1. Ttel - Personal characteristics - Az egyn describing
appearance describing character and personality the ideal man and
woman fashion, trends beauty care, cosmetics
Handsome is as handsome does I think its true but not
completely. Mainly in business life clothes bespeak quite a lot.
Your appearance have to be natural but pretty. Your clothes and
make-up show your character and your personality. After that your
speech tells your intelligence. If youre shy and you havent
self-confidence your clothes will be low-key and not colourful. But
if youre cool and youre full of confidence your clothes will be
colourful and trendy.
How a person dresses depends on the occasion, her/his
personality, build and the mood of her/him. Some people obviously
think that following the latest trend is the only possible way to
decide what to wear, but I prefer choosing clothes that suit my
personality and build. It might be more important for people who
often appear in public, like actresses and TV stars.
I like comfortable clothes. Thats why I wear jeans with a
T-shirt or a pullover most of the time when Im at home with my
daughter. Of course on my workplace I wear costume or trousers or
skirts with blouse. I like natural materials, like cotton, linen
and wool. I dont like synthetic materials at all because I sweat in
them.I usually buy my clothes in boutiques or in hypermarkets
because there is a wide choice and the prices are reasonable. I buy
my shoes in specialized shops because the quality of shoes are very
important.
I think its easier for women to follow the latest fashion
because designers deal mostly with womens clothes. When you enter a
store, the department for womens wear is usually bigger than the
department for mens wear. Besides this, women can choose from a
wider range of different types of clothes; that is, they can wear
trousers, suits, skirts, shorts and dresses, while men are
restricted to wearing jeans, trousers or shorts. There are also
more accessories for women than for men.
Women can put ribbons, headbands, clips, flowers, grips and
hair-slides into their hair. Both women and men wear belts,
wristwatches, rings and sometimes necklaces and studs, but only
women wear clips, pearl necklaces, chokers, brooches and lockets.
On the other hand, only men wear braces, tie-pins, cuff-links and
pocket watches.
Women make up themselves usually at weekdays when they work or
at the weekends when they have date. I think the natural and
low-key make-up is more and nicer than so much and sporty
make-up.
2. Ttel - Friends and relationships - Emberi kapcsolatok
friendship fellow students and colleagues partners
Friendship is very important in my life because my friends are
my second family.I have lots of friends: one of them was my
classmate at primary school, some of them were my classmates at
secondary school, one of them was my colleague at my first
workplace and the majority is known by my husband for 6 years. I
think these friendships are the strongest because adults take their
friends more seriously especially they have children. We meet at
weekends to play the children together and sometimes especially on
birthdays and namedays - we go to pubs to talk each other and to
celebrate.Partner relationships are important too. I keep in touch
with my ex-lovers nowadays were friends. We meet rarely but we
often call each other and we talk about our present-days. Although
we couldnt agree together, nowadays we can talk about everything.
Its very interesting!
3. Ttel - Family - Csald family models (only child, large
family, single-parent families) division of tasks within the family
generations living together
In most families there are two children, a mother and a father.
Of course, its difficult to tell because there are families with
more than two children and many couples get divorced and the
children usually stay with the mother. In some families there are
three generations living together. This means that one or both the
grandparents live with the family too, and they help with the
housework and they also look after the children while the parents
are at work.
Thats the way it goes at my father-in-law. He and my
mother-in-law live together with my father-in-laws mother, my
husbands grandmother. Shes pensioner so she cooks every day, and
the others tidy up at the weekends.
My family isnt so large: my mother, my sister and my own family:
my daughter and my husband. My daughter Eliza is 20 month-old, shes
a tall child with curly brown hair and big blue eyes. She is very
lively and slippy. She likes singing, dancing and drawing.
My husband is 30 years old, hes a sales and marketing manager at
his fathers family business. Our daughter takes after his father,
so Bla has curly brown hair and blue eyes too.
Im 27 years old and I worked as an office coordinator for a
dutch multinational company. Nowadays Im at home with Liza until
hes going to nursery school at September. I took a degree last year
so Id like to work as a HR manager.
We live with my mother and my sister because were constructing
in Inrcs and well move there not later than June.
We share all the housework with my mother, generally she cooks,
I tidy and clean and my daughter makes the mess.
Our relatives live in Miskolc and my grandmother lives in
Nagyrozvgy, so we meet rarely unfortunately.
4. Ttel - Man and society - Ember s trsadalom social benefits
(pension, health insurance, unemployment benefit) social movements
(NGOs, trade unions, clubs, associations) public safety, crime and
criminal investigation unemployment
The state and the government assure social supplies to the
indigents. For example, pensioners get pension, parents get family
allowance, everybody get medical assurance and unemployed people
get dole. Of course, therefore people have to pay several taxes
when they work.
Social movements are non-governmental organizations,
foundations, trade unions, clubs, associations, etc. These
organizations protect their members and they fight their true
together.(I disapprove of people who demonstrate on our national
holidays nowadays.)
Public safety means the security of the public namely citizens.
The polices job is the support of the public safety. Public
security includes especially murder, burglary, car upsurge and
stealing and actions versus property. I think the public safety not
so high in Hungary especially in the capital.
I think the preventing of offense is more important and
effective than criminal investigation. Everything that do harm to
somebody and there is in the criminal code is offense. Criminal
code describes all offenses and their sanctions.
Unemployment is a serious social problem all over the world.
Unemployed means that somebody hasnt worked for a month, and he or
shes looking for a job. I think most of them are middle-aged and
elder. Of course there are entrant unemployed too, because lots of
employee want a young, well-educated but well-practised
employers.
In my opinion the state has to solve the problem, for example,
with free re-trainings and odd job or jobs of public utility. Of
course, people have to change their habits. Change of residence and
workplace or profession may be often a good resolution.
5. Ttel - Place of living - Laks candidate's flat/house
furnishings, pieces of furniture household chores and appliances
flat-related costs, maintenance the ideal home
Transitionally I live in a flat on the first floor in a block of
flats on a housing estate with my mother, my sister, my husband and
my daughter. We are constructing a two-storey big family house in
Inrcs and we would like to move there in May. Well have a big
garage, a double balcony, a big terrace, two bathrooms, a guest
room, a working room, two childrens rooms, our bedroom with a
walk-in closet and in one place the kitchen, the dining room and
the living room. There is huge garden so well make a big playground
for the children and therell be lots of flowers and fruit
trees.
Every rooms will be colourful there wont be white wall. Every
wood and furniture will be cherry-coloured and modern. There will
be pictures on the walls and lots of plants everywhere.
In the kitchen there will be lots of household appliances
because I like that kitchen utensils are near my hands, for
example, the scales, the kettle, mixer, the deep fryer, the food
processor and so on. In my kitchen there will be on the worktop the
kettle, the food processor, the deep fryer, scales, the cutting
board, the graters, the nutcracker, the toaster, the microwave oven
and the bread slicer. The crockery, the plates, the cutlery, the
cups and glasses, the bowls, pans and pots will be in the
cupboard.
Our future house is my dream house.
The expenses of home are especially the overheads, for example,
the bill of electric light, the bill of heating and gas, the bill
of water and canal and so on. These expenses are the most. I think
the second biggest charge is the food.
The maintenance of home may be so high if you call a specialist.
Youd better you do it yourself if it neednt professional help.
I think owning a flat is better because its a good investment
and more secure than living in a rented flat. If you rent a flat,
the owners can ask you to leave any time while if you live in your
flat, you can stay there for all your life. Its also true that you
are more willing to finance repair jobs and redecorating if you are
the owner.
6. Ttel - Housing - Laksviszonyok living in the city or in the
country living conditions (own property, rented accommodation,
lodgings, hostel) flat or house neighbourhood
I prefer the countryside because I like peace, quiet and nature.
