bls_0735_1943.pdf

U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O RFrances Perkins, Secretary

B U R EAU OF LABO R STATISTICS Isador Lubin, Commissioner (on leave)A . F . Hinrichs, Acting Commissioner

Union Wages and Hours in the Baking Industry,June 1, 1942

[R eprinted from the M o n th ly Labor R e v ie w , February 1943, w ith additional data]

U N ITED STATES

G O VER N M EN T PR IN TIN G OFFICE

W ASH IN G TO N : 1943

Bulletin 7vo. 735

For sale by the Superintendent o f Documents, U . S. Governm ent Printing Office Washington, D . C. ~ Price 10 cents

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

CONTENTSP m

Summary________________________________________________________________ 1Scope and method of the study___________________________________________ 1Average hourly rates_____________________________________________________ 2Changes in hourly wage rates, 1941 to 1942_______________________________ 4Weekly hours____________________________________________________________ 5Overtime________________________________________________________________ 6Average rates by city____________________________________________________ 7Wages and hours in each city_____________________________________________ 9

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

U n it e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s ,

Washington, D. C., March SO, 1943.The S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r :

I have the honor to transmit herewith the annual report on union wages and hours in the Baking Industry as of June 1, 1942.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics has made surveys of union wage rates and hours in the Baking Trades each year since 1907. In the earlier surveys 39 cities were visited. The present study includes rate quotations from 62 of the 75 cities visited in 1942.

This bulletin was prepared in the Industrial Relations Division under the supervision of Florence Peterson, Chief. Kerm it B . M ohn was in charge of the field work. The final report was prepared by Donald H . Gerrish and Annette V . Simi.

A . F . H in r x c h s ,Acting Commissioner of Labor Statistici .

Hon. F r a n c e s P e r k in s ,Secretary of Labor.

n


Bulletin 7S[o. 735 o f theUnited States Bureau o f Labor Statistics[Reprinted from the M onthly L abor R eview , February 1943, with additional data]

UNION WAGES AND HOURS IN THE BAKING INDUSTRY, JUNE 1,1942

Summary

T H E average hourly rate for union members in the baking industry on June 1, 1942, was 81.9 cents. Two^thirds of the union members had rates between 40 and 90 cents; almost one-third had rates between 70 and 90 cents; and over one-fifth had scales of $1.00 or more. Organized workers in Hebrew bakeries received the highest hourly rate on the average ($1,340), while those in the pie and pastry branch had the lowest average rate ($0,602).

Based on comparable quotations for both June 1, 1941, and June 1, 1942, the general level of wages advanced 9.6 percent. Bread and cake machine shops, with an increase of 10.6 percent, reported the greatest change in the industry. Exactly 93.0 percent of the union members received increases in rates during this period.

The 40-hour week was predominant in the industry, 72.7 percent of the union members being covered by such a provision. The remaining workers were covered by 16 other workweek schedules ranging from 28 to 54 hours. Overtime was practically always paid for at time and a half, with over 87 percent of the members subject to this premium scale.

Scope and Method of Study

This study is one of a series of annual surveys begun in 1907, covering union scales in various trades in selected cities of the United States. The number of cities included has been gradually increased from 39 to 75. These cities are in 40 States and the District of Columbia. Effective union agreements providing wage and hour scales for bakery workers were reported in 62 of the 75 cities in 1942. The current survey included 3,450 quotations of scales covering 62,098 union members. All the data were effective as of June 1, 1942.

Averages The averages and percentages of change given in this report are weighted according to the number of union members covered by each scale. The resulting aggregates (rates multiplied by membership) were added and their sum was divided by the total number of members used in the weighting. The average thus reflects not only the actual scales of wages and hours provided in union agreements, but also the number of members benefiting from these scales. A weighted average of this kind is obviously more realistic than a simple average of specific rates. In the latter case, a wage rate covering one or two members would be given the same importance as a rate covering several dozen members.

