bls_1748_1972.pdf

Cigarette Manufacturing, M ay-June 1971Bulletin 1748U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics 1972

IndustryWage Survey

Dayton & Montgomery Co.Public Library

OCT 101972

DOCUMENT COLLECTION

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis


Cigarette Manufacturing, May-June 1971Bulletin 1748

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR J. D. Hodgson, Secretary B U R E A U O F LA B O R STATISTICS Geoffrey H. M oore, Com m issioner

1972

IndustryWage Survey

F or sale by the Superintendent of Docum ents, U.S. G overnm ent P rin ting Office W ashington, D .C . 20402 - Price 30 cents



P re fa c e

This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wages and related benefits in the cigarette manufacturing industry in May-June 1971. A similar survey was conducted in July-August 1965.

A separate release for the United States was issued in January 1972. Copies of this release are available from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212, or any of its regional offices.

This study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The analysis was prepared by Donald S. Ridzon in the Division of Occupational Wage Structures. Field work for the survey was directed by the Assistant Regional Directors for Operations.

Other reports available from the Bureau’s program of industry wage studies, as well as the addresses of the Bureau’s regional offices, are listed at the end of this bulletin.

iii



Contents

Page

Summary ......................................................................................................................................................... 1Industry characteristics ................................................................................................................................... 1

Location and employment ............................................................................................................................ 1Occupational staffing ................................................................................................................................... 1Products and processes ............................................................................................................................... 2Unionization ................................................................................................................................................ 2Method of wage payment ............................................................................................................................. 2

Average hourly earnings ......................... 2Occupational earnings ..................................................................................................................................... 3Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions ........................................................................ 3

Scheduled weekly hours .................................................................................................................................................... 3Shift provisions and practices ..................................................................................................................... 3Paid holidays .......................................Paid vacations ....................... .............Health, insurance, and retirement plans Other selected benefits .......................

Tables:1. Occupational staffing pattern ....................................................................................................... 52. Occupational earnings .................................................................................................................. 6

Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions:3. Shift differentials ........................................................ 74. Paid holidays .................................................................. 75. Paid vacations .............................................................................................................................. 76. Health, insurance, and retirement plans ...................................................................................... 87. Other selected benefits ................................................................................................................. 8

Appendixes:A. Scope and method of survey ....................................................................................................... 9B. Occupational descriptions .......................................................................................................... 13

v



Cigarette M anufacturing

Summary

Straight-time earnings of production and related workers in the cigarette manufacturing industry averaged $3.68 an hour in May-June 1971. One-half of the 31,474 workers covered by the s tudy1 earned from $3.20 to $3.60 an hour and slightly over one- fourth earned $4 or more.

Men, approximately two-thirds of the workers, averaged $3.77 an hour, compared with $3.50 for women, who were employed primarily as inspectors, packers, and catchers on cigarette machines.

Among the occupations studied separately, hourly averages ranged from $3.18 for janitors to $4.75 or higher for maintenance carpenters, electricians, and machinists. Cigarette-making machine operators, the largest group, averaged $3.91 an hour— 13 cents more than cigarette machine packers and 52 cents more than catchers on cigarette machines.

Paid holidays (usually 8 or 9 annually) and paid vacations after qualifying periods of service were provided to all employees. Virtually all workers were covered by retirement pension plans and life, hospitalization, surgical, basic medical, and sickness and accident insurance, all financed entirely by their employers. Profit-sharing plans and cost-of- living pay adjustments applied to nearly three- fourths of the workers.

Industry characteristics

Location and employment. Of the 14 establishments covered by the survey, 13 (operated by 8 companies) were located in three States. North Carolina accounted for approximately 48 percent of the industry’s 31,474 production workers, and Kentucky and Virginia each had about 26 percent. More than one-half of the workers in Kentucky and North Carolina were employed in one establishment; in Virginia, two establishments dominated the employment. Because of the Bureau’s policy of avoiding possible disclosure of information provid

1 See appendix A for scope and method of survey. Wage datain this report exclude premium pay for overtime and for work onweekends, holidays, and late shifts.

ed by individual companies, separate State data in this report are limited to employments and averages for all production workers and for men and women.

The number of production workers in May-June 1971 was virtually the same as in July-August 1965, whena similar study of the industry was conducted.2

From 1965 through 1970, however, the annual average number of production workers in cigarette manufacturing ranged from 1 to 7 percent above the 1965 level, according to the Bureau’s monthly employment series.3

Cigarette manufacturing plants typically employ more than 1,000 workers. Six of the 14 establishments in the 1971 survey employed over 2,500 workers, and five employed between 1,000 and 2,500. The remaining three establishments together employed fewer than 250 workers.

Occupational staffing. Production worker employment was about the same in May-June 1971 as in July-August 1965, but the composition of the labor force changed. For example, the fabrication (manufacturing) department accounted for 55.6 percent of the production workers in 1971 compared with 61.3 percent in 1965. During the same period, other departments, such as maintenance and material movement, increased their share of the work force, as the following tabulation shows:

Percent o f production workersDepartment 1965 1971

M ain ten an ce........................ 5.0 7.3Leaf p r o c e ss in g .................. 1.4 .8P refabrication ..................... 5.1 6.1F abrication ........................... . . . 61.3 55 .6Inspection .............................. 8.1 5.3Material m ovem ent............ 7.4 9.5C u sto d ia l.............................. 4 .6 5.2P ow erp lan t........................... .6 .6O t h e r ..................................... 6.5 9 .4

NOTE: Because o f rounding, sums o f individual item s may not equal 100.

* See Industry Wage Survey: Cigarette Manufacturing July- August 1965(BLS Bulletin 1472, 1965).

3Employment and Earnings, United States, 1909-70 (BLS Bulletin 1312-7), pp. 327-29; and Employment and Earnings, Vol. 17, No. 9, March 1971.

1


Most of the employment decline in the fabrication department was among catchers on cigarettemaking machines, who accounted for 15 percent of the industry’s labor force in 1965, but for only 8.9 percent in 1971.4 (See table 1.) This decrease of approximately 2,000 catchers (primarily women) largely accounted for the loss of about 1,600 women in the industry. On the other hand, the number of men increased as employment in the maintenance, material movement, and custodial departments expanded. The estimated effect such changes have had on the industry’s overall wage level is provided later in the earnings section of this bulletin.

Products and processes. Filter cigarettes were the primary product in 11 establishments employing 92 percent of the industry’s production workers. Nonfilter cigarettes were the primary product in the remaining three establishments. In addition, secondary products, such as chewing tobacco, smoking tobacco, and little cigars were produced in seven establishments.

Cigarette manufacturing consists largely of automatic processes. The tobacco generally moves through the prefabrication stages (mixing, bulking, and cutting) on conveyors. The cigarette-making machine, typically attended by an operator and a catcher, produces finished cigarettes from a hopper of shredded tobacco and a role of paper. The paper is filled automatically with the proper amount of tobacco, sealed, labeled, and the cigarettes are cut into specified lengths. The making machine also incorporates the filter into filter cigarettes. The packaging of cigarettes in aluminum foil, paper, and cellophane also is accomplished automatically.