I agree that living in a city has advantages but I cant imagine
living in a dirty and noisy city with crowds of people around
me.
In a city its easier to find a job and there are more
possibilities for spending your free time. Specialised health
services are more easily accessible and there are big hypermarkets
and plazas eith a wide variety of goods. In cities there are more
banks, post offices and all kinds of services. On the other hand,
the air is polluted, the streets are dirty and noisy, there is more
crime, and life is too hectic. In a village life is more peaceful,
the air is clean, there are flowers and trees everywhere and people
know each other. People are friendlier, they always have the time
for a chat, and they are willing to help each other. The
disadvantages are that the infrastructure is not so developed, the
number of services is generally smaller, and you may have to
commute to make your living. If you need to contact the authorities
because of some administrative matters, you have to travel to the
nearest city, and it can take all day.
In villages most people live in a family house, though there may
be some blocks in the centre. In town centres there are blocks of
flats and apartment houses, and on the outskirts there are big
housing estates with prefabricated buildings. In the green belt you
can find detached, semi-detached and terraced houses.
The English prefer living in houses and hate high-rise
buildings. In most English towns you can find terraced houses built
from red brick.
Living in a high-rise block of flats has problems. Families feel
isolated and lonely. There is not much contact with the neighbours.
The children have nowhere to play. The old people have to depend on
the lift (elevator) to reach the outside world. When the lift is
not operating, the old people are cut off from human contact. On
the other hand it may be problem with the neighbours because of
noises. In these building the sealant is bad and the walls are
thin.
I think houses have only one problem: the scoop of snow.
In my opinion owning a flat is better because its a good
investment and more secure than living in a rented flat. If you
rent a flat, the owners can ask you to leave any time while if you
live in your flat, you can stay there for all your life. Its also
true that you are more willing to finance repair jobs and
redecorating if you are the owner.
We can get flat or house in many ways; we can buy it in a lump,
but it rare because a flat or a house is very expensive. If we dont
have enough money well get on credit. In this case we pay the
amount and interests monthly for a long time. If we dont have
capital we can rent a flat or a house or we can live in a room or a
boarding school if were students.
7. Ttel - Holidays and celebrations - nnepek s nnepnapok family
celebrations (birthdays, name days, anniversaries) Christmas,
Easter public holidays customs and traditions
Many countries around the world share certain holidays, such as
New Years Day, Easter and Christmas, but not every country
celebrates them in the same ways or even on the same day.
We celebrate birthdays, namedays, wedding anniversaries, March
15, Easter, Whitsun, Mothers Day, August 20, October 23, All Souls
Day, Christmas and New Years Day.
In Hungary most people get married on a Saturday afternoon. All
couples have to get married in a registry office, and those who are
religious have a church wedding, too. In the registry office, the
ceremony is led by a registrar, and the couple and their two
witnesses sign the register. The bride wears a long white wedding
dress with a veil and a train, and the bridegroom an elegant dark
suit with a white shirt and a tie. The bride holds a bouquet, and
the bridegroom has a buttonniere. After the ceremony there is a
reception, which held in a restaurant, and in villages is often
held in a big tent. At the reception several kinds of dishes are
served and the new couple cuts the wedding cake. At midnight the
couple change their clothes and the so-called brides dance starts.
All the guests dance with the bride and give some money to the
couple to contribute to their new life together.
Namedays arent celebrated, for example, in English-speaking
countries. In Hungary namedays are almost as important as birthdays
and are celebrated in all families.
At Christmas we celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ. Christmas
is a holiday full of traditions. The most important day is
Christmas Eve, December 24, when the family comes together for the
Christmas dinner. The traditional dishes are fish soup, stuffed
cabbage and poppy seed and nut rolls. The Christmas tree is
decorated before the dinner with sweets, brightly coloured lights
and glass ornaments, and Christmas presents are placed under it. At
midnight lots of families go to church for the midnight service. On
Christmas Day and Boxing Day relatives visit each other and have
lunch together.
In England Christmas Eve is the time for the annual office party
and many English people go to a midnight mass, while others go to
church on the morning of Christmas Day.
In Hungary on New Years Eve people usually go to parties where
they eat and drink and enjoy themselves. At midnight they drink
champagne and sing the national anthem. Then people go to the
streets and watch the fireworks.
In England people go to parties or dances on New Years Eve. At
midnight they drink a toast to the New Year and link arms to sing
Auld Lang Syne. In London thousands of people gather to celebrate
at Trafalgar Square.
At Easter we celebrate the Resurrection, that is, the rising of
Jesus Christ from the tomb three days after his crucifixion. On
Easter Sunday morning we eat ham, hard-boiled eggs and cold pork in
aspic. On Easter Monday boys visit their relatives and friends and
sprinkle women and girls with perfume or water. They get chocolate
or painted eggs, and chocolate bunnies. In England many people go
to church on Easter Sunday.
The Hungarians celebrate March 15th, the day of the Hungarian
Revolution and War of Independence of 1848-49, August 20, the day
of King Stephen I. and October 23rd, the day of the Declaration of
the Hungarian Republic.
As far as I know, public holidays in England are called bank
holidays because on these days the banks are closed. New Years Day,
Easter Monday and Boxing Day are bank holidays. May Bank Holiday is
the first Monday in May. The British also celebrate St. Valentines
Day, May Day, the Queens birthday, Halloween, Guy Fawkes Night and
Armistice Day.St.Valentines Day, February 14th, is the day of
lovers.
Both Britain and the U.S.A. also celebrate some holidays which
are not common in other countries, for instance Valentines Day
(February 14th), April Fools Day (April 1st),May Day (May 1st) and
Halloween (October 31st). An important Welsh holiday is St. Davids
Day (the patron saint of Wales) on March 1st, and in Ireland, St.
Patricks Day (March 17th) is the day celebrating their patron
saint. Midsummers Day (June 24th) marks the longest day of the
year, and Guy Fawkes Day (November 5th) commemorates the survival
of the monarchy and the King after Guy Fawkes unsuccessfully tried
to kill him in 1605.
In the United States each state has its own legal holidays but
most states observe the holidays set by the federal government.
These holidays are: New Years Day (January 1st), Martin Luther
Kings Birthday (3rdMonday in January), Washingtons Birthday
(3rdMonday in February), Memorial Day (last Mondy in May),
Independence Day (July 4), Labor Day (1stMonday in September),
Columbus Day (2ndMonday in October), Veterans Day (November 11),
Thanksgiving Day (4thThursday in November) and Christmas Day
(December 25).
As in Ireland, St. Patricks Day is observed in America, a day
when people wear green for the Irish saint.Many of the holidays
have traditional foods and activities associated with them, and
nowadays its commond to send greeting cards to family and friends
on many of these days.
On Halloween children dress up as witches or in other costumes,
make lanterns of pumpkins and light candles inside them to scare
the witches away. They visit houses wearing costumes and knock at
the door, and when its opened, they say trick or treat. Trick means
playing a joke, and treat means getting a gift, usually sweets.
This day is celebrated both in Great-Britain and in the United
States.
8. Ttel - Reading; television, video, cinema - Szabadid -
olvass, televzi, vide, mozi reading (books, newspapers, libraries,
Internet) TV, cinema, video reading vs TV TV vs cinema
I think reading is a very useful pastime. I like reading
interesting books because I can relax with it.People go to a
library to borrow books and cassettes, read newspapers and
magazines, photocopy materials, listen to music and use
computers.
Its oftener that we buy the newspapers. In Hungary there are
local and national daily papers. The local papers tend to
concentrate on the news of the county and write only short articles
on world and national news. As for the national daily papers, there
are two basic types. One is quality papers which focus on more
serious issues and try to cover all kinds of topics. Newspapers
belonging to the other group, tabloids, concentrate on sensational
news, such as murders, tragedies and stories on famous people. The
headlines are sometimes provocative, using big letters. The
articles are short and there are lots of pictures.
