1 Before the advent of restaurant cars stops were made for refreshment. Swindon, Preston and York were among the bigger establishments. Passengers only had 10 or 20 minutes to eat and use the lavatories. In 1879 the Great Northern Railway was the first to run a dining car on the route between Kings Cross and Leeds. [Richard Doyle’s “Manners and Customs of the English” Punch cartoon of Swindon from 1849.] Carriages were constructed of wood and usually had 4 wheels. A railway safety culture was developed and inventions such as a passenger communication cord, door locks, carriage lighting and improved braking systems were introduced. The arrival of the railways led inevitably to the fearful prospect of serious accidents. There was no mass movement of people over land before the railways. Land transport was horse drawn and often over very poor roads and tracks. From the 1820s mass movement of labour for developing industry was made possible by the growing network of newly built railways. From the start there were three classes of travel that equated to the Victorian social class system: First class was sumptuously upholstered, second class offered padded seats for the middle classes, and third class was very basic with wooden benches and bare floors. Very early 3rd class carriages had no roofs and were open to the elements. 1 From top: 1st, 2nd and 3rd class Great Northern Railway carriages c1860. [ Jenkinson ] 1820s-1880s EARLY DAYS 5 Below: Brighton Works c. 1871 All trains to Brighton stopped for ticket collection at the long wooden platform alongside the works before continuing the short distance into the station. This was a great cause of delay and annoyance to passengers. Typical carriages of the period fill the sidings in the foreground. [Lens of Sutton] 5 The first passenger carriage ‘Experiment’, 1825. . [Illustrated London News] 2 The rigours of travelling Third class [Brighton Reference Library ] 7 Songbook cover c1845 [ British Railways ] 1 Accident on the North London Railway [Elton Collection, Ironbridge] The first railway carriage was horse drawn on the Stockton and Darlington Railway The first passenger railway opened between Canterbury to Whitstable, a line known as the The Crab & Winkle. On 13 June, Queen Victoria made her first journey by train, travelling from Slough to Paddington, in a special royal carriage provided by the Great Western Railway. The Queen and the Prince Consort, both complained that at 20 mph the train was going far too fast. Gladstone’s act forced the railways to provide carriages with seats and roofs. Railway Mania reached its zenith, when no fewer than 272 Acts of Parliament setting up new railway companies were passed. The oldest named train in the world is “The Irish Mail” running between London and Holyhead. It began running on 31 July 1848. 1825 1830 1842 1844 1846 1848 EARLY DAYS
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Bluebell Railway Carriage & Wagon Works Exhibition
roofs and were open developing industry was made possible by the upholstered, second class offered padded horse drawn and often over very poor roads Gladstone’s act forced the railways to provide carriages with seats and roofs. class system: First class was sumptuously to the elements. growing network of newly built railways. land before the railways. Land transport was From the start there were three classes of travel that equated to the Victorian social and tracks. 7 Songbook cover c1845
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1 Before the advent of restaurant cars stops were made forrefreshment. Swindon, Preston and York were among the biggerestablishments. Passengers only had 10 or 20 minutes to eat anduse the lavatories. In 1879 the Great Northern Railway was thefirst to run a dining car on the route between Kings Cross andLeeds. [Richard Doyle’s “Manners and Customs of the English” Punch cartoon
of Swindon from 1849.]
Carriages were constructed of wood and usuallyhad 4 wheels. A railway safety culture wasdeveloped and inventions such as a passengercommunication cord, door locks, carriagelighting and improved braking systems wereintroduced. The arrival of the railways ledinevitably to the fearful prospect of seriousaccidents.
There was no mass movement of people over
land before the railways. Land transport was
horse drawn and often over very poor roads
and tracks.
From the 1820s mass movement of labour for
developing industry was made possible by the
growing network of newly built railways.
From the start there were three classes of
travel that equated to the Victorian social
class system: First class was sumptuously
upholstered, second class offered padded
seats for the middle classes, and third class
was very basic with wooden benches and bare
floors. Very early 3rd class carriages had no
roofs and were open
to the elements.
1 From top: 1st, 2nd and 3rd class Great Northern
Railway carriages c1860. [ Jenkinson ]
1820s-1880sEARLY DAYS
5 Below: Brighton Works c. 1871
All trains to Brighton stopped for ticket
collection at the long wooden platform
alongside the works before continuing the
short distance into the station. This was a great
cause of delay and annoyance to passengers.
