin norMartov had a firm majority throughout the Congress as delegates left or switched sides. At the end, the Congress wasevenly split between the two factions.From 1907 on, English language articles sometimes used the term "Maximalist" for "Bolshevik" and "Minimalist"for "Menshevik", which proved confusing since there was also a "Maximalist" faction within the RussianSocialist-Revolutionary Party in 1904–1906 (which after 1906 formed a separate Union ofSocialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists) and then again after 1917.[8]

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Composition of the partyThe average party member was very young. In 1907, 22% of Bolsheviks were under 20, 37% were 20-24 and 16%were 25-29. By 1905, 62% of the members were industrial workers (3% of the population in 1897[9]).[10] 22% ofBolsheviks were gentry (1.7% of the total population), 38% were uprooted peasants, compared with 19% and 26%for the Mensheviks. In 1907 78.3% of the Bolsheviks were Russian and 10% were Jewish (34 and 20% for theMensheviks). Total membership was 8,400 in 1905, 13,000 in 1906 and 46,100 by 1907 (8,400, 18,000, 38,200respectively for the Mensheviks). By 1910 both factions together had fewer than 10,000 members.[11]

Beginning of the 1905 Revolution (1903–1905)The two factions were in a state of flux in 1903–04 with many members changing sides. The founder of RussianMarxism, Georgy Plekhanov, who was at first allied with Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks, parted ways with themby 1904. Leon Trotsky at first supported the Mensheviks, but left them in September 1904 over their insistence on analliance with Russian liberals and their opposition to a reconciliation with Lenin and the Bolsheviks. He remained aself-described "non-factional social democrat" until August 1917 when he joined Lenin and the Bolsheviks as theirpositions assembled and he came to believe that Lenin was right on the issue of the party.All but one member of the Central Committee were arrested in Moscow in early 1905. The remaining member, withthe power of appointing a new one, was won over by the Bolsheviks.[12]

The lines between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks hardened in April 1905 when the Bolsheviks held aBolsheviks-only meeting in London, which they called the Third Party Congress. The Mensheviks organised a rivalconference and the split was thus formalised.The Bolsheviks played a relatively minor role in the 1905 Revolution, and were a minority in the St. PetersburgSoviet of Workers' Deputies led by Trotsky. The less significant Moscow Soviet, however, was dominated by theBolsheviks. These soviets became the model for those formed in 1917.

The Mensheviks ("The minority") (1906–1907)As the Russian Revolution of 1905 progressed, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and smaller non-Russian social democraticparties operating within the Russian Empire attempted to reunify at the Fourth (Unification) Congress of the RSDLPheld at Folkets hus, Norra Bantorget in Stockholm, April 1906. When the Mensheviks struck an alliance with theJewish Bund, the Bolsheviks found themselves in a minority.However, all factions retained their respective factional structure and the Bolsheviks formed the Bolshevik Centre,the de facto governing body of the Bolshevik faction within the RSDLP. At the Fifth Congress held in London inMay 1907, the Bolsheviks were in the majority, but the two factions continued functioning mostly independently ofeach other.

Split between Lenin and Bogdanov (1908–1910)With the defeat of the revolution in mid-1907 and the adoption of a new, highly restrictive election law, theBolsheviks began debating whether to boycott the new parliament known as the Third Duma. Lenin, GrigoryZinoviev, Lev Kamenev and others argued for participating in the Duma while Alexander Bogdanov, AnatolyLunacharsky, Mikhail Pokrovsky and others argued that the social democratic faction in the Duma should berecalled.[citation needed] The latter became known as recallists ("otzovists" in Russian). A smaller group within theBolshevik faction demanded that the RSDLP central committee should give its sometimes unruly Duma faction anultimatum, demanding complete subordination to all party decisions. This group became known as "ultimatists" andwas generally allied with the recallists.With most Bolshevik leaders either supporting Bogdanov or undecided by mid-1908 when the differences became irreconcilable, Lenin concentrated on undermining Bogdanov's reputation as a philosopher. In 1909 he published a

Bolsheviks 4

scathing book of criticism entitled Materialism and Empiriocriticism (1909),[13] assaulting Bogdanov's position andaccusing him of philosophical idealism.[14] In June 1909, Bogdanov proposed the formation of Party Schools as"Proletarian Universities" at a Bolshevik mini-conference in Paris organised by the editorial board of the Bolshevikmagazine Proletary in June 1909. However this was not accepted and Lenin tried to expel him from the Bolshevikfaction.[15] Bogdanov was then involved with setting up Vpered, which ran the Capri Party School from August toDecember 1909.