The British are a nation of newspaper readers. Many people even
have a daily paper delivered to their homes in time for
breakfast.
British newspapers can be divided into two groups too: quality
and popular (tabloid). Quality newspapers are more serious and
cover home and foreign news thoughtfully while the popular
newspapers like shocking, personal stories as well as some news.
These two groups of papers can be distinguished easily because the
quality newspapers are twice the size of the popular
newspapers.
Of course the press means more than newspapers. A vast range of
magazines and weeklies is published, aimed at readers interested in
all sorts of subjects. In fact, there are magazines for practically
every special interest you can imagine. There are womens magazines,
gourmet cooking magazines, or magazines dealing with gardening,
science, cars, motorcycles, computers, modeling, home decorating,
fashion, sports, body building, film, theatre, music, news
magazines and so on.
I love books. I love to read especially tales to my daughter. I
buy books by internet because its comfortable and cheaper than I
buy books in the bookshops.
In my opinion, people prefer watching films to reading. Watching
films is less demanding than reading books after a tiring day at
work or at school. Although cinema tickets are quite expensive, so
are books.
People not only watch what is on TV but watch videos and DVDs.
Its better because there isnt commercial during the film. I
understand that commercials are important for channels and
sometimes provide useful information for everybody. They can also
be quite entertaining, though I hate it when the film that Im
watching is interrupted at the most interesting part with
commercials.
In my opinion, TV contributes to our social life. People like
talking about TV programmes. For example, they discuss all kinds of
information on the characters of soap operas, try to guess what
will happen to them in the next episodes and talk about the actors
and actresses private lives. They also like criticising the way
presenters talk and dress.
I prefer those channels which broadcast documentaries and films
on nature, animals and fabulous events. I often watch tale channel
with my daughter, we have lots of favourite programmes.I watch the
news every day because I like to know what is going on in the
world. I also enjoy watching quiz shows and comedies.
We go to multiplex cinemas in big plazas where we go to not only
for the sake of the film, but also to enjoy ourselves with our
friends before or after the film. Usually we have dinner there
before the cinema.
I mostly listen to the radio while driving. I like channels
which offer programmes with few commercials and lots of music. I
also like programmes which provide news every hour or half an hour
and information on town traffic and road conditions.
Mass media is a phrase often used to describe ways of giving
information and entertainment to very large numbers of people. It
includes newspapers, advertising and radio and of course,
television.
9. Ttel - Culture - Szabadid - mvelds, szrakozs music (listening
to music, concerts, opera, playing an instrument) theatre museums,
exhibitions
I listen to music at home and in the car. Ive never been in
classical concert, only in rock concerts. I dont like operas so
much, but I would like to go to the Opera-house and the Theatre of
light opera sometimes.
I like both going to the cinema and the theatre. Its true that I
go to the cinema more often because of the ticket prices and
parking. Our car was stolen once when we was in the theatre.
Nowadays we go to theatre by public transport.
If you want to go to the theatre it is often necessary to book a
seat before you go. Normally it is not necessary to book seats at
the cinema.
If you book seats you can choose the ones you want on a plan.
Seats on ground level are normally called the stalls; seats on the
first floor are called the circle (or the balcony); if there are
seats on the second floor they are called the balcony. When you go
into the cinema or theatre an usherette will take your ticket and
show you to your seat.
In my town there are lots of museum and famous art galleries:
Museum of Fine Arts, National Museum, Museum of Modern Art, Museum
of Tranportation, Postal Museum, Science Museum, Museum of History
and so on.I go to exhibitions very rarely because I havent so much
freetime and my daughter doesnt enjoy these visitations.
10. Ttel - Free time activities - Szabadid going out parties,
balls, festivals hobbies other ways of recreation
There are lots of pleasure grounds all over the world. I think
everywhere there are pubs, discoes, clubs, etc. We go out with my
friends especially to pubs where we can chat, listen to music,
dance and eat something. But the garden parties are more friendlier
and cheaper. We usually organize barbecues with children, this time
they can play and run in the garden.
I usually go to a wellness-weekend with my husband once a year
in winter because we work a lot all of the year. There are some
well-known spas in Hungary, for example, Hvz and Hajdszoboszl, and
many people, including foreigners, go there.
A hobby is an activity that you like doing and do quite often.
Hobbies are a form of recreation. If you have a hobby, its easier
to regain energy after a hard days work. Depending on the type of
the hobby, you can also make friends.
Unfortunately many Hungarians spend their free time at home
watching TV. But there are some who do some physical activities
regularly, like swimming, aerobics or hiking. Nowadays many young
people spend much of their time playing computer games either at
home or in internet cafes.
I think men and women usually have different kinds of hobbies,
for example, very few women go fishing and they are not so
interested in extreme sports, either. On the other hand, men
generally arent interested in needlework or pottery. In my opinion
both men and women do gardening but they tend to do different jobs
in the garden. Women like dealing with flowers, they weed the
flowerbeds, plant new varieties and they design the whole garden.
Men usually prune the trees, trim the hedges and mow the lawn.
Collecting stamps, coins, autographs, phone cards, beer mats or
napkins, model building, doing needlework or woodwork, pottery,
basketry, playing an instrument and dancing are indoor hobbies,
while hiking, mountaineering, caving, sailing, fishing, canoeing
and bird-watching are outdoor hobbies. My sisters hobbies are
collecting phone cards and diary writing. I like reading about
feng-shui and I like to be an Avon consultant. I used to play
handball for years, nowadays I only watch handball games on TV.
As far as I know, the English like playing golf and cricket, and
there are quite a few soccer fans among them. They often mow the
lawn and wash their cars at weekends, while some British people go
to horse races to bet or just to watch the race.
Some Americans go to baseball and basketball games regularly to
support their teams. But there are others who prefer staying at
home and watching these games on TV while eating snacks.
I think Hungarian people collect the same things that people
like collecting all over the world, mostly stamps and coins.
If we considered a sport that many people pursue popular, the
most popular sport in Hungary are football, handball, hiking and
aerobics. If a popular sport means a sport that many people watch,
besides football and handball, the most popular sports are Formula
1 racing, water polo and boxing.
11. Ttel - Learning, education, the school system - Oktats,
tanuls school system, school types in Hungary school system, school
types in English-speaking countries candidate's school experiences
tertiary education learning outside school: courses, etc student
exchange programmes, student mobility
When children are 2 or 3 years old, they sometimes go to a
nursery school, where they learn simple games and songs. In England
there are not enough nursery schools for all children under five,
so parents themselves often form play groups for children under
five where they can go a couple of times a week. From 5 to 7 years,
children go to infant schools and from 8 to 11 years to junior
schools. From the age of 11 most children attend a comprehensive
school until the age of 16 or 18. Higher education covers
universities, polytechnics and colleges of education.
In the United States children start the 8-grade elementary
school at the age of six. After the elementary school, the students
attend four years of high school. In some cases students between
12-14 go to junior high school and then attend a 3-year high
school. After high school the students can attend university for
four years. State and private university masters degrees are
completed in one to two years, and doctoral degrees can take seven
year.
Its the same in Hungary. Childrens first real school is called a
primary school. Usually at the age of six, but parents can decide
whether those childen who wee born in autumn start when they are
six, or a year later. In England they start at the age of five and
in the States the system is the same as in Hungary. Secondary
education begins at the age of about 14.
In Hungary there are secondary grammar, secondary technical and
vocational schools. Mostly those students choose secondary grammar
schools who plan to go on to higher education. Students who would
like to learn a trade or profession besides passing their
school-leaving exam go to secondary technical schools. I passed the
school-leaving exam in a Secondary School of Economics. Vocational
schools train skilled workers, such as plumbers, joiners and
hairdressers. The training lasts three years in these schools.