1


2 UNION WAGES AND HOURS

The percent of change from Jl----- ' it is the ratio between

unions and occupational classifications in both years. The weights in both of the aggregates used in each year-to-year comparison were the membership figures reported in the second year.

Changes in coverage. Prior to 1939 only union members engaged principally in bread baking were included. In the 1939 and 1940 surveys, all types of baking covered by union agreements have been included, and all occupations except deliverymen. In the current report, plant-maintenance workers, as well as deliverymen, are excluded from the tabulations.

As in the 1941 survey, the data are classified according to the various types of baking. Separate figures are shown for hand shops, machine shops, Hebrew baking, other specialized baking, pie and pastry shops, and cracker and cookie shops. Other specialized shops include those baking French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, and Italian products.

The average hourly rate for union members in the baking industry was $0,819 on June 1, 1942 (table 1). Actual rates ranged between $0,266 for helpers in Latin hand shops in Tampa to $1,714 for machine- shop first hands in Hebrew bakeries in New York City. Nine percent of all union bakery workers had wage rates of less than 50 cents; almost 28 percent had rates between 50 and 70 cents; about 30 percent had rates between 70 and 90 cents; and 12 percent between 90 cents and $ 1.00. Over one-fifth were covered by scales of $ 1.00 or more.

Wages in hand shops making ordinary bread and cake averaged $0,952 per hour, while ip machine shops the average was $0,772 per hour. About 60 percent of the union members working in hand shops had rates between $0.80 and $1.10 per hour compared to 36 percent in machine baking; 56.5 percent of the latter had rates under 80 cents as compared to only 23 percent in hand baking.

Union members in Hebrew shops had the highest wage rates, on the average, in the baking industry. Members in this specialized

.branch averaged $1.34 per hour, with over three-fourths of them having rates of $1.20 or more and only 9 percent rates of less than $1.00 per hour. The greater proportion of the organized bakery workers in this branch were in such metropolitan centers as New York City, Newark, and Los Angeles.

Union rates in other specialized bakeries, such as Italian, Polish, French, Scandinavian, Bohemian, and Spanish, averaged $0,925 per hour, with almost half of the members haying hourly scales of $1.00 or over. These specialized types of bakeries were found, usually, in the largest cities only.

The cracker and cookie and the pie and pastry branches of the industry included the lowest-paid workers, on the average, having average hourly rates of $0,616 and $0,602, respectively. Over two-thirds of the union members in the cracker and cookie and the pie and pastry shops had wage rates between 40 and 70 cents per hour. The large differences in wage rates between these branches and the rest of the industry are attributable, in the main, to the factors of sex and skill. Women are employed extensively in cracker, cookie, pie, and pastry

similar aggregates computed quoted for identical

Average H ourly Rates


PERCENT OF MEMBERSHIP

20 I-------

DISTRIBUTION OF MEMBERS IN UNION BAKERIES BY HOURLY WAGE RATES

JUNE 1,1942 PERCENT OF MEMBERSHIP------ 1 20

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP LABOR HOURLY WAGE RATEatIBCAII AC I A BAB C T A T ie tire ' ^

15

10

5

0

00

BAKIN

G IN

DU

STRY



shops where the need for skill is not nearly so great, as the shops, especially those making crackers and cookies, are highly mechanized.

Because of the dissimilarities in occupational designations and duties, no distribution based on particular occupations is possible. However, mixers and ovenmen generally had the highest rates specified in each agreement, while the lower scales applied to members in the auxiliary and less skilled occupations, such as pan greasers, checkers, wrappers, slicers, and general helpers.

