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By-PRAKRITI
ME-IT
Roll No.-12616
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Definition
Origin
Bluetooth Network Topology
Bluetooth Architecture
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Security
Advantages
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Bluetooth is a wireless protocol for exchanging data
over short distances from fixed and mobile devices,
creating Personal Area Networks (PANs).
It enables users to exchange, transfer and synchronize
data without having to cable devices together, merely
by having the devices come within range of each
other
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Promoters wants their products to move in the market
Choice of Cable Replacement
Their Products should run on batteries
Products should be reliable and Resilient Widely available
Inexpensive
Convenient
Easy to Use
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Bluetooth is named after 10thcentury king, Harald
Bluetooth ,who united Denmark and Norway.
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1994 The revolution started by Ericsson
1998 The Bluetooth Special Interest Group {SIG} is formed5 founding members -Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Intel &
ToshibaPromoters Group - 3COM, Lucent, Microsoft,Motorola
1999 Bluetooth 1.0 specification released
2004Bluetooth version 2.0 + EDR (Enhanced Data Rate)introduced
2007
Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 introduced
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Master Slave Concept Master Controls All traffic in the Network
Piconet
It is defined by its Frequency hopping Sequence
Scatternet
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One machine which is connected to one or
more devices That type of connection iscalled Piconet
The Bluetooth piconet consists of 1 masterdevice and up to 7 slave devices
Slaves cannot communicate directly witheach other
Priority based scheduling
The master defines the priority in thepiconet
Master determines the Frequency hoppingsequences
Slave2 Slave 3
Slave1
Master
PICONET
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A scatternet is formed by interconnecting multiplepiconets
Piconet interconnection is reached by devices
(connecting devices) participating in multiple
piconets
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Baseband
Bluetooth Radio
Link Manager LM)udio
Application
L2CAP
RFCOMM SDPSC
OBEX
TCP/IPPPP ATCommands
HCI
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Bluetooth units forming a piconet.
It is roughly equivalent to physical layer of the internet
model.
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The Baseband and Link Control layer enables the
physical RF link between units forming piconet.
It provides 2 different kind of physical links Synchronous Connection-Oriented
Asynchronous Connectionless
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Audio data can be transferred between one or more
Bluetooth devices and audio data in SCO packets is
routed directly to and from Baseband and it does not go
through L2CAP.
Audio model is relatively simple within Bluetooth
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Responsible for link set-up between Bluetooth devices.
LMP is used for
Sending &Receiving dataAuthentication Purpose
Link Setup and Configuration.
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Provides connection-oriented and connectionless data
services.
The main functions of L2CAP are
Multiplexing
Segmentation and reassembly of packets
Maintain QoS (quality of service)
Group Management
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Host controller interface (HCI) is used for accessing the
Bluetooth Baseband, Hardware Status, Control
Register.
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This gives device information, services and the
characteristics of the services can be queried to
establish a connection.
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RFCOMM- The RFCOMM protocol is the basis for the
cable replacement usage of Bluetooth.
It is a transport protocol with additional provisions for
emulating the 9 circuits of RS-232 serial ports over
L2CAP part of the bluetooth protocol stack.
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TELEPHONY CONTROL BINARY
The TCS binary protocol defines the call control
signaling for the establishment of speech and data
calls between bluetooth devices.
TELEPHONY CONTROL-AT COMMANDS
Bluetooth SIG has defined the set of AT-commands
by which a mobile phone and modem can becontrolled in the multiple usage models.
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PPP- PPP is designed to run over RFCOMM toaccomplish point-to-point connections.
TCP/UDP/IP- used for communication across theInternet.
OBEX-session protocol developed by the Infrared
Data Association (IrDA) to exchange objects in asimple and spontaneous manner.
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It is used for transferring E-MAIL, files etc.
It uses different protocols like PPP (Point to
Point Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol)etc.
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During pairing, an initialization key or master key is
generated
The stream cipher is used for encrypting
packets,granting confidentiality.
Authentication and encryption is provided at the Link
Manager layer. The PIN is translated into a 128 bit link key which is
used for authentication.
After authentication the radios will settle on a
suitable length encryption key to be used. Bluetooth relies on PIN codes to establish trusted
relationships between devices.
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LookingForward
Version 1.2 Ready for release
Adaptive Frequency hopping for better noiseimmunity
Better security and audio processing features Version 2.0
Still on the anvil
Proposed to support medium ( 2-3 Mbps) andhigh bit rates (12 Mbps)
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Connects without wires
Inexpensive
Automatic
Interoperability.
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Low Interference
Low Energy Consumption
Shares all: voice and data
Upgradeable
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CDMA2000 features
Advantages
CDMA standards
Security
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CDMA is the present and future of advanced wireless
services Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a spread
spectrum technology used in second and third generationwireless networks
CDMA made highly efficient use of radio spectrum,enabling wireless networks to handle more userssimultaneously.