After high-school graduation they can go to university or
college. These courses normally last 4 years and then students
graduate, which means they receive their degree. At university,
teaching is by tutorial, seminar, lecture and of course private
study. Most people who receive a university place are given a grant
by the government to help pay their fees and living expenses.
Full-time students attend school on weekdays and correspondence
students go to classes mainly on Fridays and Saturday. I went to
college every second Friday and Saturday, so I could work or I
could stay at home with my child.
Other facilities of continuing professional education are the
crash-courses and OKJ trainings, where you get an official and
received certificate.
Nowadays most young people want to become economists, lawyers or
deal with some field of computer science. Many of them think that
it will be easy to find well-paying jobs with these degrees.
The program of student barter is a very good thing. Students can
meet foreign people, countries and cultures, and during they learn
foreign languages. I think it has only advantages.
12. Ttel - Learning foreign languages - Idegen nyelvek,
nyelvtanuls the role and importance of foreign languages language
learning opportunities language learning experiences
Its important that we take a language exam because its necessary
if you want to get a degree, and it is an advantage when a student
wants to go on to higher education. Nowadays if you want a good
job, you will have to be able to speak foreign languages, and its
good if you can prove it with a certificate. Of course, knowledge
of an foreign language is advantage for you in your weekdays and in
your travellings too.
You can learn foreign languages alone at home from a book, with
a private teacher or at a language school, and of course
abroad.
Ive been learning English for 15 years, and if I pass the
language exam, Ill learn Dutch and Italian.I began foreign language
learning when I was 12. I remember my first English book, it was a
story-book about Linda. I learnt English seriously at the secondary
school and at my first workplace, I had a private teacher. I got an
elementary language exam, and later when I learnt English at London
Studio, I passed the verbal intermediate language exam.
Now Im learning at Mtisz Studio, and I hope that my exam will be
successful.
13. Ttel - Work and the individual - Munka s egyn working hours
(part-time, casual work, shift work, several jobs) fashionable jobs
/ dream jobs ways of finding a job working abroad (advantages,
disadvantages) career and/or family
Jobs are traditionally divided up into two large categories:
blue collar and white collar. Blue collar jobs are generally the
manual labour type, such as factory work, road crews, building and
construction, etc. The white collar jobs are the office jobs such
as bank clerks, office workers, teachers, computer operators, etc.
They are called blue and white collar because of the colour of the
shirt traditionally worn in those jobs. Wearing a uniform is still
required for numerous jobs, such as police officers, hotel doormen,
nurses and many others.
While many jobs have regular hours typically 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.,
and called nine-to-five jobs some require shift work. There is
usually a hierarchy in a work place, and at the top is employer,
usually called the boss, who is generally a type of executive of
manger. Below this are other supervisors and then the other
employees. Sometimes there is a labour union in the work place to
protect the rights of the workers.
Full-time jobs mean that you work 8 hours a day. If you have a
part-time job, you work less, usually 4 or 6 hours a day.
Employer can work more two or three shifts. There are day- or
nighshift and swing shift too.Odd job is valid to occasions or
seasons, for example, snow scoop in winter or farmhand in
summer.Some people have more jobs called accumulation, such as the
politicians. Its possible that they have other functions beside the
function of political.
Salaries are fixed monthly payments especially for professional
employees or people working in an office.These days a lot of young
people would like to become lawyers or economists, or they would
like to find a job in connection with computer science. The main
reason why these jobs are so popular is that they are well-paid.
Most young people would like to work for a big company and get a
company car, a mobile phone and a laptop, and where they can travel
abroad on business. There are some young people who choose a
popular job, no matter whether they are interested in that field or
not. Others try to find work that suits their abilities and
interest. There are families where the parents tell their children
what to become.
Nowadays its easier to gain admission to an institution of
higher education, but its more difficult to find a lucrative job
after graduation. There are many more students in higher education
than some years ago, so the job market is getting full.
In my opinion, a good job must be challenging and motivating. I
would like to work with people and help them. Its very important
for me to enjoy what I do and be a member of a good team.
Employee provides job security, good salary and fringe benefits,
such as free health insurance, travel subsidies and sports
facilities. A good employer constantly tries to motivate the
employees and creates ideal working conditions. He or she should
organize activities for the employees outside work, like
sightseeing tours and evening programmes.
A good employee is efficient, loyal to the employer and
reliable. He or she has to adapt to changing work conditions and
has to be able to cooperate with others.
Women have become more career-oriented. They dont have to stay
at home and look after their children as there are crches and
nursery schools. They can take care of housework more easily
because there are labour-saving household devices. Another reason
why they go to work is that the family needs the money.I think we
dont have to choose between family and career if we can map out and
we have family support.In my opinion the middle-aged and elderly
people are at a disadvantage when they are looking for a job
because most companies advertise jobs for people under 35. In turn
these people can work very well and they dont have to go on sick
leave because they havent got little children.
According to the law, women and men get the same salary for the
same job, but as far as I know, especially in blue-collar jobs,
women are paid less because they are considered weaker than
men.
Traditionally there are mens jobs and womens jobs. For example,
turners are mostly men, and kindergarten teachers are mostly
women.
The most frequent reason is that an employee is made redundant
and has to find another job. He or she has to leave either because
the firm goes bankrupt or closes down, or because the employer is
not satisfied with his or her work. There might be family reasons
as well. Some people have to change jobs because of their health.
There are people who change for a better-paid job or a job with
better benefits. Other change jobs just because their tasks have
become monotonous and they need a change.
Unfortunately, in todays economic hard times a lot of people
dont have jobs and cant find the kind of work they were trained
for. These people are unemployed, and its sad to say their numbers
are growing.
If Im search of a job I ask my friends whether they know about
vacancies. I read job advertisement, surf the net and go to a job
agent. I found all of my jobs by TopSec, so Im pleased with them.
Firstly I called this company, we made an appointment, and went to
the office with my CV. I was done some exercises and talked a lot.
They took on me to their database, and after a week they called me
that I could go to an appraisal interview. It was successful.
A CV contains personal details, such as the candidates name,
address, phone number, nationality, date of birth and marital
status. You must give details of your education and qualifications,
your previous experience, your language and other skills. You may
also include a list of your interests. Its advisable to add names
of people who can provide references.
Some people think that their life will be easier and more
interesting abroad. They also hope to earn much more money than in
Hungary, but they might not consider that life is more expensive
abroad.
The advantages of working abroad are that you can learn the
local language, get to know interesting people, and acquire the
most recent technologies. Probably you earn more, although your
expenditures can be higher too. The disadvantages include that you
might feel like an outsider, have language problems and find the
people around you and their customs strange. You might often feel
lonely as you are far from your family and friends.
14. Ttel - Work and society - Munka s trsadalom job prestige
unemployment, benefits telework graduates entering the labour
market
Jobs are traditionally divided up into two large categories:
blue collar and white collar. Blue collar jobs are generally the
manual labour type, such as factory work, road crews, building and
construction, etc. The white collar jobs are the office jobs such
as bank clerks, office workers, teachers, computer operators, etc.
They are called blue and white collar because of the colour of the
shirt traditionally worn in those jobs. Wearing a uniform is still
required for numerous jobs, such as police officers, hotel doormen,
nurses and many others.
These days a lot of young people would like to become lawyers or
economists, or they would like to find a job in connection with
computer science. The main reason why these jobs are so popular is
that they are well-paid. Most young people would like to work for a
big company and get a company car, a mobile phone and a laptop, and
where they can travel abroad on business. There are some young
people who choose a popular job, no matter whether they are
interested in that field or not. Others try to find work that suits
their abilities and interest. There are families where the parents
tell their children what to become.