T able 1. Distribution o f Union Members in the Bakery Trades by H ourly Wage Rates,June I, 1942

Averagerateper

hour

Percent of union members whose rates (in cents) per hour were

Type of baking Under40

40andunder50

50andunder60

60andunder70

70andunder80

80andunder90

90andunder100

100andunder110

110andunder120

120andunder130

130andunder140

140andunder150

150andunder160

160andover

All baking................................... $0,819 1.1 7.9 15.4 12.2 14.7 15.4 12.0 7.2 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 1.6 1.5Ordinary bread and cake, hand.. .952 .1 1.2 5.2 6.4 10.0 17.8 25.9 15.5 7.2 .7 1.9 2.5 1.9 3~7Ordinary bread and cake, ma

chine........................................ .772 .3 7.5 14.9 14.0 19.8 18.9 12.1 4.9 2.2 3.1 2.0 .2 .1Pie and pastry..................- ......... .602 2.3 32.9 27.4 9.6 8.3 10.5 2.6 4.7 1.4 .3 __ __ __Cracker and cookie______ _____ .616 5.6 15.4 34.4 18.8 8.8 9.7 5.7 1.4 .2Hebrew baking.......................... 1.340 .3 .1 .3 .8 1.2 3.6 2.7 11.1 2.7 16.3 12.4 25.9 16.5 "ii iOther specialized baking1........... .925 .7 1.8 8.4 7.4 12.7 5.6 13.6 27.5 13.2 7.2 1.9 .......

i French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.

Changes in H ourly Wage Rates, 1941 to 1942M ost of the union members in the bakery trades received hourly

wage increases during the year ending June 1, 1942 (table 2). About 89 percent of the quotations, including 93 percent of the total union members, showed increases. These increases raised the general level of union wages in the baking industry by 9.6 percent during the period June 1, 1941, to June 1, 1942, as compared with a 3.3-percent rise for the previous year.

Union members in the ordinary bread and cake machine shops were most successful in obtaining increases, over 97 percent benefiting by advances in rates. Hebrew bakeries ranked second, with 92.2 percent

T able 2. Number o f Changes in Union Wage-Rate Quotations and Percent o f Members Affected , June I, 1942, Compared ivith June I, 1941

Type of bakingNumber of comparable Quotations

Number of quotations showing

Percent of union members affected by

Increase Decrease Nochange Increase DecreaseNo

change

All baking __________________ 2,671 2,384 287 93.0 7.0Ordinary bread and cake, hand. Ordinary bread and cake, ma

chine268

1,665 91

445 106 96

2421,547

683808661

2611823652035

89.697.483.3 80.0 92.277.4

10.42.6

16.720.07.8

22.6

Pie and pastry______________Cracker and cookie _Hebrew baking_____________Other specialized baking l _ _

* French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.


BAKING INDUSTRY 5of their members receiving increases, which is in marked contrast to the 15.8 percent who received raises the previous year. Almost 90 percent of the members in hand shops, 83 percent in the pie and pastry shops, 80 percent in the cracker and cookie shops, and 77 percent in specialized bakeries other than Hebrew were recipients of higher rates.

Table 3 shows that over two-thirds of the union members received increases of between 5 and 15 percent; 17.1 percent of the total union membership received increases over 15 percent; while only 8.5 percent received increases of less than 5 percent.

T able 3. Number o f Increases in Union Wage-Rate Quotations, and Percent o f Members Affected , by Percent o f Increase, June I, 1942, Compared with June I, 1941

Type of baking

Number of quotations showing increases of

Percent of total members affected by increases of

Lessthan

5percent

5andunder10

percent

10andunder15

percent

15andunder20

percent

20andunder25

percent

25andunder30

percent

30percentandover

Lessthan

5percent

5andunder10

percent

10andunder15

percent

15andunder20

percent

20andunder25

percent

25andunder30

percent

30percentandover

All baking......................... 149 908 849 255 104 51 68 8.5 32.2 35.2 13.2 2.1 0.9 0.9Ordinary bread and cake,

hand.............................. 24 88 88 20 8 4 10 17.5 16.9 40.9 10.8 1.4 .3 1.8Ordinary bread and cake,

machine................ ......... 80 614 568 142 61 6 46 5.3 35.4 37.8 14.6 2.3 1.1 .9Pie and pastry.................. 7 34 12 6 3 2 4 4.1 40.1 19.5 11.0 6.1 1.4 1.1Cracker and cookie........... 17 130 123 67 29 6 8 2.3 30.0 27.8 16.3 2.7 .7 .2Hebrew baking_________ 16 28 28 11 3 27.1 44.7; i7.2 2.9 .3Other specialized baking 5 14 30 9 3 ....... 1.1 11.8 44.3 17.4 2.8

^French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.