It was capable of supporting the advanced multimediaservices foreseen by the technology visionaries. CDMA
forms the foundation for the two most widely adopted 3Gstandards-CDMA2000 and WCDMA (UMTS).
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CDMA2000 is a hybrid 2.5G / 3G technology of mobiletelecommunications standards that use CDMA
Developed for both FDD(Mobile Radio) and TDD(in-
building cordless) applications
CDMA Standards CDMA2000 1xRTT,
CDMA2000 EV-DO, and
CDMA2000 EV-DV
Less expensive
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Leading performance Efficient use of spectrum
Support for advanced mobile services
Devices selection
Seamless evolution path Flexibility
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Superior Voice Clarity
High-Speed Broadband Data Connectivity
Low End-to-End Latency
Increased Voice and Data Throughput Capacity Flexible Network Architecture
Global Roaming
Improved Security and Privacy
Lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
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Also known as 1x, 1xRTT and IS-2000
Based on CDMA Platform
Developed by Qualcomm
CDMA version of the IMT-2000 standard which was
developed by the International Telecommunication Union(ITU).
1x meaning 1 times the original Cdma One channel
Bandwidthor 1 times the Radio Transmission Technology"
or amulti carrier mode with only one carrier Single 1.25 MHz Radio Channel is used.
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Voice Capacity:Supports 33-35 up to 40 simultaneous voicecalls per single 1.25 MHz FDD channel. A new codec, 4GV,for CDMA2000 1X will increase voice capacity by 40%.
High-Speed Data:Release 0 supports bi-directional peak datarates of up to 153 kbps and an average of 60-100 kbps incommercial networks in a 1.25 MHz channel. Release 1 candeliver peak data rates of up to 307 kbps.
Applications: Supports circuit-switched voice, shortmessaging service (SMS), multimedia messaging service(MMS), games, GPS-based location services, music and videodownloads
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High Data Rate (HDR) packet standard, a cost effective, high-speed, high-capacity wireless technology.
1xEV specification was developed by the Third GenerationPartnership Project 2 (3GPP2)
Versatile-
can be embedded in handsets, laptops , etc.
support e-mail, web browsing, e-commerce and many otherapplications.
Flexible-
can be deployed as a stand-alone system, side-by-side withan existing or future voice system, or
integrated into a current CDMA voice system.
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Deliver high-performing, more cost-effective wireless dataservices to customer
Compatible with CDMA voice systems and allows for side-
by-side deployment to complement existing cellular/PCS
networks.
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Use of a single 1.25 MHz channel optimized for packet dataresults in greatest spectral efficiency.
Peak data rate of 2.4 Mbps on the forward link and 307 kbps
on the reverse link provides unprecedented speed i.e Air linkprovides up to 2.4 Mbps in a dedicated 1.25 MHz channel
Average throughput on a loaded sector is an estimated 600kbps on the forward link and 220 kbps on the reverse link
Dynamically assigned data rate adjusts as rapidly as every1.67 mSec, providing every subscriber with the best possiblerate at any given moment
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HDR's(High Data Rate)approach places data and voice on
separate carriers ,allowing better optimization for each.
Simplifies system software development and testing
Eases system operation and maintenance
Avoids difficult load-balancing tasks
Ideal data design complements existing and future voice
networks
Dual-mode device can be integrated to provide optimumvoice and data services
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1xEV-DO refers to 1x Evolution-Data Optimized Alternative to Wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
It uses multiplexing techniques including Code DivisionMultiple Access (CDMA) as well as Time division
multiple access (TDMA) to maximize both individualuser's throughput and the overall system throughput
Enables individuals to:
send and receive email with large file attachments,
play real-time interactive games,
receive and send high-resolution pictures and video download video and music content or stay wirelessly
connected to their office PCs all from the samemobile device.
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Traditional operators with an existing voice networkpreferred deploying DV, since it does not require an overlay.
Other design engineers, and newer operators without a 1xvoice network, preferred EV-DO because it did not have to
be backward compatible, and so could explore different pilotstructures, reverse link silence periods, improved control
channels, etc. Network cost: Lower sinceEV-DO uses an IP network and
does not require a SS7 network and complex networkswitches such as a mobile switching center (MSC).
Equipment: Was not available for EV-DV in time to meet
market demands whereas the EV-DO equipment and mobileapplication-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) were availableand tested by the time the EV-DV standard was completed.
Implementation: EV-DV standard was less attractive tooperators, and has not been implemented.
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Applications MMS
Streaming Video
Broadcasts GPS
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3G Technologies add more security protocols, including theuse of 128-bit privacy and authentication keys
Algorithms:
Secure Hashing Algorithm-1 (SHA-1) are being used forhashing and integrity, and
Advanced Encryption Standard, AES (Rijndael) algorithm
for message encryption.
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THANX!!!!!!