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IEEE Clreuil. and Systems Magazine (lSSN 15314:i36X)(1CDMEN)15 publlshed quarterly by the Instltute 01 Elec~.rlcal and Electronlcs Englneers, Inc. Headquarters: 3Park Avenue. 17th FlOOf.New York. NY. 10016-5997 USA.Responslbllity for the contents rests upon the authors andnot upon the IEEE, the Society. or Its members. IEEE Ser-vice Center (for orders. subscrtptlons, address changes):445 Hoes lane, Plscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Telephone:+1 732981 0060. +1 800 678 4333. Individual copies: IEEEmembers $20.00 (flrsl copy ooly), nonmembers $128.00per copy; S7.00 per member per year (lncluded In Socletyfee) for each member al the IEEEClrcults and Systems Soci-ety. Subscrlptlon fates avallable upon request. Copyrightand Reprint Permission: Abstractlng Is permitted wlthcredlt lo the source. Ubrarles are permUted lo photocopybeyond the IImits of the U.s.Copyrightlawlor prlvateuseal patrons: 1) those post-1977 artlcles that carry acodeat the boUom 01 the first page. provided lhe per<opy leeIndicated In the code Is pald through the Copyright Clear-ance Center. 222 Rosewood Drlve. Danvers. MA01923; and2) pre-1978 artlcles wllhout lee. For other copying. reprlnt.or republlcation permlssion. wrlte to: Copyrlghts andPermissions Department. IEEE Service Center. 44S HoesLane. Piscataway. NJ 08854 USA. Copyright e 2011 by IheInsUtute 01 Electrlcal and Electronlcs Fngineers. Ine. AJIrlghts reserved. Perlodlcals postage paid at New York. NY.and at addlUonal mailing oUlces. Postmaster: Send addresschanges to IEEEClrcuits and Systems Magazine. IEEE Oper-ations Center. 445 Hoes Lane. Piscalaway. NJ. 08854 USAPrinted in U.SA
Digital Object /dentifier 1O./109/MCA5.20//.942749
FOURTH OUARTER 2011
24
CircuitsandSystem~
Volume 11,Number 4 Fourth Quarter 2011
8Exploiting the Body of MOSDevicesfor High Performance Analog DesignPietroMonsurro,SalvatorePennisi,GiuseppeScotti,andAlessandroTrifilettiWith the progressive reduction of MOS transistors minimum dimension andtheir associated supply voltages, the body terminal-considered in the past asan exclusive source of unwanted second order effects-has been advantageouslyexploited by digital designers and is also becoming an attractive opportunity forthe implementation of highperformance analog integrated circuits. In this paper,we willdiscuss some techniques that can be applied to many conventional analogbuilding blocks in order to improve their performance (such as gain and linear-ity) and/or decreasing their supply demandoExperimental prototypes have beenimplemented and tested, showing that the proposed techniques are promisingcandidates for enhanced analog ICdesign in nanoscale technologies.
Architecture Optimizations for the RSAPublic Key Cryptosystem: A TutorialAaronE.CahenandKeshabK.ParhiThe Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA)cryptosystem, named after its creators, isone of the most popular public key cryptosystems. The RSA cryptosystem hasbeen utilized for e-commerce, various forms of authentication, and virtual privatenetworks. The importance of high security and faster implementations paved theway for RSA crypto-accelerators, hardware implementations of the RSA algo-rithm. This work consists of describing various approaches to implementing RSAcrypto-accelerators based on the "textbook" version of the RSA cryptosystemand comparing their area requirements. Manyof the techniques described herehave applications elsewhere such as in digital signal processing and error cor-recting codesoThis paper presents the four fundamental architectures: the bit-serial squaring architecture, two bit-serial systolic array modular multiplicationarchitectures, and the interleaved.modular multiplication architecture.