Nowadays its easier to gain admission to an institution of
higher education, but its more difficult to find a lucrative job
after graduation. There are many more students in higher education
than some years ago, so the job market is getting full.
I think the middle-aged and elderly people are at a disadvantage
when they are looking for a job because most companies advertise
jobs for people under 35. In turn these people can work very well
and they dont have to go on sick leave because they havent got
little children.
According to the law, women and men get the same salary for the
same job, but as far as I know, especially in blue-collar jobs,
women are paid less because they are considered weaker than
men.
Traditionally there are mens jobs and womens jobs. For example,
turners are mostly men, and kindergarten teachers are mostly
women.
The most frequent reason is that an employee is made redundant
and has to find another job. He or she has to leave either because
the firm goes bankrupt or closes down, or because the employer is
not satisfied with his or her work. There might be family reasons
as well. Some people have to change jobs because of their health.
There are people who change for a better-paid job or a job with
better benefits. Other change jobs just because their tasks have
become monotonous and they need a change.
Unfortunately, in todays economic hard times a lot of people
dont have jobs and cant find the kind of work they were trained
for. These people are unemployed, and its sad to say their numbers
are growing.
Unemployment is a serious social problem all over the world.
Unemployed means that somebody hasnt worked for a month, and he or
shes looking for a job. I think most of them are middle-aged and
elder. Of course there are entrant unemployed too, because lots of
employee want a young, well-educated but well-practised
employers.
The state and the government assure social supplies to the
indigents. For example, pensioners get pension, parents get family
allowance, everybody get medical assurance and unemployed people
get dole. Of course, therefore people have to pay several taxes
when they work.
In my opinion the state has to solve the problem, for example,
with free re-trainings and odd job or jobs of public utility. Of
course, people have to change their habits. Change of residence and
workplace or profession may be often a good resolution.
15. Ttel - Sports - Sport sports facilities candidates sporting
activities, favourite sports mass sports sports events,
professionals extreme sports
Sport includes the healthy lifestyle, crowdsports, racingsports,
popular- and extreme sports and so on.The healthy lifestyle
contains eating healthy food, regular movement and free from
stress.
I try to live healthy as I know. I eat lots of vegetable dishes,
fruits, yoghurts and cereals.
I like sports, especially handball, tennis and Formula 1. I used
to go to fitness centres and play handball for years but nowadays I
only watch handball games on TV. I like this sport because of the
hardness and team playing. We won several awards, for example,
silver medal in the competition of Budapest. Nowadays I take
exercises at home with a step machine because I cant go out from my
daughter. My employer pays the season tickets of a fitness centre
so the managing director help us to keep our fit.
Crowdsports are played by several people, so crowdsport means
the game of the crowds. For example, football, running, basketball,
etc.
Racingsports are the sports which are played in functional
competitions and the winners get medals. For example, motorsports,
ice-skating, football, athletics, etc.
As far as I know, the English like playing golf and cricket, and
there are quite a few soccer fans among them.Some Americans go to
baseball and basketball games regularly to support their teams. But
there are others who prefer staying at home and watching these
games on TV while eating snacks.
If we considered a sport that many people pursue popular, the
most popular sport in Hungary are football, handball, hiking and
aerobics. If a popular sport means a sport that many people watch,
besides football and handball, the most popular sports are Formula
1 racing, water polo, swimming and boxing.
Although its said that extreme sports are dangerous, many young
people try them. These sports are gliding, white-water rafting,
snowboarding, bungee jumping and so on. I think extreme sports are
nice and exciting but I dont want to try them. Once I was
parachuted with my husband by a motor-boat above the Mediterranean
sea in Tunesia and it was wonderful but I was afraid because I have
agoraphobic.
16. Ttel - Health - Egszsg characteristics of a healthy
lifestyle healthy and unhealthy diet/dishes healthcare
The word health really means good health, when you feel fine.
But it also possible to speak about poor health, when you feel out
of sorts, do not feel up to the mark.
A regular way of life is very important to good health. Have
your meals at regular times, devote enough time to recreation,
sports in the fresh air and sunshine. Many people who feel unwell
or nervous are just exhausted, overworked and need a good rest.
To be healthy you should eat healthy food, such as chicken and
fish, vegetables, fruits, cheese, yoghurt and cereals, exercise
regularly and try to avoid stress.
I try to live in the healthiest way possible. I eat healthy
food, that is, little fat and sugar and lots of vegetables and
fruit. I take exercises at home three times a week and walk a lot
with my daughter every day.
Health cares are cover all people and theyre nearly free. Of
course, its not free because employees and employers pay social
security contributions to the state to cover their health cares.
From 15thFebruary we pay visit fee at doctors and bed fee in the
hospitals per day. Health cares may be benefit in kind and monetary
allocation.
Benefit in kind may be the price of medicine support. Monetary
allocation are sick-pay and child care allowance and fee.
There are private medical cares but theyre so expensive.
Important institute is the sick-pay what is paid by the
employees and social insurance. When an employer is sick, go to the
doctor and stay at home, he or she gets the 70 per cent of his or
her salary as sick-pay.Some employees pay the medical examinations
for the employers, especially the multinational companies.
17. Ttel - Illnesses - Betegsg common illnesses addiction
(alcohol, drugs, smoking) stress, psychic diseases
In Hungary most people have coronary diseases or suffer from
cancer. I think the majority of people dont pay enough attention to
their health and go and see a doctor only when its too late.In my
opinion, in Africa the biggest problem is the spread of AIDS, which
is due to ignorance, lack of money and education. In the developed
countries the most serious issue is cancer because in most of the
cases it is incurable.
When you are unwell, you see the doctor in his surgery or send
for him. From 15thFebruary you have to pay visit fee. You tell him
your trouble and he examines you by sounding your lings, listening
to your heart, taking your blood pressure, feeling your pulse and
taking your temperature. If it is nothing serious, there is nothing
much to worry about, but you may have to take some prescription. He
may put you on a diet, tell you to stay away from work or put you
on the sick list.
If you are in need of urgent hospital treatment, the doctor will
ring for the ambulance. As polyclinics are not self-sufficient for
every kind of medical examination, you may be sent to hospital for
observation.Medical attendance covers the emergency medical- and
accident attendance, hospital treatment and recourse of family
doctor.
Herbs can replace medicines in certain cases and provide a more
natural treatment. Herbs are mainly used to make teas. I believe in
natural therapy not tablets and medicines.
Unfortunately many people are overweight in Hungary. People dont
care about leading a healthy way of life. They eat too much and too
many fatty foods and they dont do any sports. They dont even walk,
but use their cars or public transport.
There are addictions, which are very harmful, for example:
smoking, drugs and drinking.Smoking is very harmful and its very
difficult to give up smoking. I think smokers smoke cigarettes out
of sheer habit not for the taste and flavour of cigarette.Drinking
coffee is harmful too, but some people who has low blood pressure
its helpful.
I think drugs are the most dangerous passion because its crocked
up the body so quickly. Taking drugs weakens the addicts immune
system, makes them susceptible to strokes and causes anemia. Young
people try drugs mostly because of curiosity. Young peoples idols,
famous pop stars, actors and actresses, also take drugs and show a
bad example for them. Giving up drugs is very difficult because
drugs are extremely addictive. I think it is almost impossible to
give up drugs without professional help.
Drinking is as dangerous as taking drugs, both of them mend the
feelings for a short time. Adults should call the attention of
young people to the health hazards of drinking. They should make
teenagers realize that alcohol is as addictive as drugs and
cigarettes. Drinking is especially dangerous for young people as
their liver functions are not developed enough to stop alcohol from
destroying their brain cells.
