Åbo Akademi Chemical Engineering Department Course “The Forest based Biorefinery – The Forest based Biorefinery Chemical and Engineering Challenges and Opportunities” May 3-7, 2010 Thermal conversion of biomass Thermal conversion of biomass Mikko Hupa Åbo Akademi Turku, Finland
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Åbo Akademi Chemical Engineering Department Course “The Forest based Biorefinery –The Forest based Biorefinery
Chemical and Engineering Challenges and Opportunities”May 3-7, 2010
Thermal conversion of biomassThermal conversion of biomass
Mikko HupaÅbo AkademiTurku, Finland
Thermal conversion of biomass Thermal conversion of biomass - Outline
1. Introduction2. Combustion and biomass fuel propertiesp p3. Gasification to produce combustible gas4. Gasification to produce synthesis gas. f p y g5. Pyrolysis to produce bio-oil6 Black liquor: recovery boiler or gasifier?6. Black liquor: recovery boiler or gasifier?7. Summary
Use of Wood Wood
in Fi l dFinland
(VTT 2000)
Use of Use of Wood
i in Finland
(VTT 2000)
paper
pulppulping chemicals
Kraft Pulp Mill
stemwood chipschipping pulping
pulpchemicals
round wood
black liquor
debarking
forest harvestingbark
com- emissions
heat power&com
bustionemissions
pulping chemicals
ash
Kraft Pulp Mill & Biorefinery
paper
pulppulping chemicalsBiorefinery
stemwood chipschipping pulping
pulpchemicals
round wood
knots black liquor
debarking
extraction
extraction
P
forest harvestingbark
separationP
Pextraction
P P
com- emissions
residuesheat power
f ( )
&com
bustion----
gasifica-ti
emissions
synthesis gas
biofuels (l)
synthesispulping chemicals
tion
ash Precycling
Conversion Routes for Cellulosic Biomasses
Fischer-Tropsch Alkanes
Combustion Heat & PowerHeat & Power
SynGas (CO2+H2)
p
Methanol Methanol, DME
Cellulosic Bi P l i t
Water-Gas Shift
DehydroxygenationBio oils Liquid Fuels
Hydrogen
Biomass Pyrolysis etc.Zeolite Upgrading
Bio-oils
Fermentation
q
Ethanol
Aqueous Sugars
DehydrationAromatic Hydrocarbons
Li Alk H
LigninAq.-Phase Processing
Lignin Upgrading
Liq. Alkanes or H2
Etherified Gasoline
Conversion Routes for Cellulosic Biomasses
Fischer-Tropsch Alkanes
Combustion Heat & PowerHeat & Power
SynGas (CO2+H2)
p
Methanol Methanol, DME
Cellulosic Bi P l i t
Water-Gas Shift
DehydroxygenationBio oils Liquid Fuels
Hydrogen
Biomass Pyrolysis etc.Zeolite Upgrading
Bio-oils
Fermentation
q
Ethanol
Aqueous Sugars
DehydrationAromatic Hydrocarbons
Li Alk H
LigninAq.-Phase Processing
Lignin Upgrading
Liq. Alkanes or H2
Etherified Gasoline
Thermal conversion of biomass Thermal conversion of biomass - Outline
1. Introduction2. Combustion and biomass fuel propertiesp p3. Gasification to produce combustible gas4. Gasification to produce synthesis gas. f p y g5. Pyrolysis to produce bio-oil6 Black liquor: recovery boiler or gasifier?6. Black liquor: recovery boiler or gasifier?7. Summary
Conversion Routes for Cellulosic Biomasses
Fischer-Tropsch Alkanes
Combustion Heat & PowerHeat & Power
SynGas (CO2+H2)
p
Methanol Methanol, DME
Cellulosic Bi P l i t
Water-Gas Shift
DehydroxygenationBio oils Liquid Fuels
Hydrogen
Biomass Pyrolysis etc.Zeolite Upgrading
Bio-oils
Fermentation
q
Ethanol
Aqueous Sugars
DehydrationAromatic Hydrocarbons
Li Alk H
LigninAq.-Phase Processing
Lignin Upgrading
Liq. Alkanes or H2
Etherified Gasoline
N2O2CO pump pump
Vent.