IEEECIRCUITSANDSYSTEMSMAGAZINE
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.." ABDUTTHISISSUE1- T he essence of the codesign challenge for exascale
37 Codesign Challenges forsystemsis to use the keydesign criteriaof embed- Exascale Systems: Performance,
Z ded systems-cost and power consumption-while Power, and Reliability -f
.....creating systems that are useful and effectiveover the Darren J. Kerbyson,AbhinavVishnu,broad range of applicationsneeded to advance science. KevinJ. Barker,and AdolfyHoisie ..1- Thecoverfeaturesinthisspecialissuehavebeen selected Thecomplexityoflarge-scaleparallelsystems
:z to cover a cross-sectionof the codesign space and the necessitatesthe simultaneousoptimizationofrelevantconcernsand challenges. multiplehardwareand softwarecomponentsto
e meet performance,efficiency,and fault-tolerance ICDVERFEATURES
goals.AcodesignmethodologyusingmodeJingU can benefitsystemson the path to exascale .\
6UESTEDITORS'INTRDDUCTIDN computing.
19 Codesign for Systems andApplications: Charting the CDMPUTINGPRACTICESPath to Exascale Computing 44 The iPlant Collaborative:VladimirGetov,AdolfyHoisie, Cyberinfrastructure to Feed
I
and Harvey J. Wasserman the WorldThe dock speed benefits of Moore's law have Dan Stanzioneended, and researchers must codesign future
As plant biology becomes a data-driven science,I
exascale HPCsystems and applicationsconcurrently in an integrated manner to new computing technologies are needed to I
address many formidable challenges. The iPlant.k
achieve higher performance under stringent I
power and reliabilityconstraints. Collaborative provides cyberinfrastructure forI
Rethinking Hardware-Software ontologies. fCodesign for Exascale SystemsJohn Shalf, Dan Quinlan,
\
and Curtis JanssenPERSPECTIVES
The USDepartment of Energy's exascale 53. Defending against Buffer- .computinginitiativehas identifiedhardware- Overflow Vulnerabilities Isoftware codesign as a central strategy in Bindu Madhavi Padmanabhuniachieving more agile hardware development.
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and HeeBeng KuanTanHardware simulation and code analysis tools (that facilitatedeeper collaborationbetween Asurveyof techniques ranging from static !hardware architects and application teams will analysis to hardware modification describes how
be an essential component of the codesign , various defensive approaches protect againstI
process. -buffer overflow,a vulnerability that represents asevere security threat. I
Dhabaleswar K.Panda, and KarenTomko Giuseppe Nuti, Mahnoosh Mirghaemi, Philip \Codesigningapplicationsand communication
Treleaven,and ChaiyakornYingsaereeI
libraries to leverage underlying network Traders increasingly use automated systems for
features is imperative for achieving optimal one or more stages of the trading process, yet !
performance on modern computing clusters... the secrecy and complexity of the algorithms I
prompt providing an overview of how these
lsystems work.I
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Formore information on computing topies, visitthe ComputerSocietyDigitallibrary at www.computer.orglcsdl.I
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at little additional costoAproposed nonpinhole camera
demonstrates these advantagesby way of reflections,
refractions,relief texture mapping, and ambient occlusion.
Departments
3 Fromthe EditorA New Department and a PanelDlscusslonGabrielTaubin
4 About the CoverHer Own Virtual Gallery of ArtGary Singh
6 VisualizationViewpointsToward a General l/O Layer forParallel-Vlsuallzatlon AppllcatlonsWesley Kendall, fian Huang, Tam Peterka, RabertLatham, and Rabert Rass
11 Graphically SpeakingTreevls.net:A Tree Vlsuallzatlon Reference
Hans-forgSchulz
84 Graphics Math & Code3D RotatlonsGabriel Taubin
90 ApplicationsModellng Neck and Braln Injuries inInfantsErnesto Pance and Daniel Pance
http://www.computer.org/cga
Insideback .
cover Advanced GraphlcsTechnology
IEEEComputer Society Information, p. 66
Advertiser /Product Index, p. 89
CG&A'sAnnuallndex for 2011 is availableonline at www.computer.org/cga/11 index
For more information on computing topies, visit theComputer Society Digital Library at www.computer.org/csdl.