I think its impossible to stop people from smoking and drinking
with laws or regulations. Producing and distributing cigarettes and
alcoholic drinks is a very profitable business.
Stress is a common trouble in our days. The most typical form is
the stress at occupation. Future exercises and quick worktempo
cause quick pulse, strain and phobia. This is a psychological
trouble, such as anorexia, sexual problems, phobias (hydrophobia,
claustrophobia), inside illnesses, etc.
18. Ttel - Services - Szolgltatsok catering facilities banks
repair and maintenance emergency services (ambulance, police,
Automobile Association)There are several services in the world,
such as restaurants, banks, hairdressers, dry-cleaners, patrol
services and so on.
People are usually in a hurry and they dont have time to wait
for meals in restaurants. They go to self-service restaurants,
which dont offer many kinds of dishes, but the service is quick and
the food is acceptable. There are cheaper and some more expensive
ones. You can buy your food at takeaway restaurants if you dont
have time to cook but would like to eat at home. Fast food
restaurants are very popular but not so healthy. I like these foods
but I eat there rarely.
Many students complain about the canteen food, saying that it is
tasteless and full of fat. I think the situation is not that bad.
The kitchen provides food for several hundred students a day and
cant afford to use the best ingredients. There are some dishes that
they cook really well.
In Hungary the number of foreign restaurants is growing. There
are more and more Chinese, Greek, Italian, Turkish and Arabic
restaurants. You can also find other international restaurants,
mainly in big towns.I go to the hairdressers to have my hair cut
two- or three times a year because I grow my hair and I dye it at
home.
Its much cheaper to do all the work yourself and with the help
of your family and friends, but you might not be so satisfied with
the result. Employing professionals is quite expensive but they
work faster and better.I take suits, overcoats, leather jackets,
fur coats and other clothes made of materials that cant be washed
to the dry-cleaners.
At the post office you can buy stamps, envelopes, cards,
scratchcards and so on. You can post letters and parcels, pay your
bills, transfer money, etc. I transfer money by internet.
Banks offer a wide choice of services. They deal with savings,
payment services, lending, insurance, foreign currency exchanges,
leasing, giving advice on investments, and so on. Nowadays more and
more banks provide telebanking services. It means that people use
their phones or the internet to give orders to the banks to carry
out different kinds of business transactions for them.
Patrol services are ambulance, police, fire service and auto
club. Ambulance callable in 104, police in 105 and fire service in
107 in emergencies. In Hungary these services are not so quick and
modern. Auto club helps the motorists in default. Its available in
188, and it has 80 modern yellow angels.
19. Ttel - Shopping - Vsrls
everyday shopping buying consumer durables shopping habits
sales, discounts the role of advertisements consumer society
I buy some bread and milk almost every day in a little shop
opposite my house, but we go to a big hypermarket to buy other all
things for the household usually every third weekend.
We always buy big hunks of cheese, crates of yoghurt and kephir,
tubs of margarine and butter, sugar, flour, cooking oil, spices,
mineral water, cereals, meat, cleaning supplies, domesticities,
nappy, consumer durables, electrical goods, toys, etc., so almost
everything. Vegetables and fruits we buy at the market near my
house because these goods are fresh there.
Advantages of hypermarkets are that you can find almost
everything from food to gardening equipment in one place and there
is also a wide range of goods. There is usually a place where the
children can play while their parents are shopping. The
hypermarkets offer some products at reduced prices and cards for
regular customers. With these cards you can earn points that you
can exchange for goods or services.
I like shopping in hypermarket because theyre opened non-stop
and I can buy everything in one place at a low price. The
disadvantages of hypermarkets are that they are often incredibly
crowded, especially at weekends. Its difficult to move with fully
packed trolleys among the shelves. These hypermarkets are generally
far from the town centre and it can take long to get there and
home. Fortunately there is a hypermarket near my house so we dont
have to travel a lot.
Usually we get catalogues from super- and hypermarkets about
sales so we go to there at that time.Recently I buy books and Avon
essences by internet. Its very comfortable and cheap, I like
it.
In small shops the customer service is usually better than in
bigger stores because the shop assistants consider the customers
more important there. These shops are closer to your home and arent
so crowded and you dont have to stand in a long queue. Their
disadvantages are that you cant find as many brands as in big shops
and they are more expensive.
I think I pertain to the majority, which do the shopping in
hypermarkets.
20. Ttel - Transport - Kzlekeds
everyday transport public transport in the city intercity
transport individual transport (cars, motorbikes, bicycles) public
transport problems individual transport problems
There are several ways of travelling. People can travel by
bicycle, motorcycle, car, taxi, bus, tram, trolleybus, underground,
train, plane, ship, boat, hydroplane and so on.
There are many ways of getting about town. In most big cities
people have a wide choice of tram, bus, trolley-bus and underground
routes in addition to a taxi service. Trams, trolley-buses and
buses stop to pick up passengers at special stops. During the
morning rush hours, with so many people hurrying to work, the
vehicles are usually overcrowded. During the evening rush hours,
with everyone hurrying home, they are packed full, too.
You can buy railway tickets at newsagents, ticket offices, in
shops, from ticket machines and in some towns from the drivers,
which is always more expensive. Then you have to validate your
ticket either punching it or stamping it. But if you have a monthly
ticket, you dont have to worry about buying a ticket because
monthly and weekly tickets are valid for several journeys within a
particular period of time. They are also cheaper than separate
tickets. You can also buy half-yearly and yearly tickets.
I used to go to work by bus, underground and tram but nowadays
we go to work by car with my husband and our daughter. Its more
comfortable and quicker than the public transport.
I dont like public vehicles because they are slow and crowded,
and the service is not frequent enough. The fastest type is the
underground because it isnt influenced by weather or traffic
conditions. In Hungary you can find it only in the capital.
People travel by taxi when they are in a hurry, when they have
much to carry or when they are in unknown places. You go by taxi if
there is no public transport or it isnt operating because its too
late.
The London underground (the Tube) is one of the largest in the
world. It has 10 lines and nearly 300 stations. Underground called
subway in New York and metro in Paris and many other cities.
Public transport can be made more environmentally friendly by
replacing buses with trams and trolleybuses or running them on
natural gas.
Parking is getting more and more difficult nowadays because the
number of cars has increased dramatically. In Hungary the
point-to-point transport is very critical. Buses and trains are
crowded, slow, expensive and often late.
21. Ttel - Travelling in Hungary and abroad - Kl- s belfldi
utazs
preparations favourite destinations types of trips (holiday,
official, business, study, conferences) package tour (advantages,
disadvantages)
If you travel to a foreign country youll need a valid passport.
If you are travelling to certain countries, you have to apply for
visas and you may also need certificates of vaccination. In some
countries you have to be able to prove that you have either enough
cash or an embossed bank card.
Most people prefer some kind of package holiday at a popular
holiday resort, which means that everything is arranged for you and
the price you pay includes transport, food and accommodation.
In Hungary, tourists can stay at hotels, motels, pensions, guest
houses, youth hostels and in campsites. In Great Britain there are
hotels, inns, boarding houses, bed and breakfasts, youth hostels
and campsites. In the United States, instead of inns, boarding
houses and bed and breakfasts, there are motels.
Hotels are classified according to the services they offer. Inns
are pubs where people can stay the night. Boarding houses are
private houses where you pay to sleep and eat. Bed and breakfasts
are small hotels or private houses where you pay for a room and a
meal in the morning. You can find motels along roads and motorways.
They are cheap hotels for people travelling by car. Youth hostels
provide cheap accommodation especially for students for a short
period of time.
I think the most popular holiday places are in exotic countries,
for example, Tunesia in Africa, India, Thailand, Canary-islands,
Hawaii, Mauritius, Egypt, and so on. Lots of people go to Italy,
Croatia and Greece too.