CO2 pump
NOCO/CO
SO2
pump
Vent
NOCO/CO2
Filter
Vent.
Single Particle Burning Systemg g y(Source: Åbo Akademi)
Ash Elements in Spruce TissuesAsh Elements in Spruce Tissues(J. Werkelin 2005)
Fouling and Corrosion due to Unsuitable Fuel Mixture
Summary 1: Biomass Combustion Summary 1: Biomass Combustion for Heat & Power
• Dominating biomass-to-energy technology• Finland strong with FBC technologyg gy• Research on demanding feedstocks:
moisture, heating value, ash, emissions• Research on improved power production –
controlling superheater corrosion
Thermal conversion of biomass Thermal conversion of biomass - Outline
1. Introduction2. Combustion and biomass fuel propertiesp p3. Gasification to produce combustible gas4. Gasification to produce synthesis gas. f p y g5. Pyrolysis to produce bio-oil6 Black liquor: recovery boiler or gasifier?6. Black liquor: recovery boiler or gasifier?7. Summary
Conversion Routes for Cellulosic Biomasses
Fischer-Tropsch Alkanes
Combustion Heat & PowerHeat & Power
SynGas (CO2+H2)
p
Methanol Methanol, DME
Cellulosic Bi P l i t
Water-Gas Shift
DehydroxygenationBio oils Liquid Fuels
Hydrogen
Biomass Pyrolysis etc.Zeolite Upgrading
Bio-oils
Fermentation
q
Ethanol
Aqueous Sugars
DehydrationAromatic Hydrocarbons
Li Alk H
LigninAq.-Phase Processing
Lignin Upgrading
Liq. Alkanes or H2
Etherified Gasoline
What Happens in a Gasifier?What Happens in a Gasifier?
Volatiles,tarsMoisture
H2, COtarsMoisture
PyrolysisDrying Char gasification
CharDroplet Solids Ash
CO2, H2O
What Happens in a Gasifier?What Happens in a Gasifier?
Product gas / Syn Gas
Volatiles,tarsMoisture
H2, CO
g y
tarsMoisture
PyrolysisDrying Char gasification
CharDroplet Solids Ash
CO2, H2O
CFB Gasifier UNIFLOW CYCLONEREACTOR
850 °C GASIFICATION AIR FANFoster Wheeler
900 °CFUEL FEED
AIR PREHEATER
RET
UR
N L
EGR
BOTTOM ASH COOLING SCREW
HOT LOW CALORIFICGAS (750 - 650 °C)
COOLING WATER
BOTTOM ASH
BIOMASS GASIFICATION - COAL BOILER - LAHTI PROJECT
540 °C/170 bar350 MW
CO Reduction
Processing
Biomass
300 GWh/a -15 % fuel input
Power
CO2 Reduction -10 %
Pulverized coal flames50 MW
Power* 600 GWh/aDistrict Heat* 1000 GWh/a
Gasifier
BottomCoal Fly ash
Gas flame
Natural Gas1050 GWh/a -50 %
650 GWh/ 35 %Bottomash Natural Gas 650 GWh/a -35 %
Foster Wheeler
Summary 2: Biomass Gasification & Summary 2: Biomass Gasification & Combustion of the Gas for Heat & Power
• Simple process – de facto partial oxidation of the fuel into a combustible gas mixture
%(air ratio 30-40 %)• Used instead of direct combustion in
i l li ti li kil fi i special applications: lime kilns, co-firing with coalCh ll t hi l t i • Challenges to achieve complete conversion of the biomass fuel
Thermal conversion of biomass Thermal conversion of biomass - Outline
1. Introduction2. Combustion and biomass fuel propertiesp p3. Gasification to produce combustible gas4. Gasification to produce synthesis gas. f p y g5. Pyrolysis to produce bio-oil6 Black liquor: recovery boiler or gasifier?6. Black liquor: recovery boiler or gasifier?7. Summary
Conversion Routes for Cellulosic Biomasses
Fischer-Tropsch Alkanes
Combustion Heat & PowerHeat & Power
SynGas (CO2+H2)
p
Methanol Methanol, DME
Cellulosic Bi P l i t
Water-Gas Shift
DehydroxygenationBio oils Liquid Fuels
Hydrogen
Biomass Pyrolysis etc.Zeolite Upgrading
Bio-oils
Fermentation
q
Ethanol
Aqueous Sugars
DehydrationAromatic Hydrocarbons
Li Alk H
LigninAq.-Phase Processing