Unionization. Three-fourths of the industry’s workers were in establishments having collective bargaining agreements covering a majority of their employees. The principal union in the industry is the Tobacco Workers International Union (AFL- CIO).

Method o f wage payment. All of the industry’s workers were paid on a time basis. Formal plans providing a single rate for a specific occupation covered 52 percent of the workers; those providing a range of rates for a given occupation applied to 48 percent.

i

4 Workers classified as catchers in the 1965 study inspecteda n d stacked cigarettes at the making machine. In the 1971 study,workers were classified into one of two catcher categories: Those inspecting a n d stacking cigarettes and those only inspecting cigarettes at the discharge end of the machine. Thus, the decline in employment for catchers performing both functions was nearly 2,400 instead of 2,000 as noted above for all catchers.

Average hourly earnings

Straight-time earnings of the 31,474 production workers covered by the survey averaged $3.68 an hour5 in May-June 1971—up 47 percent since July- August 1965.6 This increase, substantially higher than that recorded for all nondurable manufacturing during the same period (38 percent), 7 reflects, in part, increased rates negotiated under collective bargaining agreements in cigarette manufacturing just before the survey. Also, the effect of the previously mentioned changes in the industry’s occupational staffing pattern is estimated to be about 3 cents. That is, had the staffing pattern remained constant since 1965, straight-time earnings of production workers in 1971 would have averaged $3.65 an hour instead of $3.68.

Men, two-thirds of the industry’s labor force in 1971, averaged $3.77 an hour, compared with $3.50 for women. (See table 2.) This wage advantage for men amounted to 8 percent—about the same as in 1965, when men averaged $2.58 and women $2.38. Differences in pay for men and women may be the result of several factors, but are largely due to the distribution of the sexes in the industry among jobs with disparate pay levels. For example, nearly one- fourth of the women, but less than 2 percent of the men, were employed as catchers on cigarette machines (a low-paid job compared with the industry average). On the other hand, about one-fifth of the men and virtually none of the women were employed as machine adjusters or in skilled maintenance jobs, where they averaged over $1 an hour more than catchers.

One-half of the industry’s production workers earned from $3.20 to $3.60 an hour; slightly more than one-fourth earned at least $4. (See table 2.) Women’s earnings were more highly concentrated than men’s, largely because women were employed heavily in a few jobs, such as catchers, inspectors,

5 The straight-time hourly earnings in this bulletin differ in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series (S3.89 in June 1971). Unlike the latter, the estimates presented here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number of individuals; in the monthly series, the sum of the man-hour totals reported by establishments in the industry was divided into the reported payroll totals.

6 Op. cit., BLS Bulletin 1472.7 Op. cit., BLS Bulletin 1312-7; and E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n

in g s , Vol. 18, No. 3, September 1971.

2Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

and packers, that had similar pay levels. The percent of men and women paid specified amounts is shown in the following tabulation:

A llp ro d u ctio n

w orkers Men Women

T o t a l .................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0

Under $ 3 .0 0 .............................. 1.2 1.3 1.0$3.00 and under $3.2Q . . . . 5 .0 4 .4 6.4$3.20 and under $3 .40 . . . . 31.0 30 .6 31.7$3.40 and under $ 3 .60 . . . . 18 .6 12.7 30.5$3 .60 and under $3 .80 . . . . 9 .6 7.7 13.3$3.80 and under $4 .00 7.7 7.2 8 .6$4 .00 and under $4 .20 . . . . 12.2 14.1 8.3$4.20 and over........................... 14.7 21 .9 .1

NOTE: Because o f rounding, sums o f individual item s may not equal 100.

Workers in North Carolina (nearly half the total work force) averaged $3.73 an hour, compared with $3.67 in Kentucky and $3.64 in Virginia. Men and women in North Carolina averaged $3.79 and $3.57, respectively; in Kentucky, $3.78 and $3.50; and in Virginia, $3.73 and $3.48.

Occupational earnings

A number of occupations representing various activities and wage levels in the industry were studied separately. (See table 2.) Among these occupations, which accounted for 54 percent of the production workers, average hourly earnings ranged from $3.18 for janitors to $4.82 for maintenance electricians. Cigarette-making machine operators, numerically the most important, averaged $3.91 an hour— $3.94 for filter cigarettes and $3.73 for nonfilter. Machine packers of cigarettes averaged $3.78 and catchers on making machines averaged $3.39 an hour for filter and $3.35 for nonfilter cigarettes.

Earnings of individual workers in most of the occupations studied were narrowly distributed. In 11 of 13 jobs, one-half or more of the workers had earnings that differed by no more than 20 cents an hour. (See table 2.) For example, three-fifths of the making machine operators earned from $3.90 to $4.10 an hour, and the same proportion of catchers who inspect and stack cigarettes at the making machine earned from $3.30 to $3.50.

Such concentrations of individual earnings largely reflect the universality of time rates in the industry. As mentioned previously, slightly more than one-half of the workers were paid under systems providing a single rate for a specific job. When differences existed in the earnings of workers in the same establishment and occupation, however, the

amounts usually were less than 10 percent. As indicated in the following tabulation, comparatively little variation was usually found among plant aver-ages for specified jobs:

M aking-machineoperators

CatchersA verage hou rly earnings (stack and

inspect)

Total establishm ents reporting the occupation 13 11

Establishm ent average forthe job:

Under $ 3 .0 0 ........................... 1 2$3 .00 and under $3 .2 0 - • • 1 1$3.20 and under $3 .40 . . . 4$3 .40 and under $3 .60 . . . $3 .60 and under $3 .80 . . . * 3

4

$3 .80 and under $ 4 .0 0 . . • 6$4 .00 and under $4 .20 . . . 2

Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions

Data also were obtained on certain establishment practices, including work schedules, shift differentials, and selected supplementary wage benefits, such as paid holidays, paid vacations, and various health, insurance, and retirement plans.

Scheduled weekly hours. Three-fourths of the industry’s production workers were in plants scheduling day-shift workers 37 1/2 hours a week. About one-tenth of the workers had a 41-hour weekly schedule; virtually all of the remaining employees were scheduled for 47 1/2 or 52 1/2 hours at the time of the survey.

Shift provisions and practices. Virtually all of the workers were employed in plants having provisions for second and third shifts. (See table 3.) About one-third of the production workers in the industry were actually employed on second shifts in May- June 1971. They received either 8 percent or 24 or 25 cents an hour more than day-shift rates. Slightly less than one-tenth of the labor force were on third- shifts and usually received a premium of 10 percent or 35 cents an hour for late shift work.

Paid holidays. All of the production workers covered by the survey were provided paid holidays annually by their employers. (See table 4.) Slightly more than three-fifths of the workers received 9 paid holidays a year, one-fourth received 8 holidays, and virtually all of the remainder were provided 10 paid holidays. All or nearly all of the workers received New Year’s Day, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas Day. Good Friday, Easter Monday, the day after Thanksgiving, and Christmas Eve also


were provided to substantial proportions of the work force.