Holidays are more than relaxation because you can spend your
time in an active way. You can walk long distances to get to know
towns, visit museums, exhibitions and galleries, and even do some
sports, like cycling, sailing or bungee jumping and parachuting.
Once I was parachuted with my husband by a motor-boat above the
Mediterranean sea in Tunesia, and it was wonderful.
There are several ways of traveling: holiday, formal travelling,
business travel, study journey and conference. Both of them are
very useful, but you can relax and you can go sightseeing on your
holiday.
I prefer package holidays because I like it when I dont have to
bother with organising anything. I just go to the travel agency and
ask them to arrange the journey, the accommodation and all the
programmes. We went to our honeymoon in this way to Tunesia, and it
was wonderful. We were waited at the airport, the assistants told
everything, a flight was beautiful, our travel guide waited for us
at the airport in Tunesia and saw in us to the hotel, asked for our
key, organised the programmes and we could ask for her with
everything.
My friends, on the other hand, like to organise their holidays
themselves because they got disappointed by some travel agencies.
They search for addresses, call the places and book their
accommodation.
Knowledge of foreign language is very important and it
facilitates our situation everywhere, for example, at travelling,
in restaurants, at shopping and so on.
22. Ttel - Weather, seasons, environment protection - Idjrs,
vszakok, krnyezetvdelem environmental problems environment
protection home environment protection (selective waste collection,
energy saving at home) weather, seasons
In Hungary in spring the weather is usually changeable. It can
be quite warm and sunny, or cold and rainy and windy. Summer is
hot, sultry and dry. Sometimes there are storms and even hail.
People dont like autumn very much because it is usually cold and
rainy with strong wind. In winter the weather is cold, the
temperature is usually below zero and it often snows. The mornings
are foggy and frosty.
To tell the truth, I like summer and spring because I dont have
to dressed well.Because of the greenhouse effects there isnt
winter, for example, this year it hasnt snowed yet and the
temperature is below zero rarely. The temperature has been
increasing.
People usually listen to weather forecasts on radio or
television. With the extensive use of computers and satellites
weather forecasts have become more and more accurate.
The weather in Britian is very changeable and unpredictable even
from one day to the next. This is due to the influence of
southwestern winds blowing off the Atlantic and the warm waters of
the Gulf Stream which modify the original temperate climate of the
country.
There are many rainy days in the year, even in winter.
Nowadays the main problems are the greenhouse effect,
deforestation, rivers being diverted, dams being built, erosion,
rapid consumption of resources and commodities, and pollution of
air and water. The most important consequence of the greenhouse
effect is the warming of the earth which causes climate changes and
melts polar icecaps. Global warming means the increase in the
worlds temperatures. The greenhouse effect and the depletion of the
ozone layer are believed to be its main causes. The ozone layer can
be protected only by international cooperation. People should stop
producing and using harmful products that damage the ozone layer.
The melting of the polar caps results in the rising sea-levels. It
will flood populated areas and agricultural land.
Industrial pollution and overexploitation of the forests must be
drastically decreased. The seas are endangered by industrial and
other forms of pollution, such as oil spills from tankers and oil
rigs. Most vehicles run on petrol or gas. Recently car
manufacturers have launched cars operating with electricity. There
is research going on how other energy sources, such as solar energy
and water, could be used for running vehicles.Almost everything can
be recycled, like plastic bottles, paper, clothes, cans and metal.
I think more containers should be placed not only in towns but in
villages.
In Hungary more and more regulations are enacted to protect wild
animals. Both hunting and keeping them are strictly regulated, so
the situation is getting better.
23. Ttel - Telecommunications - Telekommunikci
telephones computers e-mail internet
In Hungary there are two types of public phone boxes. One which
operates with coins, and another which operates with phonecards.
But the number of public phone boxes fall off because of mobile
phones.A mobile phone has several functions, depending on its
brand. In every mobile phone theres a phone book, where you can
store the numbers that you regularly call. In modern phones you can
add voice labels to the numbers. You can send and receive SMSs, get
information on calls and apply settings, e.g. the language, time
and date, and handsfree function. They also include some extras,
like alarm clock, timer, stop-watch, calculator and games.
In my opinion, you feel safer if you have a mobile phone because
you will be able to ask for help if something happens to you. As
almost everybody has a mobile phone nowadays, its a kind of an
expectation for you to be contactable. Another reason for their
popularity is that they are becoming cheaper and its possible to
sign reasonable contracts with mobile telephone service
providers.
I think the advantages of mobile phones are their disadvantages
at the same time. Its good to be contactable but it is sometimes
disturbing that people can reach you everywhere.
Its rude to use your mobile phone in public places, like
libraries, cinemas, theatres, churches and temples, wardrooms in
hospitals and schools and universities during classes.
Since when the computers appeared the function of fax machine
lower because its quicker and the quality of computer is
better.
Nowadays computers are used in all fields of life. You can find
them in banks, post offices, shops, hospitals, restaurants,
pharmacies, libraries, schools, offices, factories, homes and so
on. Computers are used for storing data, word processing, keeping
records, invoicing, managing production, etc. Traffic is also
controlled with computers.
I have a laptop at home so I can surf the net, send e-mails, I
do the shopping and I book cinema tickets or book seats at
restaurants. Of course I can learn English by internet because
therere lots of online exercises.
Internet is helpful if someone live far from their families
because he or she can keep contact with them by e-mail. They can
write to their friends, relatives and colleagues. Its better than
telephone because you can contact more people at the same time and
its more quicker than an ordinary letter.
24. Ttel - Hungary - Magyarorszg major tourist attractions main
places of interest tourism Hungary as a destination
Hungaryis situated in the heart of Europe and it covers an area
of 93.000 squarekilometers. It has a population of about 10 million
inhabitants and has been a republic since October 23, 1989, when it
adopted a new Consitution.
To the west, Hungary borders Austria; to the south, Slovenia,
Croatica and Serbia; to the east Romania and the Ukraine; and to
the north, Slovakia.
Most of the country is flat. The hills in the western part of
the country lead to the Alps, while higher hills lying to the
northeast are part of the Carpathian Alps. The biggest river is the
Danube, the highest point in Hungary is a peak in the Mtra
Mountains called Kkestet. Lake Balaton is the largest lake in
Central Europe, its a popular holiday resort with Hungarians and
other Europeans alike.
The climate of Hungary is temperate, with distinct seasons.
The capital of Hungary is Budapest with about 2 million
inhabitants: it is the political, economic, commercial and cultural
centre of the country. It is also one of the most important railway
junctions in Europe. It lies on the two banks of the River Danube.
Buda and Pest were two towns before 1873 when the two parts of the
city and buda were officially united.Other major cities are
Miskolc, Debrecen, Szeged and Pcs.
While Hungary is one of the most ethnically homogeneous
countries in Central Europe (90% of the population are Magyars), it
does have a number of different minorities, the largest of which
are the Gypsies.
Hungaryis a parliamentary republic. There are parliamentary
elections every four years, and the leader of the winning party is
asked by the president to form the government. The president is
elected by the parliament every five years.
Hungaryis divided into the capital, 19 counties, 22 towns of
county rank and 23 districts in Budapest.I live in Budapest in the
17thdistrict. Its a greenbelted location and its far from the city
centre and its more peaceful and healthy.