Typical carriages of the period fill the sidings in
the foreground. [Lens of Sutton]
5 The first passenger carriage
‘Experiment’, 1825. . [Illustrated
London News]
2 The rigours of travelling Third class[Brighton Reference Library ]
7 Songbook cover c1845[ British Railways ]
1 Accident on the North London Railway[Elton Collection, Ironbridge]
The first railwaycarriage was horsedrawn on theStockton andDarlington Railway
The first passenger railwayopened between Canterbury toWhitstable, a line known as theThe Crab & Winkle.
On 13 June, Queen Victoria made her firstjourney by train, travelling from Slough toPaddington, in a special royal carriage providedby the Great Western Railway. The Queen andthe Prince Consort, both complained that at20 mph the train was going far too fast.
Gladstone’s act forced the railways to providecarriages with seats and roofs.
Railway Mania reached its zenith,when no fewer than 272 Acts ofParliament setting up new railwaycompanies were passed.
The oldest named train in the world is “TheIrish Mail” running between London andHolyhead. It began running on 31 July 1848.
1825
1830
1842
1844
1846
1848
EARLY DAYS
By late 1890s the UK railway network was
its greatest geographic spread. There were
sixteen major and dozens of minor
companies. Many towns were served by
at least two competing lines and this
rivalry led to huge developments in new
standards of speed, comfort and safety.
Demands for new amenities resulted in
the introduction of dining and sleeping
cars, lavatories and corridors between
carriages and superior levels of interior
decoration.
The First World War took its
toll o the system and in 1923
the grouping resulted in the
formation of the “Big Four”
companies: LMS, LNER, GWR
and Southern.
The growth of the private car, bus
and lorry through the late 1920s
meant the railways had to find new
ways to challenge these new rivals
in the 1930s.
5 London Bridge c. 1925. [British Rail]
5 South East and Chatham Railway brake 3rd carriage [D Jenkinson, NRM]
VICTORIAN LEGACY
1 Female passengers in a LNWR dining
carriage, c 1905. [National Railway Museum]
7 Then and Now?, LNER poster. The
elegant couple in contemporary dressrelaxing in a spacious compartment isset against a chaotic scene of flusteredpassengers in Victorian dress on a
crowded platform.[National Railway Museum]
1880s-1930sVICTORIAN LEGACY
5 Interior of a drawing room car, early 19th century [NRM]
The first railwaycarriage washorse drawn onthe Stocktonand DarlingtonRailway
Gladstone’s act forced the railways to providecarriages with seats and roofs.
On 13 June, Queen Victoria made her firstjourney by train, travelling from Slough toPaddington, in a special royal carriage providedby the Great Western Railway. The Queen andthe Prince Consort, both complained that at20 mph the train was going far too fast.
Railway Mania reached its zenith, when nofewer than 272 Acts of Parliament setting upnew railway companies were passed.
The Railway Centenary celebrations werecelebrated at Stockton-on-Tees
1888
1904
1900
1913
1925
5 Thirty years of carriage developement on the Great North of Scotland Railway, [NRM]
From 1930 until the beginning of thesecond world war speed and stylecharacterised the luxury trains of Britain.Cocktail bars and observation cars – evenonboard cinemas – and record breakingruns. Much of this development bypassedthe ordinary train although wood wasslowly replaced by the use of steel inconstruction and design.
Worked virtually to breaking point duringwartime the network was nationalised in1948. British Railways boughtstandardisation and the construction in1951 of the Mk1 coach - built entirely ofsteel, large numbers of these vehiclesserved the UK railways for the next 50 years.
1 The Coronation, 1937London to Newcastle in fourhours an average speed of67mph [National Railway Museum]
5Over one million evacuees left London by train from1st September 1939. [National Railway Museum]
5 Bar scene in the Bulleid Taverncar.This novel and controversial designoriginated on the Southern Railwaybefore nationalisation. The exterior waspainted to resemble brickwork withpseudo-half timbering and stucco.Incorporating a painted ‘traditional’ pubsign. [National Railway Museum]
5Mass movement: Summerholidays, moving the milliary Therailways had to cater for hugevariations in passenger numbers.[National Railway Museum]
3 'Perhaps this'll teach you tostay at 'ome next 'oliday', poster,1944. [National Railway Museum]
Marshalling yards were a primary target for theGerman bombers. By damaging London’srailway facilities the enemy hoped to paralysethe commercial life of the capital.
Electrification of theSouthern Railway expandedthrough the 1930s bringingclean and modern rollingstock to the ever expandingcommuter belt.
With petrol rationing trains took the strain.Railways were used to their full capacity. Therun up to D-Day 2,000 trains carried 150,000troops to the south coast.
The Southern Railwayexperimented withDouble decker trains,cramped and stuffy theywere not a success butran until 1971
The Standard coach, designed by the newlynationalised British Railways.