W eekly Hours

The 40-hour week was most prevalent in union agreements in the baking industry as a whole, although a longer week than 40 hours prevailed in the hand shops and the specialized bakeries. Nearly 73 percent of the organized workers were reported as covered by a regular workweek of 40 hours. The remaining 27 percent of the union members were scattered among 16 other straight-time weekly work periods. About 10 percent of the total had a week of 48 hours and over (table 4). The number of the agreements providing workweeks of less than 40 hours was occasioned, primarily, by share-the-work plans; these plans were most prevalent in Hebrew bakeries. The 36-hour week was fairly common in the machine bake shops on the Pacific Coast.

The 40-hour week was almost universal in unionized cracker and cookie bakeries, less than 1 percent of the members having a longer workweek. Machine shops making ordinary bread and cake operated on the 40-hour week in a majority of the cases, with 90 percent of the union members employed on this basis. In the hand shops almost 78 percent of the union members were covered by workweeks of more than 40 hours; over 46 percent had a normal workweek of 48 hours. Almost three-fifths of the union members in specialized bakeries, other than Hebrew shops, were covered by a workweek of 48 hours or more. In contrast, almost 42 percent of the members working in Hebrew bakeries had workweeks of less than 40 hours, mainly as a result of share-the-work plans.



Weighting the various weekly working schedules by the union membership covered by each resulted in an average maximum workweek in the baking industry of 40.9 hours. Only the average for Hebrew bakeries was lower (39.2), while the average for hand shops making ordinary bread and cake was the highest (44.9).

T able 4. Distribution o f Union Members in the Bakery Trades by Hours p er W eek,June I, 1942

Weekly hours Allbaking

Ordinarybreadand

cake,handshops

Ordinarybreadand

cake,machine

shops

Pie and pastry

Crackerand

cookieHebrewbaking

Otherspecial

izedbaking

Avaraga wpplrly hours 40.9 44.9 40.1 41.3 40.0 39.2 44.8

28 hours___________________

Percent of members with specified hours per week

0.81.8.2.5

1.3.8.9.3

72.73.2

()1.54.5 1.1 9.8

() .6

10.622.930 hours...................................32 hours . _ 4.1

11.935 hours___________________ 0.12.336 hours___________________374 hours _ . . . . . . . 8.2 3.938 hours_______________ ____ 1.639 hours___________________ 6.3

8.24.9

40 hours _ _ 22.212.5

90.02.3

81.42.4.3.6

99.5 9.942 hours42J4 hours__________________44 hours___________________ 3.8

15.31.6 .5 .1

30.7.7

16.945 hours___________________ .947 hours 1.9

.20)

48 hours __________________ 46.2 15.3 44.550 hours___________________54 hours.................................... 15.3

1 French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.2 Less than a tenth of 1 percent.

The average workweek decreased by 0.1 percent during the period June 1, 1941, to June 1, 1942. Of the 2,671 comparable quotations, 58 indicated a reduced working schedule affecting 1.6 percent of the union members (table 5). Slightly more than 0.2 percent of the quotations, including 1.2 percent of the total ui ion members, indicated a lengthened workweek.

T able 5. Number o f Changes in Union H our Quotations and Percent o f Members Affected , June 1 ,1942, Compared with June 1,1941

Type of bakingNumber of comparable quotations

Number of quotations showing

Percent of union members affected by

Increase Decrease Nochange Increase DecreaseNo

change

All baking................................Ordinary bread and cake, hand. Ordinary bread and cake, ma

chine...... ...............................Pie and pastry __

2,671 6 58 2,607 1.2 1.6 97.2268

1,66591

44510696

51

2033

2481,627

90 445 101 96

1.83.5

2.41.6

97.696.696.5

100.097.6

100.0Oranlrar and nnnlriaHebrew baking....... .................Other specialized baking1........