There are several attractions in Budapest:
MatthiasChurch: a 700 year-old gothic church on Castle hill,
re-built in the lastcentury. Many kings were crowned here.CityPark:
the largest open space in Budapest, it contains the zoo, funfair,
and a castle specially built to show the many styles of Hungarian
architecture.ElizabethBridge: the only bridge to be re-built in
modern style after the War, it was the first cable bridge in Europe
and is famous for its slender, graceful lines.The Royal Palace:
originally a castle from the 13thcentury, it was re-built as a
magnificent residence for the monarchy in the 19thcentury and now
houses the National Gallery.Parliament: the seat of the Hungarian
government, building began in 1885 and finished in 1905.Chain
Bridge: the first permanent link between Buda and Pest, it was the
brainchild of Istvn Szchenyi and was designed and built by two
British engineers, both named Clark.The Citadel and Liberation
monument: a Habsburg fortress on the highest hill of the Danube
bank, with the statue commemorating the release of Hungary from
Nazi domination at the end of the World War II.Heroes Square:
flanked by the Fine Arts Museum and the Art Gallery, the central
column carries the Millenium Monument and stands in front of a
semi-circle of statues of great historical figures.MargaretIsland:
in the middle of the Danube, and nearly two miles long, it is a
spacious and varied leisure park with its own spa.The Fishermens
Bastion: visitors are usually amazed to learn that this was only
built in 1903. it offers excellent views of the city.
Hungaryjoined to NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization in
1999), so our safety and future increased because this organization
is a military union.
We joined to EU (European Union) too in 2004 but till now I
havent felt the effect of the connection. Probably Hungary has more
financial aid but there isnt more workplace and better
salaries.
25. Ttel - English-speaking countries - A clnyelv orszga(i)
(Anglia, USA) general information, personal experiences
Great-Britain
The United Kingdom is a parliamentary democracy with hereditary
monarchy, meaning that there is a monarch but the effective power
belongs to the government, which is part of parliament and
responsible to it but also normally dominates it. The government
consists of about a hundred politicians under the Prime
Minister.
The monarch is always the previous monarchs eldest son or eldest
daughter if there is no son. The present monarch is Elizabeth II
who belongs to the House of Windsor and who has been the monarch
for more than fifty years.
Great Britain consists of England, Wales and Scotland. The
United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
About 59 million people live in the UK, and people speak
English, Welsh and Scottish.
Scotland:
There are three large geographical areas in Scotland: the
Highlands, the Lowlands and the Islands, 5 million people live in
Scotland. Edinburgh is the capital, Glasgow is the chief industrial
and commercial city.Places to visit: Alloway, Ayrshire the
birthplace of Robert Burns, Balmoral Castle to be seen from a
distance, The Edinburgh Festival for music and drama, The Western
Isles for the beauty of their high land and wide seas, The
Shetlands and Orkneys the remote and barren northern islands, Loch
Ness to catch a glimpse of the monster?
England:
England is foten sub-divided into 3 parts: the North, the
Midlands and the South.Some places of interest in the North:
Hadrians Wall named after the Roman Emperor Hadrian was completed
int he 2nd century. It is a huge fortification all along the
Scottish border. The Lake District an area of mountains and lakes
which looks larger than it really is. Dramatic, romantic scenery.
York once an importan Roman city. It has remains from all periods
of history. The city walls, the cleaned and restored cathedral and
its street of medieval buildings are most impressive.
Some places of interest in the Midlands: Stratford-on-Avon the
birthplace and burial place of William Shakespeare. The Royal
Shakespeare Company plays here at the Festival Theatre as well as
in London. Cathedral towns of Worchester and Gloucester their
ancient cathedral churches are beautiful and the towns provide a
centre of cultural and business life. Coventry the fine modern
cathedral has been built next to the ruined one, bombed during
World War II. The Peak District an area of Derbyshire, it is
Englands first National Park, protected against industry.
Some places of interest in the South of England: Windsor the
town on the River Thames. Its castle is a royal residence. Eton
close to Windsor. The famous public school here was founded in
1440. Canterbury the cathedral and the residence of the Archbishop
of Canterbury, who is the religious head of the Church of England.
Bath a beautiful town int he West Country, interesting, because it
was developed and built in the 18th century and remains as it
originally was. Oxford and Cambridge the famous (and the oldest)
university towns in Britian.
Wales:
The capital is Cardiff. There are about 3 million inhabitants in
Wales. There is a Welsh language. Welsh folklore and language
strengthen each other. Every year a national festival of
traditional poetry and music is held. It is called the Eisteddfod.
In the United Kingdom the longest river is the Servern, which rises
in Wales and flows into the Bristol Channel.
Northern Ireland:
It is a land of lakes, rivers and a varied sea coast. The
biggest lake is Lough Neagh. The countrys capital is Belfast. It is
an industrial centre and port.
London:
The capital of the United Kingdom and England is London. It is
one of the worlds leading financial, industrial and cultural
centres with about 7 million inhabitants. The most famous river is
the Thames, which flows through London.
The United States of America
America is a nation of immigrants. With the exception of the
Native Americans the original peoples of America the people of the
U.S.A. came from other countries with widely differing languages,
cultures, values and traditions.
The most important values are freedom and individualism
democratic freedom from tyrannical government and the individual
freedom to make ones own choices and make the decisions that
control ones life. Americans believe very strongly in self-
reliance relying on oneself instead of relying on others to achieve
what one wants.
Americans also highly value material wealth and hard work. The
American Dream is that by working hard one can go from rags to
riches from being poor the being very rich.
The United States is a federal presidential republic. The
president is elected every four years.The United States of America,
which has approximately 289 million inhabitants, is made up of 50
states, 48 joined together on the continent, plus Alaska and
Hawaii. It can roughly be broken up into five large geographical
areas.
The highest mountain in the United States is Mount McKinley,
which located in south-central Alaska, in Denali National Park and
Preserve. The longest river is the Mississippi.
The capital of the United States is Washington DC. It has a
population of more than half a million. New York City is a major
port in south-eastern New York State. With its population of about
7.5 million people, it is the most popular city in the US. It
consists of Manhattan, Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island
boroughs. The second most populous city is Los Angeles with its 3.5
million inhabitants. You can find Hollywood, the centre of US film
and television industry, here. The third largest town is Chicago,
an industrial city on Lake Michigan with about 2.7 million
inhabitants.
In the United States English, Spanish and Native Indian
Languages are spoken.
The Northeast:
While there is a lot of farming in this region, especially in
parts of New England, it is best known as a center for commerce and
heavy industry. Both Boston and Philadelphia are old cities,
Washington, D.C. (the District of Columbia), the capital of the
U.S.A., is the center of the federal government, and has many fine
museums. New York City, called the big Apple, is filled with
landmark skyscrapers, museums and other cultural institutions, and
is the home of the Statue of Liberty.
The South:
The South has traditionally been known as an agricultural region
int he past, principally growing cotton and tobacco, but now it is
experiencing great economic growth and industrialization. New
Orleans is famous for its Mardi Gras (Carnival) celebration and
jazz, and Miami, of course, for its beach.
The Midwest:
The Midwest is primarily Americas breadbasket, with its endless
fields of wheat and corn in states like Iowa and Kansas, but also
has such major commercial and industrial cities as Chicago and
Detroit, automobile capital of the U.S. Chicago, which is on Lake
Michigan.
The Southwest:
The Southwest is a huge area with deserts, like Death Valley, as
well as fertile farmlands, such as the orange groves of California.
New high-tech industries are located in Silicon Valley, and there
are oil wells in Texas and New Mexico. The Grand Canyon is one of
its many spectacular natural wonders. Major cities include Dallas,
of TV series fame, Santa Fe, an important cultural center, and Los
Angeles, home of Disneyland and the movie industry in
Hollywood.
The West:
The West lives on in everyones imagination as the Wild West,
with its cowboys and gunfighters, American Indians and prospecting
for gold, and its the birthplace of Levis blue jeans. Among its
most famous cities are San Francisco with its hills, streetcars and
the Golden Gate Bridge, Denver, the Mile High City where skiers
love to go, Seattle, known for its year-round temperate climate,
and Las Vegas, gambling capital of the U.S.