Paid vacations. Paid vacations, after qualifying periods of service, also were provided to production workers by all establishments. (See table 5.) Three-fourths of the workers’ vacation payments were determined by the employee’s regular pay for a specified length of time. For the remaining one- fourth, vacation payments were based on a stipulated percent of the employee’s annual earnings, which was converted to an equivalent period of time for this study (i.e., 2 percent equals 1 week, etc.)

Typical vacation provisions in the industry were 2 weeks’ pay after 1 year of service, 3 weeks’ after 8 years, 4 weeks’ after 15 years, and 5 weeks’ after 25 years, which was the maximum provided.

Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Virtually all establishments paid the full cost of life, sickness and accident, hospitalization, surgical, and basic medical insurance plans. (See table 6.) Major medical insurance was available to 85 percent of the labor force in May-June 1971 and accidental death

Retirement pension plans (in addition to Federal social security) covered virtually all workers and were financed entirely by the employers. Retirement severance pay was nonexistent in the industry.

Other selected benefits. Provisions for paid leave while attending the funeral of a family member or while serving as a juror covered virtually all of the industry’s production work force. (See table 7.)

Formal profit-sharing plans, 8 independent of retirement pension plans, were in effect in establishments employing nearly three-fourths of the workers.

Cost-of-living pay adjustments, based on the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index, were available to nearly three-fourths of the employees in the industry.

8 Considered a formal profit-sharing plan in this study if the nlan met certain criteria which are explained in appendix A.

and dismemberment insurance applied to 55 percent.


T a b le 1. O ccu p atio n a l staffing pattern

( P e rc e n t d is t r ib u t io n o f p ro d u c t io n w o r k e r s in c ig a r e t t e m a n u fa c tu r in g e s ta b l i s h m e n t s , b y d e p a r tm e n t an d o c c u p a tio n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s , U n ited S t a te s , M ay^-June 1971)

D e p a r tm e n t an d o c c u p a tio n ------------ m -------------w o r k e r s M en W o m en

T o t a l ______________________________________________ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

M a in te n a n c e _____________________________________________ 7. 3 10. 9C a r p e n te r s ---------------------------------------------------------------- . 3 . 5 _E le c t r ic ia n s ----------- ------------------------------------------------ . 8 1. 2 _M a c h in i s t s _________________________ _____ ______ 1. 3 2. 0O the r _________________________________________________ 4. 8 7. 2

L e a f p r o c e s s in g ( s te m m in g , t h r a s h in g ,p ick in g o r s e a r c h in g , e tc . ) _________________________ . 8 . 5 1. 3

P r e f a b r ic a t i o n (m ix in g , c u tt in g , e tc . ) _ _____________ 6. 1 8. 1 2. 1F a b r ic a t io n (or m a n u f a c tu r in g ) _____ ________________ 55. 6 48. 7 69 . 7

C i g a r e t t e s ___________________________________________ 54. 2 47 . 8 67. 3A d ju s te r s , m a c h in e __________ ________________ 6. 2 9. 3 nC a tc h e r s , c ig a r e t t e m a c h in e ( in s p e c t

an d s ta c k c i g a r e t t e s ) ---------------------------------------- 7 .4 1. 4 19. 7F i l t e r c i g a r e t t e s ------ ------------------------------------- 6. 5 1. 1 17. 3N o n f i lte r c i g a r e t t e s _________ ___ _________ . 9 . 3 2. 1

C a tc h e r s , c ig a r e t t e m a c h in e ( in s p e c to n ly ) ----------------------------„ -------- ---------------------- __ 1. 5 (M 4. 5

F i l t e r c i g a r e t t e s ---------------------------------------------- . 7 2. 2N o n f i lte r c i g a r e t t e s _______________ __________ . 8 (T) 2. 4

M a k in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c i g a r e t t e -------------- 13. 2 17. 0 5. 6F i l t e r c ig a r e t t e s ----------------------------------- ----- 11. 4 15. 1 3. 9N o n f i lte r c ig a r e t t e s ---------------------------------------- 1. 8 1. 9 1. 7

P a c k e r s , c ig a r e t t e , m a c h in e ---------------------------- 9. 1 5. 4 16. 5O th e r 2 ___ __________________________ __________ ___ 16. 7 14. 7 20. 4O th e r to b ac c o p r o d u c t s _______________ _____________ 1. 4 . 9 2. 4

In sp e c t io n ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. 3 . 9 14. 2I n s p e c to r s , c ig a r e t t e m a k i n g ______________________ 1. 8 ( M 5. 5I n s p e c to r s , c ig a r e t t e p a c k in g ______________________ 2. 6 . 5 6. 7O the r -------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 9 . 4 2. 0

M a te r ia l m o v e m e n t -------------------------------------------------------- 9. 5 14. 3 C )L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h an d lin g ---------------------------------- 5. 7 8. 5T r u c k e r s , f o rk l i f t ---------------------------------------------------- 1. 8 2. 6 ( MT r u c k e r s , o th e r th a n f o r k l i f t ______________________ . 2 . 2O the r --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 9 2. 9 (r )

C u s to d ia l ______ _________________ ____________________ 5. 2 6. 8 1. 8J a n i to r s --------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. 8 4 . 8 1. 8W a tc h m en ----------------------------------------------------------------- . 4 .6O th e r --------- ------------------------------------------------------------- . 9 1 .4 (M

P o w e r p l a n t ---------------------------------------------------------------------- . 6 1. 0O th e r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 .4 8. 8 10. 5

N u m b e r of w o r k e r s -------------------------------------------------------- 3 1 ,4 7 4 21 , 107___________________

1 0 ,3 6 7

1 L e s s th a n 0. 05 p e rc e n t .2 Am ong th e m is c e l la n e o u s jo b s in c lu d e d a r e c e l lo p h a n e - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c a r to n p a c k e r s , and

b o x -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s .

N O TE: B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l i te m s m a y n o t e q u a l 100.


