BMGT-ch8.ppt

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BMGT440 Ch. 8. Dr. E.F.Kiss

Chapter 8STOCKS AND THEIR VALUATION

Common Stock Valuation Some Features of Common and Preferred

Stocks The Stock Markets Efficient Markets Stock Indexes – see chapter 12

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Key Concepts and Skills

Understand how stock prices depend on future dividends and dividend growth

Be able to compute stock prices using the dividend growth model

Understand how corporate directors are elected

Understand how stock markets work Understand how stock prices are quoted

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Facts about Common Stock:

Represents ownership. Ownership implies control. Stockholders elect directors. Directors elect management. Management’s goal: Maximize stock price. Piece of paper entitles owner to dividends - if company earns profit &

decides to pay dividends - not like bond with contract - promise to pay interest - or DEFAULT

can be sold at future date - hopefully for a capital gain hence price of common stock is the present value of those

expected cash flows

preemptive right - shareholders can purchase additional shares - so less dilution & maintain control

Voting rights

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Advantages of Financing with Stock:

No required fixed payments. No maturity. Improves debt ratio, fixed charge coverage. if prospects look bright, comm. stock can be

sold on better terms than debt finance with common stock during good

times to maintain reserve borrowing capacity

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Disadvantages of Financing with Stock:

Controlling shareholders may lose some control.

Future earnings shared with new stockholders. Dilution.

Higher flotation costs vs. debt. Higher component cost of capital. Too little debt may encourage a takeover bid. taxation - dividends doubly taxed

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Cash Flows for Stockholders

If you buy a share of stock, you can receive cash in two waysThe company pays dividendsYou sell your shares, either to another

investor in the market or back to the company

As with bonds, the price of the stock is the present value of these expected cash flows

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Dividend Characteristics Dividends are not a liability of the firm until a

dividend has been declared by the Board Consequently, a firm cannot go bankrupt for not

declaring dividends Dividends and Taxes

Dividend payments are not considered a business expense, therefore, they are not tax deductible

Dividends received by individuals are taxed as ordinary income but at a maximum of 15% since tax changes of 2003

Dividends received by corporations have a minimum 70% exclusion from taxable income

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BMGT440 Ch. 8. Dr. E.F.Kiss 9

Financial asset values:

nRCF

R+1CF+ ...

1R+1CF=PV n

22

11

CF1 CFnCF2

0 1 2 nR

Value

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One Period Example

Suppose you are thinking of purchasing the stock of Moore Oil, Inc. and you expect it to pay a $2 dividend in one year and you believe that you can sell the stock for $14 at that time. If you require a return of 20% on investments of this risk, what is the maximum you would be willing to pay?Compute the PV of the expected cash flowsPrice = (14 + 2) / (1.2) = $13.33Or FV = 16; I/Y = 20; N = 1; CPT PV = -13.33

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Two Period Example

Now what if you decide to hold the stock for two years? In addition to the dividend in one year, you expect a dividend of $2.10 in and a stock price of $14.70 at the end of year 2. Now how much would you be willing to pay?PV = 2 / (1.2) + (2.10 + 14.70) / (1.2)2 =

13.33Or CF0 = 0; C01 = 2; F01 = 1; C02 = 16.80;

F02 = 1; NPV; I = 20; CPT NPV = 13.33

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Three Period Example

Finally, what if you decide to hold the stock for three periods? In addition to the dividends at the end of years 1 and 2, you expect to receive a dividend of $2.205 at the end of year 3 and a stock price of $15.435. Now how much would you be willing to pay?PV = 2 / 1.2 + 2.10 / (1.2)2 + (2.205 +

15.435) / (1.2)3 = 13.33Or CF0 = 0; C01 = 2; F01 = 1; C02 = 2.10;

F02 = 1; C03 = 17.64; F03 = 1; NPV; I = 20; CPT NPV = 13.33

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Developing The Model

You could continue to push back when you would sell the stock

You would find that the price of the stock is really just the present value of all expected future dividends

So, how can we estimate all future dividend payments?