Final attempt at party unity (1910)With both Bolsheviks and Mensheviks weakened by splits within their ranks and by Tsarist repression, they weretempted to try to re-unite the party. In January 1910, Leninists, recallists and various Menshevik factions held ameeting of the party's Central Committee in Paris. Kamenev and Zinoviev were dubious about the idea, but werewilling to give it a try under pressure from "conciliator" Bolsheviks like Victor Nogin.Lenin was firmly opposed to any re-unification, but was outvoted within the Bolshevik leadership. The meetingreached a tentative agreement and one of its provisions made Trotsky's Vienna-based Pravda a party-financed'central organ'. Kamenev, Trotsky's brother-in-law, was added to the editorial board from the Bolsheviks, but theunification attempts failed in August 1910 when Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual recriminations.

Forming a separate party (1912)The factions permanently broke off relations in January 1912 after the Bolsheviks organised a Bolsheviks-onlyPrague Party Conference and formally expelled Mensheviks and recallists from the party. As a result, they ceased tobe a faction in the RSDLP and instead declared themselves an independent party, called Russian Social DemocraticLabour Party (bolsheviks) - or RSDLP(b). Unofficially the Party has been referred to as the "Bolshevik Party".Throughout the century, the Party adopted a number of different names. In 1918, RSDLP(b) became (All-)RussianCommunist Party (bolsheviks) and remained so until 1925. From 1925-52 the name was All-Union CommunistParty (bolsheviks), and from 1952-91 Communist Party of the Soviet Union.Although the Bolshevik leadership decided to form a separate party, convincing pro-Bolshevik workers withinRussia to follow suit proved difficult. When the first meeting of the Fourth Duma was convened in late 1912, onlyone out of six Bolshevik deputies, Matvei Muranov, (another one, Roman Malinovsky, was later exposed as anOkhrana [Tsarist secret police] agent) voted to break away from the Menshevik faction within the Duma on 15December 1912.[16] The Bolshevik leadership eventually prevailed and the Bolsheviks formed their own Dumafaction in September 1913.

Left to right: Leon Trotsky, Vladimir Lenin, andLev Kamenev

"Bolshevik" as an obsolete term

In 1952, at the 19th Party Congress, Stalin declared: "There are nomore Mensheviks. Why should we call ourselves Bolsheviks? We arenot the majority, but the whole party."[citation needed] According to hissuggestion, the Bolshevik party was renamed the Communist Party ofSoviet Union. Since that time, the term Bolshevik has been regarded asobsolete, and relevant only to the pre-Revolutionary times, during theRussian Revolution itself and the Russian Civil War which followed.

Derogatory usage of "Bolshevik"

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"Bolo" was used as derogatory expression for Bolsheviks used by British service personnel in the North RussianExpeditionary Force which intervened against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.[17] Adolf Hitler, JosephGoebbels and other Nazi leaders used it in reference to the worldwide political movement coordinated by theComintern.[18] During the days of the Cold War in the United Kingdom, labour union leaders and other leftists weresometimes derisively described as "Bolshies". The usage is roughly equivalent to the term "Commie", "Red" or"pinko" in the United States during the same period. The term "Bolshie" later became a slang term for anyone whowas rebellious, aggressive or truculent.[19]

References[1] Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Language, article "Большевистский"[2] Dictionaries define (http:/ / dictionary. reference. com/ browse/ bolshevist) the word "Bolshevist" both as a synonym to "Bolshevik" and as an

adherent of Bolshevik policies.[3] Derived from men'shinstvo, "minority", which comes from men'she, "less". The split occurred at the Second Party Congress in 1903.[4] After the split, the Bolshevik party was designated as RSDLP(b) (Russian: РСДРП(б)), where "b" stands for "Bolsheviks". Shortly after

coming to power in November 1917 the party changed its name to the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (РКП(б)) and was generallyknown as the Communist Party after that point, however, it was not until 1952 that the party formally dropped the word "Bolshevik" from itsname. (See Congress of the CPSU article for the timeline of name changes.)