(N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 of p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in c ig a r e t t e m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l i s h m e n t s , U n ite d S ta te s , M ay—J u n e 1971)

T a b le 2. O c cu p a tio n a l earn in g s

O c c u p a tio n a n d se x

N u m b e rof

w o r k e r s

A v e r a g e

h o u r lye a r n i n g s 1

U nder$ 2 .8 0

andu n d e r$ 2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3 .2 0 $3.30 $ 3 .4 0

N um

$ 3.50

b e r of

$ 3 .6 0

' w o rk

$ 3 .7 0

e r s r e

$ 3 .8 0

c e iv in

$ 3 .9 0

g s t r a

$ 4 .0 0

ig h t- t i

$ 4 .1 0

im e h<

$ 4 .2 0

s u r ly i

$ 4 .3 0

e a rn in

$ 4 .4 0

LgS of—

$ 4 .5 0 $ 4 .6 0 $ 4 .7 0 $ 4 .8 0 $ 4 .9 0 $ 5 .0 0 $ 5 .1 0 $ 5 .2 0an d

o v e r

A ll p ro d u c t io n w o r k e r s _________ 3 1 ,4 7 4 $ 3 . 68 2 361 12 15 533 1 ,0 4 9 5 ,8 9 6 3 ,8 5 3 3, 078 2, 766 974 2, 036 1 ,7 6 6 657 3, 543 297 244 527 1 ,0 5 0 246 713 572 606 79 269 200 132M e n ___________________________ 2 1 ,1 0 7 3. 77 262 8 13 223 698 4 , 321 2, 142 1 ,2 3 0 1 ,4 4 8 365 1 ,2 6 5 978 552 2 ,7 6 4 215 237 524 1 ,0 4 9 243 713 571 606 79 269 200 132W o m e n _______ ___________ _____ 1 0 ,3 6 7 3. 50 99 4 2 310 351 1 ,5 7 5 1 ,7 1 1 1 ,8 4 8 1, 318 609 771 788 105 779 82 7 3 1 3 1 - - -

S e le c te d o c c u p a t io n s

A d j u s te r s , m a c h in e (1 ,9 5 8m e n a n d 1 w o m an ) ____________ 1 ,9 5 9 4. 61 - . - - - - 3 - - - - - 56 44 12 72 24 670 210 - 467 157 13 212 19 -

C a r p e n te r s , m a in te n a n c e( a l l m e n ) ________________________ 110 4. 75 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 32 - - - 57 8 - 12 -

C a tc h e r s , c ig a r e t t e m a c h in e( in s p e c t a n d s ta c k c ig a r e t t e s ) . . 2 , 334 3. 39 34 - - 7 - 719 393 990 189 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - -

M e n ................ ...........................— 296 3. 38 _ _ . 1 . 155 7 87 45 - - - - - - 1 -W o m e n _____________________ 2, 038 3. 39 34 . . 6 . 564 386 903 144 1

F i l t e r c ig a r e t t e s ......... .............. 2 , 048 3. 39 26 - - 7 - 572 349 981 111 1 - - - - - 1M e n ............................ .................... 229 3. 35 - _ _ 1 _ 135 7 85 _ _ _ . - - - 1 -W o m e n _____________________ 1 ,8 1 9 3. 40 26 . - 6 - 437 342 896 111 1 - - - - - - -

N o n f i lte r c ig a r e t t e s (67m e n a n d 219 w o m e n )_______ 286 3. 35 8 - - - - 147 44 9 78

C a t c h e r s , c ig a r e t t e m a c h in e ( in s p e c t on ly ) (2 m e n an d476 w o m e n ) _____________________ 478 3. 39 - - - - - - 208 227 43

E l e c t r i c i a n s , m a in te n a n c e(a l l m e n ) ------------------------------------- 251 4. 82 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - - 1 69 37 97 - 18 26 -

I n s p e c t o r s , c ig a r e t t e m a k in g(5 m e n a n d 574 w o m e n ) ----------- 579 3. 68 2 - - - - - - - 161 106 137 155 - 18

J a n i t o r s ___________________________ 1 ,2 0 7 3. 18 41 - 9 113 392 386 163 103M e n ________________________ 1 ,0 1 8 3. 19 32 . 9 113 286 334 141 103W o m e n _____________________ 189 3. 15 9 - - - 106 52 22

L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g( a l l m e n ) ------------------------------------- 1 ,8 0 2 3. 26 20 - 1 16 96 1,181 352 60 75 - 1

M a c h in i s t s , m a in te n a n c e3 46( a l l m e n )________________________ 423 4. 79 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 - 2 - - 1 226 - 136 - - 8

M a k in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ,c i g a r e t t e s ______________________ 4 , 173 3 .9 1 - 8 - 4 - 10 2 119 51 79 660 525 400 2 ,0 8 2 199 34 - - - - - - - - - -

M e n ________________________ 3, 587 3. 92 _ 7 . 4 - 10 2 19 10 79 560 465 329 1 ,9 3 8 136 28 - - - - - - - - - -W o m e n _____________________ 586 3. 82 _ 1 _ . - _ _ 100 41 . 100 60 71 144 63 6 -

F i l t e r c ig a r e t t e s ____________ 3, 599 3. 94 - 6 - - - 10 2 2 12 79 448 500 356 1 ,9 5 1 199 34M e n ________________________ 3, 190 3. 94 _ 5 - - - 10 2 2 10 79 379 440 288 1 ,8 1 1 136 28W o m e n _____________________ 409 3. 93 - 1 - - - - - - 2 - 69 60 68 140 63 6

N o n f i lte r c ig a r e t t e s (397m e n a n d 177 w o m e n ) ----------- 574 3. 73 - 2 - 4 - - - 117 39 - 212 25 44 131

P a c k e r s , c ig a r e t t e ,m a c h in e _________________________ 2 ,8 6 3 3. 78 6 2 - - - 52 145 267 14 88 898 405 107 879

M e n ________________________ 1, 132 3. 75 _ - _ - 12 . 233 - 2 468 7 87 323W o m e n _____________________ 1 ,7 3 1 3. 80 6 2 - - - 40 145 34 14 86 430 398 20 556

T r u c k e r s , p o w e r (605 m e na n d 1 w o m a n )---- ------------------------ 606 3. 50 1 - - - - 1 41 92 467 - - 4

F o r k l i f t .............................................. 558 3. 49 1 - - - - 1 37 66 453O t h e r __________________________ 48 3. 52 - - - - - - 4 26 14 - - 4 - - - - -

W a tc h m en ( a l l m e n ) ------------------- 134 3. 34 * “ " 1 52 61 " 20 “ - ” " ” “ “ “ * * * ‘ “

1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r t im e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o l id a y s , an d l a te s h if t s . V i r tu a l ly a l l of th e p ro d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e re d by th e s tu d y w e r e p a id on a t im e b a s i s .2 W o rk e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo l lo w s : 2 a t $ 1. 80 to $ 1. 90; 1 a t $2 to $2. 10; 11 a t $ 2 . 20 to $ 2 . 30; 7 a t $ 2 . 30 to $ 2 . 40: 62 a t $ 2 . 40 to $ 2. 50; 35 a t $ 2 . 50 to $ 2 . 60; 5 a t $ 2 . 60 to $ 2. 70; an d

238 a t $ 2 . 70 to $ 2 . 80.3 W o rk e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo l lo w s : 37 a t $ 5 . 20 to $ 5 . 30; an d 9 a t $ 5 . 50 to $ 5 . 60.


