Body Structure Medical Terminology – Lecture 3 Dr. Alberta Paul 26 February, 2015 [email protected].

Body StructureMedical Terminology – Lecture 3

Dr. Alberta Paul26 February, 2015

[email protected]

ObjectivesAfter this lecture, you will be able to:

Define the elements of human body structure

Describe the planes of the body

Locate the body cavities and list organs that are contained within each cavity

Recognize the combining forms that relate elements and systems of the body

Body Structure and OrganizationThe body is organized from its smallest element, the cell, to the collection of systems.

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Systems

Entire Body

Cells The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic

structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that

can replicate independently, and are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology.

Structural and functional unit of an organism; the smallest structure capable of performing all the functions

necessary for life.

Vary in size, shape, and function.

Need nutrients, water, and oxygen to live and function.

There are two types of cells, eukaryotes, which contain a nucleus, and prokaryotes, which do not.

Prokaryotic cells are usually single-celled organisms, while eukaryotic cells can be either single-celled or part of multicellular

organisms.

The distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms.

Plants, animals, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical

prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume.

Cells

The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization:

the presence of membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place.

Most important among these is a cell nucleus, a membrane-delineated compartment that houses the eukaryotic cell's DNA. This

nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means "true nucleus

Other differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA in eukaryotes.

Cells

Components of animal cells

TissuesGroups of similar cells combined to

perform a common function are called tissues.

Several types of Tissues (see next slide)

•Connective tissue•Epithelial tissue•Muscle tissue•Nervous Tissue

Tissues

Source: © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education

Tissues Nervous tissue consists of neurons, which are the cells that conduct signals, and supporting neuroglial cells such as

microglial cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

Neuron - Nerve cell that characteristically has three parts:

dendrites, cell body, and axon.

Nerve - Bundle of nerve fibers outside the central nervous system.

Neuroglial Cell - One of several types of cells found in nervous tissue that supports, protects, and nourishes

neurons.

OrgansGroups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function are called organs.

Organ Examples:

kidney

lungs

brain

Source:

Systems

Musculoskeletal SystemMusculoskeletal SystemSupports the body, protects organs and provides body movement.

Consists of:

•Muscles (skeletal)

•Bones

•Cartilage

•Tendons/Ligaments

Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular (Circulatory) System Pumps and transports blood throughout the body.

Blood carries nutrients and removes waste from tissues.

Consists of:

•Heart

•Blood Vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

• Blood

Respiratory System

Consists of the lungs and the trachea and other breathing tubes

•Performs respiration

Nervous SystemNervous System

Regulates most of the body’s activities and sends and receives messages from

sensory organs.

Consists of :Brain

Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nerves

Urinary SystemUrinary System Part of excretory system

•Eliminates metabolic waste•Helps to maintain acid-base and water-salt balance•Helps regulate blood pressure

Consists of:Kidneys

Ureters

Bladder

Urethra

Reproductive System

Controls reproduction and heredity.

Male Structures•testes•penis•prostate gland•vas deferens•seminal vesicles

Female Structures

•ovaries•vagina•uterine tubes•uterus•mammary glands

Blood SystemBlood System (official not a system)Blood transports nutrients and waste to

and from body tissues.

The main components of blood include:

• Plasma (contains ….)

• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

• White blood cells (leucocytes)

• Platelets (thrombocytes)

Lymphatic and Immune System

Consists of:

•Lymph (fluid in lymph system)

•Lymphatic Vessels

• Spleen, Lymph nodes, Thymus and Bone Marrow

• White blood cells = Leucocytes (many different types)

Lymphatic and Immune System

http://youtu.be/0TvTyj5FAaQ

http://youtu.be/JnlULOjUhSQ

http://youtu.be/jgJKaP0Sj5U

Cancer cellsattack

http://youtu.be/C6YuBh-wAPQ

http://youtu.be/Rpj0emEGShQ

Flu attacks our body

Digestive SystemDigestive System

Includes all organs of digestion and excretion of waste (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, gallbladder, liver,

intestines,pancreas, stomach, colon)

Digestive System

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

Includes the glands that secrete hormones for the regulation of

several body activities.