5 2.4

2 French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.


BAKING INDUSTRY 7

Overtime

Practically all (96 percent) of the bakery agreements indicated a penalty rate of time and a half for overtime (table 6). More than 87 percent of the union members were covered by this provision. Other penalty rates covered 4.9 percent of the members, while for 7.5 percent of the members no penalty rate was specified.

M ost of the members receiving straight time for overtime worked in Hebrew bakeries where share-the-work plans were in operation. In these cases overtime on a penalty basis was not generally allowed until the hours stipulated in the agreement were worked, rather than those hours called normal under the share-the-work adjustment.

Generally any overtime work was discouraged and frequently a limit was set upon the amount of overtime permitted. M any of the agreements, however, in recognition of the fact that the demand for bakery products is not uniform throughout the week, specified that the overtime rate should apply only on the basis of weekly hours and not on the basis of any one Shift. Others achieved the same result by specifying longer regular shifts on certain days than on others. N ot infrequently a tolerance was provided whereby a limited amount of overtime could be worked without payment of any penalty rate. This tolerance generally was not over 2 hours in any week.

T able 6. Overtime Rates Provided in Union Bakery Agreem ents, June 2, 1942

Type of baking

Number of quotations showing initial overtime rates of-

Percent having rates of

of union initial

membersovertime

Time and one-half

No penalty rates

specified

Otherpenalty

ratesTime and one-half

No penalty rates

specified

Otherpenalty

rates

All baking__________________________ 3,313 88 49 87.6 7.5 4.9Ordinary bread and cake, hand_________ 268 25 6 84.3 12.6 3.1Ordinary bread and cake, machine______ 1,977 18 18 94.9 1.6 3.5Pip. and pastry. . _ _ __ 121 8 98.4 1.6Hreplrfir and annkia 776 100.0Hebrew baking______________________ 72 27 14 20.7 54.6 24.7Other specialized baking1_____________ 99 10 11 77.4 11.6 11.0

i French. Polish. Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.

Average Rates by City

Table 7 shows the average hourly rate for organized bakery workers in each city, grouped according to the type of baking. These averages were computed by weighting each rate by the number of union members covered by it and then dividing the total aggregates so obtained by the total number of union members in the city. In using this table one should bear in mind the fact that it is possible for average rates to vary inversely with the degree of organization. If the union has organized all of the occupations and workers in a city its average rate will probably be lower than that of a union that has organized only the more skilled groups. However, the latter condition is rapidly disappearing, as the unions are organizing more of the unskilled workers each year. In several cities it was impossible

52054843-----2



to separate the members in hand and machine shops for the purpose of computing an average. In these cases, all were tabulated under that type of baking which included the greater number of members.

Portland, Oreg., had the highest average rate in hand shops making ordinary bread and cake $1.135 followed closely by New York with a rate of $1,130, while San Francisco ($1,063) was third in line. Rochester ($0,980) and Cincinnati ($0,979) also had rates above the average ($0,952) for all cities in this group. Washington, D . C ., had the highest rate in the machine branch ($1,070), followed by Portland, Oreg. ($1,054). San Francisco, Seattle, and Spokane also had average rates of over $1.00. The cities on the Pacific coast tended to have higher scales as well as shorter workweeks.

In the Hebrew-bakery classification, the highest average hourly rate prevailed in New York ($1.420), followed by Los Angeles ($1,410) and Newark ($1,374). Among other specialized bakeries, San Francisco headed the list with $1,084; Buffalo was second with $1,041. Chicago and Detroit also had rates over $1.00.

Duluth had the highest average in cracker and cookie bakeries ($0,751). New York and Detroit followed with averages of $0,728 and $0,694. ' Rock Island district topped all other cities in the pie and pastry field, with the high average of $0,900; and New York was second, with $0,839.