T a b le 3 . S h if t d if fe re n tia ls T a b le 4 . P a id h o lid a y s

(S h ift d i f f e r e n t ia l s o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in c ig a r e t te m a n u fa c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n ts b y ty p e an d a m o u n t of d i f f e r e n t ia l s , U n ite d S t a te s , M ay^-June 1971)

P e r c e n t of p ro d u c t io n w o r k e r s —

S h ift d i f f e r e n t ia l sIn e s ta b l is h m e n ts h av in gf o rm a l p r o v is io n s 1 fo r— A c u a lly w o rk in g on—

S eco n d s h if t w o rk

T h i r d - o r o th e r l a t e - s h if t w o rk

S eco n ds h if t

T h i rd o r o th e r la te

s h if t

T o t a l ------------------------------------------------------------ 99. 9 9 9 .4 33. 8 8. 8

W ith s h if t p a y d i f f e r e n t ia l ---------------------------- — 99. 9 9 9 .4 33. 8 8. 8U n ifo rm c e n ts p e r h o u r --------------------------------- 63. 4 62 . 8 21. 0 7. 5

10 c e n ts ----------------------------------- ------------ - . 4 .18 c e n ts ---------------------------------------- ----------- . 1 _ _ _24 c e n ts ________________-__________________ 25. 9 _ 9. 5 _

25 c e n ts ___________________________________ 33. 5 _ 11. 1 _

28 c e n ts ------------------------------------------------------ 3. 5 _ . 3 _

32 c e n ts - -------------------------------------------------- _ 25. 9 _ . 635 c e n ts ------------------------------------------------------ - 36. 9 - 6. 9

U n ifo rm p e rc e n ta g e ---------------------------------- ------- 36. 6 36. 6 12. 8 1. 3

8 p e r c e n t - ---------------------------------------------- 36. 6 _ 12. 8 .10 p e r c e n t -------------------------------------------------- 36. 6 1. 3

1 In c lu d e s e s ta b l i s h m e n t s c u r r e n t l y o p e ra t in g la te s h if ts , an d e s ta b l is h m e n ts w ith f o rm a l p r o v is io n s c o v e r in g la te s h if ts e v e n th o u g h th e y w e r e n o t c u r r e n t l y o p e ra t in g la te s h if ts .

( P e r c e n t of p ro d u c t io n w o r k e r s in c ig a r e t te m a n u fa c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith f o r m a l p r o v is io n s fo r p a id h o lid a y s , U n ited S ta te s , M ay~-June 1971)

N u m b e r o f p a id h o lid a y s an d h o lid a y s p ro v id e d P e r c e n t

A ll p ro d u c t io n w o r k e r s ___________ 100

W o rk e r s in e s ta b l is h m e n t s p ro v id in g :7 d a y s p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s _____________ ( M8 d a y s -------------------------------- ------------- 269 d a y s _______________________ _________ 6310 d a y s -___________________ ________ 11

H o lid a y s p ro v id e d : 2New Y e a r 1 s D ay --------------- ------------ 100W ash in g to n * s B i r th d a y ____ _________ ( MG ood F r id a y ----------------------- --------------- 51E a s t e r M o n d ay ____________________ _ 82M e m o r ia l D ay _____ _______________ 99F o u r th o f J u l y _________________________ 100F r id a y b e fo r e L a b o r D ay _ _______ 3L a b o r D ay ------------------------------------------- 100T h a n k s g iv in g D a y ________ ___________ 100D ay a f t e r T h a n k s g iv in g ______ ______ 74C h r i s tm a s E v e ______________________ 74C h r i s tm a s D ay _______________________ 100

1 L e s s th a n 0. 5 p e rc e n t .

T a b le 5 . P a id v a c a tio n s

( P e r c e n t of p ro d u c tio n w o rk e r s in c ig a r e t t e m a n u fa c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n ts w ith f o r m a l p r o v is io n s fo r p a id v a c a t io n s , U n ited S ta te s , M ay—J u n e 1971)

V a c a tio n p o lic y P e r c e n t V a c a tio n p o lic y P e r c e n t

A ll p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s ------------- ------------------------- 100 A m o u n t o f v a c a t io n p a y 2__ C o n tin u e d

M eth o d of p a y m e n t A f te r 20 y e a r s of s e r v i c e :3 w e e k s (1 2 3 4 )

99W o rk e r s in e s ta b l is h m e n ts p ro v id in g p a id v a c a t io n s 1 ------------- ------------------------------------------------

4 w e e k s _ ___ _ ...100

L e n g th -o f - t im e p a y m e n t _______________________ 74P e r c e n ta g e p a y m e n t ________________ ____________ 26 A fte r 25 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e :

3 w e e k s ..... ._ . ... , (4 )A m o u n t of v a c a tio n p a y 2 4 w e e k s ____ ______ . . 26

745 w e e k s . . .... . . .. _ .A f te r 1 y e a r o f s e r v i c e :

2 w eek s _____________________________________________ 100A f te r 30 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e :

A f te r 5 y e a r s of s e rv ic e :2 w eek s ___________________ __________________________

3 w e e k s ... .. ... .......... .. ....................... (4 )1100

3 w p pks . . .. . _ _ 99A f te r 10 y e a r s of s e rv ic e :

3 100M a x im u m v a c a t io n

A f te r 15 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 3 w e e k s ______ _______ ____________________________ (4 )3 w e e k s _ _ _ __ 26 4 wp.plcft ................ . . . . (4 )4 w e e k s ____________________________________________ 74 5 w e e k s ________ 99

1 S e rv ic e p a y m e n ts e i th e r d u r in g th e s u m m e r o r a t th e e n d of the y e a r to w o r k e r s w ith s p e c i f ie d p e r io d s of s e r v i c ew e r e c la s s i f i e d as v a c a tio n p a y r e g a r d l e s s of w h e th e r w o r k e r s to o k t im e o ff f ro m w o rk .

2 V a c a tio n p a y m e n ts su c h a s p e r c e n t of a n n u a l e a rn in g s w e re c o n v e r te d to an e q u iv a le n t t im e b a s i s .3 A la r g e m a jo r i t y of the w o r k e r s w e re in e s ta b l is h m e n ts p ro v id in g 3 w e e k s v a c a t io n p a y a f t e r 8 y e a r s of s e r v i c e .4 L e s s th a n 0. 5 p e rc e n t .


T a b le 6 . H e a lth , in s u ra n c e , and re t ire m e n t p la n s( P e r c e n t of p ro d u c t io n w o r k e r s in c ig a r e t t e m a n u fa c tu r in g e s ta b l i s h m e n t s w ith s p e c i f ie d h e a lth , in s u r a n c e and r e t i r e m e n t p l a n s , U n ite d S ta te s , M ay—Ju n e 1971)

T y p e of p lan P e r c e n t

A ll p ro d u c t io n w o r k e r s ......... -....................... -...........

W o rk e r s in e s ta b l i s h m e n t s p ro v id in g :L ife i n s u r a n c e _____________________________________

N o n c o n tr ib u to ry p l a n s --------------------------------------A c c id e n ta l d e a th an d d is m e m b e r m e n t in s u ra n c e .

