Neural Plasticity: Long-term Potentiation Lecture 15
Neural Plasticity:Long-term
Potentiation
Lecture 15
Neural Plasticity
Nervous System is malleable learning occurs
Structural changes increased dendritic branching new synapses
Changes in synaptic efficiency Long-term potentiation Long-term depression ~
Neural Mechanism of Memory
Donald Hebb Short-term Memory
Change in neural activity not structural temporary
Reverberatory Circuits - cortical loops of activity ~
Reverberating Loops
Maintains neural activity for a period Activity decays ~
Hebb’s Postulate
Long-Term Memory required structural change in brain relatively permanent
Hebb Synapse use strengthens synaptic efficiency concurrent activity required
• pre- & postsynaptic neurons ~
Before LTP
After LTP
Long-term Potentiation
According to Hebb rule use strengthens synaptic connection
Synaptic facilitation Structural changes Simultaneous activity
Experimentally produced hippocampal slices associative learning also ~
Inducing LTP
Stimulating electrode
Record
DGPerforantPathway
-70mv
-
+
Postsynaptic Potential
Single elec. stimulation
100 stim. burst
Single stim.
Strong, high frequency stimulation Minimum stimulation
1 + burst of 4 4-7 Hz
• Theta HC: Arousal & REM ~
Pattern Of Stimulation
LTP Duration
Experimentally-induced LTP Intact animals
seconds - months HC slice
40 hrs ~
LTP: Molecular Mechanisms
Presynaptic & Postsynaptic changes HC Glutamate
excitatory 2 postsynaptic receptor subtypes
AMPA Na+ NMDA Ca++
Glu ligand for both ~
NMDA Receptor
N-methyl-D-aspartate Glu binding opens channel?
required, but not sufficient Membrane must be depolarized
before Glu binds ~
Single Action Potential
Glu AMPA-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-
isoxazole-propionate depolarization
Glu NMDA does not open Mg++ blocks channel no Ca++ into postsynaptic cell
Followed by more APs ~
NMDAMg
G
Ca++
GAMPA
Na+
G
NMDA
MgG G
Ca++
AMPA
Na+G
NMDAG
Ca++
G
Mg
AMPA
Na+
G
Activation of NMDA-R
Ca++ channel chemically-gated voltage-gated
Mg++ blocks channel Ca++ influx post-synaptic changes
strengthens synapse ~
LTP: Postsynaptic Changes
Receptor synthesis More synapses Shape of dendritic spines Nitric Oxide synthesis ~
PresynapticAxon Terminal
Dendritic Spine
Before LTP
PresynapticAxon Terminal
Dendritic Spine
After LTP
less Fodrin
Less resistance
Nitric Oxide - NO
Retrograde messenger Hi conc. poisonous gas
Hi lipid solubility storage?
Synthesis on demand Ca++ NO synthase NO
Increases NT synthesis in presynaptic neuron more released during AP ~
G Ca++
G
Ca++NOSNO
NO cGMP Glu
G