T able 7. Average H ourly Rates fo r Union Bakery Workers in Each City, by Type o fBaking, June I, 1942

City and type of bakingAveragehourly

rateCity and type of baking

Averagehourly

rate

Ordinary bread and cakeHand shops:Portland, Oreg $1.135

1.130Ordinary bread and cakeMachine shops:

Washington, D. C $1,0701.054New York, N. V Portland, Oreg

San Francisco, Calif 1.063 San Francisco, Calif 1.038Rochester, Y . _ _.. r _ .980 Seattle, Wash *1.009Cinp.inna.ti, Ohio _ .979 Spokane, Wash .___ ____ *1.006Averaqe. far all aitiea . . . .. .... .962 Denver, Colo .983Chicago, Til _____ .945 Butte, Mont. ____ ___ _ r .973Newark, N. J . . . . . . . . _ __ .897 Los Angeles, Calif .952St. Lonis, Mo ....___ _ ..... ._ .873 Oklahoma City, Okla _..... .904Springfield, Mass .872 Madison, Wis__ .854New Haven, Conn .864 Dnlnth, Minn __ . . . . .833Cleveland, Ohio. .852 Houston, Tex . ___ .__ .831Duluth, Minn ____________ ____ .846 New York, N. Y .809Denver, Colo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .837 Newark, N. J .804Buffalo, N. Y 1.804 Rochester, N_ Y .792Toledo, Ohio ____ ____ _ . _ .794 Phoenix. Ariz_______________ ___ .788Houston, Tex .786 St. Louis. Mo _____________ .782South Bend, Ind_ __ _ _ .781 Kansas City, Mo. . _ ___ .778St. Paul, Minn............... ................. .777 Peoria, TU .778Youngstown, Ohio _._ .774 Detroit, Mich .772Phoenix, Ariz ___ _ _ .747 Average far all cities .772Peoria, 111..................................... .... .745 Wichita, Kans .770Manchester, N. H........................... .729 Des Moines, Iowa. __ _ _ _ __ _ .768New Orleans, La.............................. .724 Pittsburgh, Pa.......................... ...... .768Des Moines, Towa ... _ _ _. . .720 Rock Island (111.) district _ _ _ .768Providence, R. T _ ____. . .719 Cincinnati, Ohio __ _ .764Minneapolis, Minn .706 Youngstown, Ohio______________ .763Salt Lake City, Utah____________ .699 Salt Lake City, Utah .762Rock Island (111.) district *............... .697 Milwaukee, Wis .. , ___ , .757Milwaukee, Wis_ _ ___ ______ .690 Memphis, Tenn _ _ _____ .756Dallas. Tex ___ _____ _ .667 Reading, Pa________ !_____ _ .750Boston, Mass. _ .... _ . .627 Worcester, Mass ________ .749Scranton, Pa _ _ _ _ r _. . .623 Providence, R. I____ _____ .735Tampa, Fla........... ............. ............ .614 St. Paul. Minn .733Pittsburgh, Pa _ ____ _ .605 Springfield, Mass _ _ .720Indianapolis, Ind____________ . .. .517 Cleveland, Ohio .719Birmingham, Ala.......................... .508 Minneapolis, Minn.......... .... ....... . .710

See footnotes at end of table*


BAKING INDUSTRY 9T able 7. Average H ourly Rates fo r Union Bakery Workers in Each City, by Type o f

Baking, June 1, 1942Continued

City and type of bakingAveragehourly

rateCity and type of baking

Averagehourly

rate

Ordinary bread and cakeMachine shopsContinued.