10 Guest Editor's Introduction ALSO IN THIS ISSUESergio lIarri, Arantza lIIarramendi, Eduardo Mena,and Amit Sheth
15 Semantic Traffic~AwareRoutingUsing the LarKCPlatform
Virtual World Architectures
40 A Semantic Approach to Virtual WorldStandard s
David J.H. Burden
Emanuele Della Valle, Irene Celino, Daniele Dell'Aglio,Ralph Grothmann, Florian Steinke, and Volker Tresp
44 Learhing a Foreign Language in aMixed~RealityEnvironment
24 A Framework for Integrating, Exploring,and Searching Location-Based Web Data
María Blanca Ibáñez, Carlos Delgado Kloos, Derick Leony,José Jesús García Rueda, and David Maroto
Alessandro Bozzon, Marco Brambilla, Stefano Ceri,and Silvia Quarteroni
Video Transport
48 Toward Lossless Video Transport
32 Mobile Querying of Online Semantic WebData for Context-Aware Applications
John Evans, Ali C. Begen, Jason Greengrass,and Clarence Filsfils
For more informatian on these or any other computingtopies, please visit the IEEEComputer Society DigitalLibrary at www.eomputer.org/publications/dlib.
Home Networks
58 A Semantically Enhanced UPnP ControlPoint for Sharing Multimedia Content
William Van Woensel, Sven Casteleyn, Elien Paret,and alga De Troyer
Mariano Rico, Oscar Corcho, Víctor Méndez,and José Manuel Gómez-Pérez
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RadioandWirelessWeekSpeciallssue
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::.' ,~\ \jt.V !~V ¡\ VI /: Santa Clara,California
IEEE Microwave Theoryand Techniques Society
EditorKate A. RemleyNational Institute of Standards
Volume 12 . Number 7 . December 2011 . ISSN 1527-3342
MAGAZINEfar Ihe Microwave & Wirefess Engineer
'fucused issuefeatures
42 Integrationfor AII ConfigurationsDense carbon nanotube arrays for advanced interconnects and
novel radio-frequency functionality in CM OS back-end-of-lineAdrian M. Ionescu,JeanDijon, and John Robertson
5 1 Nanofibers for RF and BeyondBroadbandmetrologyof nanofibersto enableRF interconnectsT. Mitch Wallis, Kichul Kim, Dejan S. Filipovic, and Pavel Kabos
62 Polymers for RF AppsAdvanced polymers for RF packaging applicationsMadhavan Swaminathan, Venky Sundararn,
John Papapolyrnerou, and P.Markondeya Raj
features
78 MicrowaveImagingfor Breast CancerMicrowavenear-fieldimagingof huínantissue:Challenges,hopes,outIookNataliaK. Nikolova
29 The Pragmatic ArchitectTo Pay or Not to PayTechnical DebtFrank Buschmann
93Impact
10 MLOC in Your Office CopierYukiTsuchitoiand HidekiSugiura
96 Voice of EvidenceDeveloping Fault-PredictionModels: What the ResearchCan Show IndustryTracy Hall, Sarah Beecham,David Bowes,David Gray,and SteveCounsell
100 RequirementsThe Inhibited AnalystNeilMaiden
104 Sounding Board,All Late Projects Are the SllmeTomDeMarco
Comparison of 1.8 GHz Cellular Outdoor Measurements with AWAS Electromagnetic Code andConventional Models Over Urban and Suburban Regions of Northern IndiaM. V.S.N.Prasad,SaurabhGupta,andM.M. Gupta 76
Also in this Issue Departments (Cont'd)ChangeofAddress 27 EtCetera- AkgOl 150In Memqriam: Man Fai Wong 145 Meetings and Symposia - Wasky 154FelsenAward 247 ShortCourses- Wasky 158iWAT2011 241 Lettersto the Editor 160
Cover: The two-dimensional normalized top, side, and frontal projections of an F18's fjJfjJradar cross section for frontal incidence at 1 GHzwith a resolution of one-half wavelength. See the feature article by M.G. Araujo, J. L. Rodriguez, J. M.Taboada, F. Obelleiro, and l. Garcia-Tuñon.