[5] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism_sidebar& action=edit[6][6] Robert Service, Lenin a biography, p. 154.[7] See Israel Getzler. Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat, Cambridge University Press, 2003 (first edition 1967), ISBN

0-521-52602-7 p.78[8] See Étienne Antonelli, Bolshevik Russia, A.A. Knopf, 1920, tr. by Charles A. Carroll, 307pp.: "the term "Maximalist" rather widely used as a

translation for "Bolshevik" is historically false." (p.59)[9][9] Abraham Ascher, The Revolution of 1905, p. 4.[10][10] Tony Cliff, Lenin and the Revolutionary Party, p. 37.[11][11] Richard Pipes, The Russian Revolution, pp. 364-5.[12][12] Tim McDaniel, Autocracy, capitalism, and revolution in Russia, p. 246.[13] First published in Moscow in May 1909 by Zveno Publishers, available online (http:/ / www. marxists. org/ archive/ lenin/ works/ 1908/

mec/ ).[14] See Alan Woods. Bolshevism: The Road to Revolution, Wellred Publications, 1999, ISBN 1-900007-05-3 Part Three: The Period of

Reaction (http:/ / www. marxist. com/ bolshevism/ part3-5. html) available online.[15] English language excerpts from the resolution are quoted in A Documentary History of Communism in Russia, ed. Robert V. Daniels,

UPNE, 1993, ISBN 0-87451-616-1 p. 33.[16] Robert B. McKean, St. Petersburg Between the Revolutions: workers and revolutionaries, June 1907-February 1917, New Haven, Yale

University Press, 1990, pp. 140-1.[17] North Russian Expeditionary Force 1919, Scrapbook Diary, Photographs, Mementoes (http:/ / www. naval-history. net/

WW1z05NorthRussia. htm) accessed 14 June 2012[18] (Collins Mini Dictionary, 1998)[19] bolshie, online dictionary (http:/ / www. thefreedictionary. com/ bolshie)

External links• Bolshevism, the Road to Revolution (http:/ / www. marxist. com/ bolshevism/ ), by Alan Woods• Chronology of the Bolshevik Party World History Database (http:/ / www. datesofhistory. com/

Bolshevik-Party-Russia. general. html)• The Bolsheviks and Workers Control (http:/ / libcom. org/ library/

the-bolsheviks-and-workers-control-solidarity-group), by Maurice Brinton• The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism at Project Gutenberg by Bertrand Russell, November 1920• Twenty Years in Underground Russia: Memoirs of a Rank-and-File Bolshevik (http:/ / www. marxists. org/

history/ archive/ bobrovskaya/ twenty-years/ ), by Cecilia Bobrovskaya

Article Sources and Contributors 6

Article Sources and ContributorsBolsheviks  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=594690465  Contributors: 0o64eva, 172, 2D, 7&6=thirteen, AaronLH, Abezgauz, Abiola Lapite, Academic Challenger, AccessDenied, Adam Keller, Adashiel, Adhalanay, AdrianSC, Aeusoes1, AgentCDE, Ahasuerus, Aitias, Alex Bakharev, Alexb102072, Alexius08, Alhutch, Allstarecho, Altenmann, AmiDaniel,Anakholden, AnakngAraw, Anarchovegan, Anchors surrey, Andreas Kaganov, Andres, Andrew c, Anna Lincoln, Antandrus, Antonio Lopez, Apoivre, Ashalane, Ashamblin, Atzmon sillie,Authraw, Avoided, Axelsolis49, Axlrosen, B4hand, BL, Bad2101, Baddersboy, Baller15963, Bang it hard8, Beheader6, Bemavet, Ben-Velvel, Bevo74, Big Axe, Billbrock, Bite MeRance19,Bitemoirunce, Blahblah670, Bloomfield, Blue520, Bluerasberry, Bob Burkhardt, Bobisbob2, Bonadea, Bongwarrior, Boothy443, Born2x, Brandmeister (old), Brazzouk, Bronks, Brusegadi,Bshipp, Bugger derance, Butros, C mon, CJK, CPMcE, Callanecc, Calvin 1998, Camillus McElhinney, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianPenguin, CanisRufus, Capricorn42,Catgut, CattleGirl, Cautious, Changing diiper, ChaosNil, Charles Essie, CharlotteWebb, Chickyfuzz14, ChrisGualtieri, ChrisO, Chrisch, ChristopherM, Ciaccona, Closedmouth, Coaxke,Commenemyy, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, CopperKettle, Correctorwiki, Cosmic Latte, Courcelles, Crabshell24, Crying out loudest, Crynryan101, CsDix, Cuchullain, Curps, DARTHSIDIOUS 2, DVD R W, DanMS, Daniel J. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Bolshevik-meeting.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bolshevik-meeting.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Andrew c, Deadstar, Hhmb, Jonkerz, Kl833x9,Pequod76, Shakko, 3 anonymous editsFile:Kustodiev The Bolshevik.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cecil, Electron, Kalki,Off-shell, Shakko, Túrelio, XhienneFile:Marx Engels Lenin.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Marx_Engels_Lenin.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: JgarayFile:1919-Trotsky Lenin Kamenev-Party-Congress.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1919-Trotsky_Lenin_Kamenev-Party-Congress.jpg  License: unknown Contributors: -

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