N o n c o n tr ib u to ry p l a n s _________________________S ic k n e s s an d a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e o r s ic k lea v e

o r b o th 1 2 __________________________________________S ic k n e s s a n d a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e _____________

N o n c o n tr ib u to ry p l a n s _____________________S ic k le a v e ( fu l l p a y , no w a itin g p e r io d )______S ic k le a v e ( p a r t i a l p ay o r w a itin g p e r i o d ) -----

H o s p i ta l iz a t io n i n s u r a n c e _________________________N o n c o n tr ib u to ry p l a n s _________________________

S u r g ic a l i n s u r a n c e .................................—................ - .........N o n c o n tr ib u to ry p l a n s _________________________

M e d ic a l in s u r a n c e _______________________________N o n c o n tr ib u to ry p la n s _________________________

M a jo r m e d ic a l i n s u r a n c e _________________________N o n c o n tr ib u to ry p l a n s .................................... ..............

R e t i r e m e n t p l a n s 4_________________________________P e n s io n p la n s _________________________________

N o n c o n tr ib u to ry p l a n s _____________________S e v e ra n c e p ay _________________________________

No p l a n s ___________________________________________

100

99995555

999999

( 3 )9999999999998585999999

( 3 )

1 In c lu d e s t h o s e p la n s fo r w h ich a t l e a s t p a r t o f th e c o s t i s b o rn e by th e e m p lo y e r a n d e x c lu d e s le g a l ly r e q u i r e d p la n s , su c h a s w o r k m e n 1 s c o m p e n s a tio n an d s o c ia l s e c u r i ty ; h o w e v e r , p la n s r e q u i r e d by S ta te t e m p o r a r y d i s a b i l i ty law s a r e in c lu d e d if th e e m p lo y e r c o n tr ib u te s m o r e th a n i s le g a l ly r e q u i r e d o r th e e m p lo y e e s r e c e iv e b e n e f i ts in e x c e s s of th e l e g a l r e q u i r e m e n ts . " N o n c o n tr ib u to r y p la n s " in c lu d e on ly th o s e p la n s f in a n c e d e n t i r e ly by th e e m p lo y e r .

2 U n d u p lic a te d t o ta l of w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s ic k le a v e o r s ic k n e s s a n d a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e show n s e p a r a te ly .

3 L e s s th a n 0. 5 p e rc e n t .4 U n d u p lic a te d to ta l of w o r k e r s c o v e re d by p e n s io n o r r e t i r e

m e n t s e v e r a n c e p a y m e n ts show n s e p a r a te ly .

T a b le 7. O th e r se lected benefits

( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in c ig a r e t t e m a n u fa c tu r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n ts p ro v id in g fu n e r a l le a v e p a y , ju ry d u ty p a y , c o s t - o f - l iv in g a d ju s tm e n ts , an d p r o f i t s h a r in g p la n s , U n ited S t a t e s , M ay—Ju n e 1971)

I te m 1 P e r c e n t

A ll p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s ____________________ _____ ______ 100

W o rk e r s in e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith p r o v is io n s fo r :F u n p r a 1 1psvp pay .................................................................... 99Tivry du ty pay ......................... ..................... 99O n s t -o f - l in in g a H jn s tm p n ts 74

Ra spH nn OPT ................................. .................... ... 74O th e r b a s i s ______________________________________________

P r o f i t s h a r in g p la n s .......................... 74

1 F o r d e fin i tio n s of i t e m s , s e e a p p e n d ix A.


Appendix A. Scope and Method of Survey

Scope of survey

The survey included all establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing cigarettes (industry 2111 as defined in the 1967 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, as prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget) Separate auxiliary units, such as central offices and research laboratories were excluded.

The number of establishments and workers within the scope of the survey during the payroll period studied are shown in the following tabulation:

E stablishm entsA ll

w o rk ers1P roduction

workers

United States2 . . . 14 36,373 31,474

Kentucky . . . 3 9,449 8,093North Carolina 5 17,613 15,227Virginia........... 5 9,291 8,142

1 Includes executive, professional, office, and other workers excluded from the production worker category shown.

2 Includes information in addition to State data shown separately.

Method of study

Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau’s field staff under the direction of the Bureau’s Assistant Regional Directors for Operations.

Establishment definition

An establishment, for purposes of this study, is defined as a single physical location where industrial operations are performed. An establishment is not necessarily identical with the company, which may consist of one or more establishments.

Production workers

The term “ production workers,’’ as used in this bulletin, includes working foremen and all nonsu- pervisory workers engaged in nonoffice acitivities. Administrative, executive, professional and technical personnel, and force-account construction employees, who were employed as a separate work force on the firm’s own properties, were excluded.

Occupations selected for study

Occupational classification was based on a uniform set of job descriptions designed to take account of interestablishment and interarea variations in duties within the same job. (See appendix B for these descriptions.) The occupations were chosen for their numerical importance, their usefulness in collective bargaining, or their representativeness of the entire job scale in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers were not reported in the data for selected occupations, but were included in the data for all production workers.

Wage data

Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems and cost-of-living bonuses, were included as part of the workers’ regular pay; but nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded.

Average hourly rates or earnings for each occupation or other group of workers, such as men, women, or production workers, were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number of workers receiving the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earnings of salaried workers were obtained by dividing their straight-time salary by normal rather than actual hours.

Method of wage payment

Information by method of wage payment relates to the number of workers paid under the various time and incentive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time-rated workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual job categories. In the absence of a formal rate structure, pay

9


rates are determined primarily by the qualifications of the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classification. Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period of time. Individual experienced workers occasionally may be paid more or less than the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are regarded as exceptions. Range- of-rate plans are those in which the minimum or maximum rates paid experienced workers for the same job are specified. Specific rates of individual workers within the range be determined by merit, length of service, or a combination of various concepts of merit and length of service. Incentive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit of output. Production bonuses are based on production over a quota or for completion of a task in less than standard time.

Scheduled weekly hours

Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers employed on the day shift.

Shift provisions and practices

Data relate to the provisions in establishments having formal provisions for late-shift operations and to the practices in those establishments operating extra shifts during the payroll period studied.

Supplementary wage provisions

Supplementary benefits were treated statistically on the basis that if formal provisions for supplementary benefits were applicable to one-half or more of the production workers in an establishment, the benefits were considered applicable to all such workers. Similarly, if fewer than one-half of the workers were covered, the benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility requirements, the proportion of workers receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated.

Paid holidays. Paid holiday provisions relate to full-day and half-day holidays provided annually.

Paid vacations. The summary of vacation plans is limited to formal arrangements, excluding informal

plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the employer or the supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was considered the equivalent of 1 week’s pay. The periods of service for which data are presented were selected as representative of the most common practices, but they do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, the changes in proportions indicated at 10 years of service may include changes which occurred after 8 years.

Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Data are presented for health, insurance, and retirement plans for which all or a part of the cost is borne by the employer, excluding only programs required by law, such as workmen’s compensation and social security. Among the plans included are those underwritten by a commercial insurance company and those paid directly by the employer from his current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose.

Death benefits are included as a form of life insurance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of insurance under which predetermined cash payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. Information is presented for all such plans to which the employer contributes at least part of the cost. However, in New York and New Jersey where temporary disability insurance laws require employer contributions,1 plans were included only if the employer (1) contributed more than is legally required, or (2) provided the employees with benefits which exceeded the requirements of the law.

Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the worker’s pay during absence from work because of illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Separate tabulations are provided according to (1) plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period.

Medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete or partial payment of doctors’ fees. Such plans may be underwritten by a commercial insurance company or a nonprofit organization, or they may be a form of self-insurance.

Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as catastrophe insurance, includes the plans designed to cover employees in case of sickness or

1 The temporary disability insurance laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contribution.


injury involving an expense which goes beyond the normal coverage of hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans.

Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to plans which provide regular payments for the remainder of the retiree’s life. The incidence of retirement severance pay (one payment or several over a period of time) was also studied. Establishments providing both severance pay and pensions were considered as having both retirement pension and retirement severance pay. Establishments having optional plans providing a choice of either were considered as having only retirement pension benefits.

Paid funeral and jury duty leave. Data for paid • funeral and jury duty leave relate to formal provisions for at least partial payment for time lost as a

result of attending funerals of certain family members or serving as a juror.

Profit-sharing plans. To be considered a formal profit-sharing plan for purposes of this study, there must be a definite formula for computing employee shares which is announced in advance, and there must be a fixed commitment to make payments, either current or deferred, which bears a direct relationship to company profits or declared dividends. Therefore, such payments as Christmas or yearend bonuses, which are not fixed commitments on the part of management, are excluded even though they are determined on some basis in relation to the year’s profit. Payments need not be shared equally by employees; they may be shared according to an employee’s length of service, pay level, or annual income.



A p p e n d ix B. O c c u p a tio n a l D e s c rip tio n s

The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’s wage surveys is to- assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits the grouping of occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability of occupational content, the Bureau’s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau’s field staff is instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers.

Adjuster, machine

(Fixer)

Sets up, regulates, and/or repairs tobacco processing machines such as cigarette-making, cigarette-packing, and cellophaning machines. Work involves most of the following: Setting up machines to produce the desired product; regulating and adjusting the machines for efficient operation; attaching fixtures or special devices to the machines; examining machines faulty in operation to determine whether adjustments or repairs are necessary; dismantling or partly dismantling the machines, replacing broken, damaged, or worn parts, or performing other repairs and reassembling the machines. Uses a variety of handtools in adjusting, fitting, or replacing parts, fixtures, or attachments.

Carpenter, maintenance

Performs the carpentry duties necessary to construct and maintain in good repair building woodwork and equipment such as bins, cribs, counters, benches, partitions, doors, floors, stairs, casings, and trim made of wood in an establishment. Work involves most of the following: Planning and laying out of work from blueprints, drawings, models, or verbal instructions; using a variety of carpenter’s handtools, portable powertools, and standard measuring instruments; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work; and selecting materials necessary for the work. In general, the

work of the maintenance carpenter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience.

Catcher, cigarette machine

Gathers up double handfuls of cigarettes at the discharge end of the making machine and glances at both ends to check on condition, discarding imperfect ones and placing perfect cigarettes in trays for packaging; and informs the making-machine operator of defects such as open seams and improper filling. Where conveyors connect the making machine (s) and packaging machine (referred to as combination units), or, where high speed making machines use automatic stacking devices to place cigarettes in trays for transporting to packaging machine, the employee examines the cigarettes for visual flaws as they are discharged from the making machine but does not stack the cigarettes in trays. Workers performing detailed inspection of cigarettes, including the use of scales and gages, are to be classified as inspector, cigarette-making.

For wage study purposes, catchers are to be classified by type of cigarette and whether or not catching and stacking duties are performed by the employee, as follows:

Catcher, cigarette machine (inspect and stack cigarettes)

Filter cigarettes Nonfilter cigarettes


Catcher, cigarette machine (inspect only)Filter cigarettesNonfilter cigarettes

Electrician, maintenance

Performs a variety of electrical trade functions such as the installation, maintenance, or repair of equipment for the generation, distribution, or utilization of electric energy in an establishment. Work involves most of the following: Installing or repairing any of a variety of electrical equipment such as generators, transformers, switchboards, controllers, circuit breakers, motors, heating units, conduit systems, or other transmission equipment; working from blueprints, drawings, layout, or other specifications; locating and diagnosing trouble in the electrical system or equipment; working standard computations relating to load requirements of wiring or electrical equipment; and using a variety of electrician’s handtools and measuring and testing instruments. In general, the work of the maintenance electrician requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience.

Inspector, cigarette making

Inspects the output of cigarette-making machine to see that quality of cigarettes is up to standard; and may supervise the cigarette machine catchers. Work involves: Examining handfuls of cigarettes for proper filling, printing, and gluing; checking weight of a prescribed sample on small scales and length in a small gage; and notifying cigarette-making machine operator of irregularities so that machine can be properly adjusted.

Janitor

(Sweeper; charwoman; janitress; cleaner)Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory

working areas and washrooms, or premises of an office or other establishment. Duties involve a combination of the following: Sweeping, mopping or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures; polishing metal fixtures or trimmings; and providing supplies and minor maintenance services, cleaning lavatories, showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded.

Laborer, material handling

(Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelv- er; trucker; stockman or stock helper; warehouseman or warehouse helper)

A worker employed in a warehouse, manufacturing plant, store, or other establishment whose duties involve one or more of the following: Loading and unloading various materials and merchandise on or from freight cars, trucks, or other transporting devices; unpacking, shelving, or placing materials or merchandise in proper storage location; transporting materials or merchandise by handtruck, car, or wheelbarrow. Longshoremen, who load and unload ships are excluded.

Machinist, maintenance

Produces replacement parts and new parts in making repairs of metal parts of mechanical equipment operated in an establishment. Work involves most of the following: Interpreting written instructions and specifications; planning and laying out of work; using a variety of machinist’s handtools and precision measuring instruments; setting up and operating standard machine tools; shaping of metal parts to close tolerances; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work, tooling, and feeds and speeds of machining; having knowledge of the working properties of the common metals; selecting standard materials, parts, and equipment required for his work; fitting and assembling parts into mechanical equipment. In general, the machinist’s work normally requires a rounded training in machine-shop practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience.

Making-machine operator, cigarette

Operates one automatic cigarette-making machine or more. Work involves: Loading or regulating the loading of tobacco into the feed hopper of machine (also filter plugs or rods into hopper for filter cigarettes); may adjust the mechanism regulating the flow of tobacco; placing rolls of cigarette paper and tipping material (for the making of cork, straw, or ivory tipped cigarettes) on holding spindles; threading paper and tipping material between guide rolls and adjusting for friction tension; setting the monogram printing device; observing operation of machine to see that it is functioning properly;


and making any necessary adjustm ent or reporting mechanical faults to cigarette-making machine adjuster.