Address editorial correspondence to the Editor-in-Chief, W. Ross Stone, Stoneware Limited, 840 Armada Terrace, San Diego,CA 92106 USA; Tel: +1 (619) 222-1915; Fax: +1 (619) 222-1606; E-mail: [email protected].
The IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine (ISSNI045-9243) is'published bimonthly beginning in February of each yearby the Antennas and Propagation Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. It is mailed at the end ofthe month of issue. IEEE Headquarters: 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway NJ 08855-1331 USA, Tel: +1 (800) 678-4333, +1 (732)981-0060; Fax: +1 (732) 981-9667; E-mail: [email protected]. $6.00 per member per year included in Society feesis paid as the subscription price. The Magazine is the successor publication to the IEEE Antennas and Propagation SocietyNewsletter. The Newsletter carried volume numbers 1 through 31, enping with December, 1989; the Magazine began withvolume number 32 in 1990.Institutional and non-member subscriptions: Institutions and individuals who are not members ofthe IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society may subscribe to the Magazine: see the current IEEE subscription price list at http://www.ieee.orglpublications_standards/publications/subscriptions/info/subpricelist.html. or contact Customer Service.
Copyright and reprint permissions: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source: Instructors are permitted to photocopyisolated articles for noncommercial classroom use without fee and with credit to the source, in accordance with the "fair use"doctrine of US and intemational copyright laws. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits of the copyright lawfor the private use ofpatrons 1) those post-1977 articles that carry acode at the bottom ofthe first page, provided the per-copyfee indicated in the code is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970 USA; and 2)pre-1978 articles without fee. Contact the Editor-in-Chief regarding reprinting by other IEEE publications and other publications.For all other copying, reprinting, conversion into electronically-readable form, or republication permission, write to Copyrightsand Permissions Department, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway NJ 08855-1331 USA. Copyright @2011TheInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., acting as agent and trustee for the Antennas and Propagation Society. AlIrights reserved. Printed in USA. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Sendaddress changes to Antennas and Propagation Magazine Address Change at the IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway,NJ 08855-1331USA.
- IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 53, No. 4, August 2011 3
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ELECTRICALINSULATIONINovember/December 2011 A Publicationof the Dielectrics &Electricallnsulation Society
FEATURE ARTICLES
8 Partial Discharge lnfluence on Dissipation FactorValues During Stator-Bar Testing
Alfredo Contin and Hugh ZhuThe article investigates how partial discharge activity can influence dissipationfactor values in stator-bar testing.
15 Power Transformer End-of-Life Assessment-PracanaCase Study
M.Augusta Martins, Mónica Fialho, Jorge Martins,Mário Soares, Maria Cristina, R. Castro Lopes, andHugo M.R. CampeloThe article describes a cost-benefit methodology that is useful to asset managerswhen making decisions to replace or refurbish power transformers.
27 On-Load Tap Changer Diagnosis-An Off-LineMethod for Detecting Degradation and Defects: Part 2
Jur J. Erbrink, Edward Gulski, Johan J. Smit, ROryLeich,Ben Quak, and Ryszard A. MalewskiInterpretation of dynarnic resistance measurements on on-Ioad tap changersmade directly after regular maintenance can prevent transformer failure.
37 Effect of Limiting Airflow in Mitigating Combu~tion-Driven Manhole Events
LilyZhang, Steven A. Boggs, and George MurrayLimiting oxygen flow in secondary cable duct can mitigate combustion-drivenmanhole events.
Cover Photo:
Dismantling of a 150-kV transformer, described in the article starting on page15, a rare opportunity to assess the aging of a transformer that has reached itsend of life.
November/December - Vol.27, No. 6
PEPAIITIUT,
4 EditorialSimoll Rowland
6 From theEdito.rs' DeskEd Cherney,Robert Fleming,and Louise Audrieth