Lignin Upgrading
Liq. Alkanes or H2
Etherified Gasoline
Biodiesel Production in Pulp Mill
powerProcess steam & power
Paper& pulp
Gasification and
Pulp andpaper mill
plantProcess steam & powerp p
fuel gasGasification andgas treatmentEnergy
to drying
synthesis
fuel gas+ steam
Wood, straw
Biomasshandling
anddrying
y-gas
bark,
energy crops,peat, RDF
FT-synthesis& upgrading
y gforestresidues,otherbiomass
steam & oxygen
WoodDiesel
Pressurized Gasifier for Syngas Production (VTT)Production (VTT)
Stora Enso – Neste Stora Enso Neste BTL Gasification Projet
UCGR&D programme
2004-2007
Long term demonstrationin atmospheric conditions
2009 =>
Commercial scale 200-300 MWth pressurized
unit in operation2004-2007 2009 > unit in operation
Biomass Gasifier for BiodieselDemo by Stora Enso – Neste in Varkaus, FinlandD m y E , F
Summary 3: Biomass Gasification for Summary 3: Biomass Gasification for Synthesis gas and Liquid Biofuels
• Under development – no plants in operation(applied for coal in South-Africa) ( pp )
• Advanced syngas cleaning• Various options for synthesis: FT Diesel, p y ,
Methanol, DME• Very hot topic – political pressurey p p p
Thermal conversion of biomass Thermal conversion of biomass - Outline
1. Introduction2. Combustion and biomass fuel propertiesp p3. Gasification to produce combustible gas4. Gasification to produce synthesis gas. f p y g5. Pyrolysis to produce bio-oil6 Black liquor: recovery boiler or gasifier?6. Black liquor: recovery boiler or gasifier?7. Summary
Conversion Routes for Cellulosic Biomasses
Fischer-Tropsch Alkanes
Combustion Heat & PowerHeat & Power
SynGas (CO2+H2)
p
Methanol Methanol, DME
Cellulosic Bi P l i t
Water-Gas Shift
DehydroxygenationBio oils Liquid Fuels
Hydrogen
Biomass Pyrolysis etc.Zeolite Upgrading
Bio-oils
Fermentation
q
Ethanol
Aqueous Sugars
DehydrationAromatic Hydrocarbons
Li Alk H
LigninAq.-Phase Processing
Lignin Upgrading
Liq. Alkanes or H2
Etherified Gasoline
Thermal conversion of biomass Thermal conversion of biomass - Outline
1. Introduction2. Combustion and biomass fuel propertiesp p3. Gasification to produce combustible gas4. Gasification to produce synthesis gas. f p y g5. Pyrolysis to produce bio-oil6 Black liquor: recovery boiler or gasifier?6. Black liquor: recovery boiler or gasifier?7. Summary
The Pulp Mill as a Biorefinery for Production f T t ti F lof Transportation Fuels
HemicelluloseG ifi ti
Chips
Di tHemicellulose
extraction Blackliquor
Gasification
Synthesisgas
DigesterHemicellulose
FermentationWhiteliquor
Syngascleaning
PulpEthanol
quoSyngas
conversion
HydrocarbonsMethanol
Black Liquor Gasification for Syngas (Chemrec)(Chemrec)
S
Black
Oxygen Gascooler
S-rich gas
Blackliquor Synthesis of:
- Methanol- DME
Fuelgas
Gasifier- DME- FT Hydrocarbons
CondensateWater
Quench
Green liquor Absorber / Stripper
Water
Summary 5: Biorefinery & EnergySummary 5 Biorefinery & Energy
1. Biomass molecules can be extracted as valuable chemicals (fractionation)
2. Biomass can be converted thermally to heat and/or powerpower- combustion (commericial)- gasification for combustion (commercial)gas f cat on for combust on (commerc al)
3. Residues may also be used for production of liquid biofuels:- pyrolysis for bio-oil (under development)- gasification for synthesis (under development)
4 N d f int ns s h: Th d il is in th 4. Need for intense research: The devil is in the (chemical) details