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Estimating Dividends: Special Cases

Constant dividendThe firm will pay a constant dividend foreverThis is like preferred stockThe price is computed using the perpetuity

formula Constant dividend growth

The firm will increase the dividend by a constant percent every period

Supernormal growthDividend growth is not consistent initially, but

settles down to constant growth eventually

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Zero Growth

If dividends are expected at regular intervals forever, then this is like preferred stock and is valued as a perpetuity

P0 = D / R Suppose stock is expected to pay a $0.50

dividend every quarter and the required return is 10% with quarterly compounding. What is the price?P0 = .50 / (.1 / 4) = .50/.025 = $20.00

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For a constant growth stock,

D D g

D D g

D D gt

t

1 0

1

2 0

2

0

1

1

1

gR

DgRgDP

s

100

1ˆ

If g is constant, then:

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Dividend Growth Model

Dividends are expected to grow at a constant percent per period.P0 = D1 /(1+R) + D2 /(1+R)2 + D3 /(1+R)3 + …P0 = D0(1+g)/(1+R) + D0(1+g)2/(1+R)2 +

D0(1+g)3/(1+R)3 + … With a little algebra, this reduces to:

g-RD

g-Rg)1(DP 10

0

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D D gtt 0 1

tt

t RDPVD

1

!P R,>g 0 IfP PVDt0

$

0.25

Years (t)0

^

If Rs< g, get negative stock price, which is nonsense.We can’t use model unless (1) Rs> g and (2) g is expected to be constant forever.

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DGM – Example 1

Suppose Big D, Inc. just paid a dividend of $.50. It is expected to increase its dividend by 2% per year. If the market requires a return of 15% on assets of this risk, how much should the stock be selling for?

P0 = .50(1+.02) / (.15 - .02) = $3.92

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DGM – Example 2

Suppose TB Pirates, Inc. is expected to pay a $2 dividend in one year. If the dividend is expected to grow at 5% per year and the required return is 20%, what is the price?P0 = 2 / (.2 - .05) = $13.33Why isn’t the $2 in the numerator

multiplied by (1.05) in this example?

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Stock Price Sensitivity to Dividend Growth, g

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Growth Rate

Stoc

k Pr

ice

D1 = $2; R = 20%

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Stock Price Sensitivity to Required Return, R

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Growth Rate

Stoc

k Pr

ice

D1 = $2; g = 5%

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Example 8.3 Gordon Growth Company - I

Gordon Growth Company is expected to pay a dividend of $4 next period and dividends are expected to grow at 6% per year. The required return is 16%.

What is the current price?P0 = 4 / (.16 - .06) = $40Remember that we already have the

dividend expected next year, so we don’t multiply the dividend by 1+g

What is Do? Do = D1/(1.06) = 4/1.06= 3.77

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Example 8.3 – Gordon Growth Company - II What is the price expected to be in year 4?

P4 = D4(1 + g) / (R – g) = D5 / (R – g)P4 = 3.77(1+.06)5 / (.16 - .06) = 50.50 =P4 = (3.77)(1.34) / (.16 - .06) = 50.50P4 = 5.05 / (.16 - .06) = 50.50P4 = 4(1+.06)4 / (.16 - .06) = 50.50

What is the implied return given the change in price during the four year period?50.50 = 40(1+return)4; return = 6%PV = -40; FV = 50.50; N = 4; CPT I/Y = 6%

The price grows at the same rate as the dividends

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Nonconstant Growth Problem Statement

Suppose a firm is expected to increase dividends by 20% in one year and by 15% in two years. After that dividends will increase at a rate of 5% per year indefinitely. If the last dividend was $1 and the required return is 20%, what is the price of the stock?

Remember that we have to find the PV of all expected future dividends.

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Nonconstant Growth – Example Solution

Compute the dividends until growth levels offD1 = 1(1.2) = $1.20D2 = 1.20(1.15) = $1.38D3 = 1.38(1.05) = $1.449

Find the expected future priceP2 = D3 / (R – g) = 1.449 / (.2 - .05) = 9.66

Find the present value of the expected future cash flowsP0 = 1.20 / (1.2) + (1.38 + 9.66) / (1.2)2 = 8.67

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Quick Quiz – Part I

What is the value of a stock that is expected to pay a constant dividend of $2 per year if the required return is 15%?

What if the company starts increasing dividends by 3% per year, beginning with the next dividend? The required return stays at 15%.