For wage study purposes, workers are classified as follows:

Making machine operator, filter cigarettesxMaking machine operator, nonfilter cigarettes

Packer, cigarette machine

Tends machine that automatically groups and wraps cigarettes into packages and affixes labels to each package. Work involves: Filling appropriate hoppers with labels, and paste; placing spools of paper on spindles and threading through rollers; inspecting packages coming from machine for proper centering, folding, and gluing of labels; cleaning machine; and making minor adjustm ents to machine, such as setting guides and adjusting ten

sion on rollers. When cigarettes are not autom atically fed into the machine, worker may also fill cigarette hopper by sliding tray of cigarettes over hopper and allowing cigarettes to fall into hopper.

Trucker, power

Operates a manually controlled gasoline- or electric-powered truck or tractor to transport goods and materials of all kinds about a warehouse, m anufacturing plant, or other establishm ent.

For wage study purposes, workers are classified by type of truck, as follows:

Trucker, power (forklift)Trucker, power (other than forklift)

Watchman

Makes rounds of premises periodically in protecting property against fire, theft, and illegal entry.



In d u s try W age Studies

The most recent reports for industries included in the ing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402, or any of its re-Bureau’s program of industry wage surveys since January gional sales offices, and from the Bureau of Labor Statis-1960 are listed below. Copies are available from the tics, Washington, D.C., 20212, or from any of its region-Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print- al offices shown on the inside back cover.

I. Occupational Wage Studies

Manufacturing

Price

Basic Iron and Steel, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1602 .............................................................................................................. $0.55Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1732 .................................................................................45Cigar Manufacturing, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1581...................................................................................................................... 25Cotton and Man-Made Fiber Textiles, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1637.................................................................................. 1.00

Fabricated Structural Steel, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1695 ......................................................................................................... 50Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1531.............................................................................................................. 30Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1576 ..........................................................................................25Fluid Milk Industry, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1464 ...................................................................................................................... 30Footwear, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1634 ........................................................................................................................................75Hosiery, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1562 ..........................................................................................................................................70

Industrial Chemicals, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1529 .................................................................................................................... 40Iron and Steel Foundries, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1626 ..................................................................................................... 1.00Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1 6 1 8 ...................................................................................................55Machinery Manufacturing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1664 ........................................................................................................... 65Meat Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1677 ....................................................................................................................... 1.00Men’s and Boys’ Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Nightwear, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1659 ..................................................65Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 6 ........................................................................................ 1.00Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1690 .................................................................................................. 60Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1679 ............................................................................................................. 75

Nonferrous Foundries, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1726 ........................................................................... ...................................... 50Paints and Varnishes, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1524 ....................................................................................................................40Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 9 ................................................................ ..................... 1.25Petroleum Refining, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1526 ...................................................................................................................... 30Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1713 ........................................................................................50Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1608 .............................................................................................. 60Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1694 ..........................................................................................50Structural Clay Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1697 ............................................................................................................. 65Synthetic Fibers, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1540 ...........................................................................................................................30Synthetic Textiles, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1509 ........................................................................................................................ 40Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1965-66. BLS Bulletin 1527................................................................................................ 45


I. O ccu p a tio n a l Wage S tudies— C o n tin u e d

West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1704.......................................................................................................... $0.45Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1728..........................................................................................35Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1649 .......................................................................................................45Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1651......................................................................60Wool Textiles, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1551................................................................................................................................. 45Work Clothing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1624 ............................................................................................................................... 50

Nonmanufacturing

Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1689 ........................................................................................................... 50Banking, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1703 .......................................................................................................................................... 65Bituminous Coal Mining, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1583 ..............................................................................................................50Communications, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1696 ...........................................................................................................................30Contract Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1644 ......................................................................................................... 55Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1566 .......................................................................... 30Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, 1968—69. BLS Bulletin 1671........................................................... 50Electric and Gas Utilities, 1967. BLS Bulletin 16 1 4 ..............................................................................................................70

Hospitals, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1688 ................................................................................................................................ 1.00Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1645.....................................................................................................75Life Insurance, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1569 ............................................................................................................................... 30Motion Picture Theaters, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1542................................................................................................................35Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1967—68. BLS Bulletin 1638 ...................... .......................................................... 75Scheduled Airlines, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1734 .........................................................................................................................45Wages and Tips in Restaurants and Hotels, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 2 .................................................................................60

II. Other Industry Wage Studies

Employee Earnings and Hours in Nonmetropolitan Areas of the South and North Central Regions, 1965. BLSBulletin 1552 .........................................................................................................................................................................50

Employee Earnings and Hours in Eight Metropolitan Areas of the South, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1533 ............................ 40Employee Earnings and Hours in Retail Trade, June 1966-

Retail Trade (Overall Summary). BLS Bulletin 1584 ........................................................................................ 1.00Building Materials, Hardware, and Farm Equipment Dealers, BLS Bulletin 1584-1 ................................................30General Merchandise Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-2 .....................................................................................................55Food Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-3................................................................................................................................. 60Automotive Dealers and Gasoline Service Stations. BLS Bulletin 1 5 8 4 4 ................................................................. 50Apparel and Accessory Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584t5 ................................................................................................ 55Furniture, Home Furnishings, and Household Appliance Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-6 ......................................... 50Miscellaneous Retail Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-7 ....................................................................................................... 65 *

*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 U8U-792/l$lS 1-3


BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

REGIONAL OFFICES

Region I1 6 0 3 J F K Federal Building G overnm ent Center Boston, Mass. 0 2 2 0 3 Phone: 2 2 3 -6 7 6 2 (A rea Code 6 1 7 )

Region II1 5 1 5 Broadw ayN ew Y o rk , N .Y . 1 0 0 3 6Phone: 9 7 1 -5 4 0 5 (A rea Code 2 1 2 )

Region I I I4 0 6 Penn Square B uilding 1 3 17 F ilb e rt St.Philadelphia , Pa. 1 9 1 0 7Phone: 5 9 7 -7 7 9 6 (A rea Code 2 1 5 )

Region IV Suite 5 4 01371 Peachtree S t. N E .A tla n ta , Ga. 3 0 3 0 9Phone: 5 2 6 -5 4 1 8 (A rea Code 4 0 4 )

Region V8 th F loor, 3 0 0 S outh W acker DriveChicago, III. 6 0 6 0 6Phone: 3 5 3 -1 8 8 0 (A rea Code 3 1 2 )

Region V I1 1 0 0 Com m erce S t., R m . 6 B 7Dallas, Tex . 7 5 2 0 2Phone: 7 4 9 -3 5 1 6 (Area Code 2 1 4 )

Region V I I and V I I IFederal O ffice B uilding 911 W alnut S t., 10 th F loor Kansas C ity , M o. 6 4 1 0 6 Phone: 3 7 4 -2 4 8 1 (A rea Code 8 1 6 )

Region IX and X4 5 0 G olden G ate Ave.Box 3 6 0 1 7San Francisco, C alif. 9 4 1 0 2 Phone: 5 5 6 -4 6 7 8 (Area Code 4 1 5 )

• •Regions V I I and V I I I w ill be serviced by Kansas C ity . Regions IX and X w ill be serviced by San Francisco.


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS W ASHINGTON. O.C. 20212

THIRD CLASS MAIL [

O FFIC IA L BUSINESS

PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300

PO STAG E A N D FEE S PAID

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR


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