pancreas

testes ovaries

Adrenal glands

thyroid

pituitary

parathyroid

Endocrine System

Sensory SystemSensory System

Includes the eyes and ears and those other parts of other systems involved in the generating the

other senses: touch, taste, smell (besides hearing and sight)

Body Cavities

Dorsal (back side of the body)

•Consists of the cranial cavity and spinal cavity

Ventral (front side of the body)

•Separated by diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity

•Lower portion of the abdominal cavity is

called the pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Ventral cavity

Pelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

Cranial cavityDorsal

cavity Spinal cavity

Diaphragm

Body Cavities

Body Cavities

Directional Terms, Planes and RegionsDirectional terms describe a portion or position of the

body.

inferior(below)

medial(middle)

lateral(side)

posterior(back)

superior (top or above)

anterior(front)

39

Directional Terms, Planes and Regions Part 2

For examination purposes, patients are either lying face up (supine) or face down (prone).

Planes of the Body•Frontal divides the body into

anterior and posterior positions.

•Sagittal is the lateral position.

•Medial or midsagittal divides the body into right and left

halves.

•Transverse divides the body into upper and lower sections.

Quadrants of the BodyAbdominopelvic Quadrants

Quadrants of the Body

•Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

•Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

•Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

•Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Regions of the BodyRegions of the Body

Epigastric region

Umbilical region

Hypogastric regionRight inguinal

(iliac) region

Right lumbar region

Right hypochondriac region

Left hypochondriac region

Left lumbar region

Left inguinal (iliac) region

Combining Forms [acetabul (o)]Combining Form Meaning

•acetabul(o)

•aden(o)

•adip(o)

•alveol(o)

•angi(o)

•arthr(o)

•aur(i)

cup-shaped hip socket

gland

fat

air sac, alveolus

vessel

joint; articulation

ear

Combining Forms [blephar (o)]Combining Form Meaning

•blephar(o)

•brachi(o)

•bucc(o)

•calcane(o)

•celi(o)

•cephal(o)

•cheil(o)

eyelid

arm

cheek

heel bone

abdomen

head

lip

Combining Forms [chir (o)]Combining Form Meaning•chir(o)

•chol(e)

•dactyl(o)

•dent(i)

•encephal(o)

•enter(o)

•gingiv(o)

hand

bile

fingers, toes

tooth

brain

intestines

gum

Combining Forms [gloss (o)]Combining Form Meaning

•gloss(o)

•gnath(o)

•hidr(o)

•ile(o)

•ili(o)

•labi(o)

•lapar(o)

tongue

jaw

sweat

ileum

ilium

lip

abdominal wall

Combining Forms [lip (o)]Combining Form Meaning

•lip(o)

•my(o)

•ocul(o)

•odont(o)

•onych(o)

•oo

•oophor(o)

fat

muscle

eye

tooth

nail

egg

ovary

Combining Forms [orchi (o),orchid (o)]Combining Form Meaning

•orchi(o), orchid(o)

•ot(o)

•ped(o), pedi

•phleb(o)

•pil(o)

•pod(o)

•proct(o)

testis

ear

foot; child

vein

hair

foot

anus

Combining Forms [psych (o), psyche]Combining Form Meaning

•psych(o), psyche

•rachi(o)

•rhin(o)

•somat(o)

•trachel(o)

•trich(o), trichi

•vesic(o)

mind

spine

nose

body

neck

hair

bladder

Apply Your KnowledgeKoretta complains of abdominal pain. The emergency room physician suspects that she may have appendicitis.

In which of the following quadrants is the appendix located?

A. RUQB. RLQC. LUQD. LLQ

Answer: B. RLQ

Apply Your Knowledge Part 2This patient is being examined. Which of the following positions is she in?

A. ProneB. Supine

Answer: B. Supine

Apply Your Knowledge Part 3Complete the following statements by adding the correct directional terms.

The hands are to the elbows.

The nose isto the face.

The stomach is to the heart and to the intestines.

distal

medial

inferiorsuperior

Apply Your Knowledge Part 4What are the opposites for the following directional terms?

•deep

•posterior

•inferior

•supine

•lateral

Answers

superficial

anterior

superior

prone

medial