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Using the DGM to Find R

Start with the DGM:

gPD g

Pg)1(D R

Rfor solve and rearrangeg-R

Dg - Rg)1(DP

0

1

0

0

100

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Finding the Required Return - Example

Suppose a firm’s stock is selling for $10.50. They just paid a $1 dividend and dividends are expected to grow at 5% per year. What is the required return?R = [1(1.05)/10.50] + .05 = 15%

What is the dividend yield?1(1.05) / 10.50 = 10%

What is the capital gains yield?g =5%

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Table 8.1 - Summary of Stock Valuation

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Stock Market

Dealers vs. Brokers New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

Largest stock market in the worldMembers

• Own seats on the exchange• Commission brokers• Specialists• Floor brokers• Floor traders

OperationsFloor activity

http://www.nyse.com/

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NASDAQ

Not a physical exchange – computer based quotation system

Multiple market makers Electronic Communications Networks Three levels of information

Level 1 – median quotes, registered representatives

Level 2 – view quotes, brokers & dealersLevel 3 – view and update quotes, dealers

only Large portion of technology stocks

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Work the Web Example

Electronic Communications Networks provide trading in NASDAQ securities

The Island allows the public to view the “order book” in real time

Click on the web surfer and visit The Island!

http://www.island.com/

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Reading Stock Quotes

Sample Quote-3.3 33.25 20.75 Harris HRS .20 .7 87 3358 29.60 +0.50 What information is provided in the stock

quote? Click on the web surfer to go to CNBC for

current stock quotes.

http://www.cnbc.com/

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Quick Quiz – Part II

You observe a stock price of $18.75. You expect a dividend growth rate of 5% and the most recent dividend was $1.50. What is the required return?

What are some of the major characteristics of common stock?

What are some of the major characteristics of preferred stock?

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Holders of Corporate Equity Securities (June 30, 1995)

HOLDER AMOUNT($IN BILLIONS)

PERCENTAGEOF TOTAL

Households $3,714 50.2Pension Funds 1,817 24.6Mutual Funds 965 13.1Foreign Investors 339 4.6InsuranceCompanies

278 3.8

Bank Personal Trusts 197 2.7Other 83 1.1 Total 7,393 100.0

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Holders of Corporate Equity Securities (September 30, 1998)

HOLDER AMOUNT($IN

BILLIONS)

PERCENTAGEOF TOTAL

Households $5,349 41.9Pension Funds 3,059 24.0

Mutual Funds 2,029 15.9Foreign Investors 934 7.3Insurance Companies 765 6.0Bank Personal Trusts 433 3.4Other 189 1.5 Total $12,758 100.0

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Dividend growth model Free cash flow method Using the multiples of comparable firms

Different Approaches for Valuing Common Stock

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some stock market index values 3/24/03 & 10/26/99 DJIA 3/24/03 8214.68 - 307.29 -3.61% S& P 500 864.23 - 31.56 -3.52% NASDAQ comp 1369.78 - 52.02 -3.66% Russell 2000 367.25 - 2.39 -2.39% NYSE comp. 4801.58 -129.36 -3.41% Wilshire 5000 8180.45 -282.87 -3.34% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DJIA 10/26/99 10349.93 - 120.32 - 1.15% S& P 500 1293.63 - 6.69 - 8.02% NASDAQ comp 2815.95 - 0.57 - 0.02% Russell 2000 417.76 - 0.93 - 0.22% NYSE comp. 597.31 - 3.85 - 0.64% Wilshire 5000 11825.20 - 50.00 - 0.42%

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Stocks in DJIA as of 11/1/99 Company market value in billions Microsoft $486.19 General Electric 416.79 Intel Corp. 253.50 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. 237.17 Merck & Co., Inc. 183.98 Exxon Corp. 175.42 IBM Corp. 172.88 Citigroup 169.50 Johnson & Johnson 141.84 AT&T Corp 141.81 Coca Cola 138.74 Proctor & Gamble 131.32 Home Depot 109.19 SBC Communication 90.25 Hewlett Packard 78.58

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Stocks in DJIA as of 11/1/99 Company market value in billions DuPont $ 66.89 American Express 65.40 Philip Morris Co. 61.55 Walt Disney Co. 53.88 McDonald’s Corp. 53.60 Boeing Co. 43.16 General Motors Corp. 42.72 Minnesota Mining & Mfg. 38.02 Allied Signal Inc. 28.82 United Technologies Corp. 26.87 ALCOA Inc. 23.01 Eastman Kodak21.62 JP Morgan & Co. 21.60 International Paper 20.16 Caterpillar Inc. 19.58 in 1999 - 27% mfg., 33% consumer, 27% technology, 10% financial, 3% energy; in

1979 57% mfg., 23% consumer, 10% technology/, 10% energy

BMGT-ch8.ppt

Business

corporate

11199 company

stock price

expected future

major characteristics

constant percent

required return

preferred