Cracker and cookieContinued.Memphis, Tenn.......................... . $0.634

$0,709.706

Philadelphia, Pa.............................. .630Seattle, Wash_____ _____________ .627

.705 Buffalo, N. Y._............................... .620

.704 Average for all cities______________ .616

.696 Spokane, Wash_________________ .613

.694 Los Angeles, Calif............................ .607

.693 Chicago, 111...............- ..................... .589

.679 Minneapolis, Minn______________ .578Buffalo, N. Y ............... .678 Portland, Oreg................................. .553

.671 Denver, Colo___________________ .481

.658 St. Paul Minn................................ .463

.652 Wichita, Kans........................... ...... .453

.650 Birmingham, Ala..................... ....... .433

.641 Nashville, Tenn______ _____ ____ .391

.638 Scranton, Pa___________________ .389Scranton, Pa................................... .620 Hebrew baking: 1.420New TTevan Onrm .619 New York, N. Y..............................BlYrninghe/m, Ala .610 Los Angeles, Calif............................ 1.410Atlanta, Oa .609 Newark, N. J____ ______________ 1.374Tampa, Fla .606 Average for all cities______________ 1.840Charlotte, N". C .586 Boston, Mass................................... 1.332laolrsonvillA Rip. .582 Detroit, Mich__________________ 1.290Ririghamt.nn, NT, Y .548 Chicago, 111...................................... 1.233Richmond, Va .537 Cleveland, Ohio............................... 1.198"Mash villa, Tenn .474 Rochester, N. Y............ ................. 1.189

Pie and pastry: Philadelphia, Pa..............................Baltimore, Md__________________1.172

Roolr Tslnnd (TIT 1 district i * 3 .900 1.143bTow Vorlr M V .839 Pittsburgh, Pa................................. 1.132Pt T


Wages and Hours in Each City

The hourly wage rates and hours per week for union bakery workers in the cities covered in the survey on June 1, 1942, are shown i i table 8.

T able 8. Union Scales o f Wages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities, June I, 1942, and June I, 1941

City, type of baking, and occupation

Atlanta, Ga.Bread and cakeMachine shops:

Mixers, ovenmen............ ..................................Dividers, molders, wrapping-machine operators.Bench hands.................................... ................ .Packers........................................................... .Pan greasers..................... .................................General helpers, machine catchers.....................leers and wrappers, female.................................Shipping-room foremen......................................

Bread onlyMachine shops:Company A:

Foremen..................................................... .Dough mixers, ovenmen............................. .Dividers, molaermen.___ _______________Benchmen, rolling-machine men.......... .......Bread rackers, oven helpers, pan rackers__Shipping department:

Shipping clerks.....................................Checkers, wrapping-machine operators.Bun trayers, hand wrappers................ .

Company B:DoUgh mixers..... ........................................Bakers................ ........................................Dividers, molders, bench bands.................Wrapping-machine operators....................Helpers______________ _______________Bread wrappers (helpers)...........................Packers and slicers, female..........................Shipping department:

Shipping clerks....................................Helpers.................................................

Cake onlyMachine shops:Company A:

Foremen........ .............................................Mixers, ovenmen.............. .......................Foreladies------- -------------------- --------------leers, checkers, cutters, wrappers................Pan greasers, cake inspectors......................

Company B :Mixers........................................................BakersWrapping-machine operators......................Helpers..... .................................................Packers and icers, female............................Shipping department:

Shipping clerks.....................................Helpers.................................................

Baltimore, Md.Bread, cake, and sweetsMachine shops:

Company A:Mixers....................................................................................Dividermen......... ....................... .........................................Oven feeders, dumpers, stockroom men.................................Molders...... .................. ............... .........................................Doughnut-machine operators, mixers helpers........................Molders helpers, steam-box men.......................................... .Pan rackers, greasers, bread packers.......................................Doughnut packers, female..................................................... .

Company B:Mixers, dividers, ovenmen.................................................... .Wrapping-machine operators................................................ .Formulae workers..................................................................Oven feeders, dumpers................ ..................... .................. .Molders, shipping clerks, mixers and molders helpers, pan

rackers, greasers, steam-box men........................................

June 1,, 1942

Rate per hour

Hoursper

week

$0,900 40.750 40.700 40.625 40.625 40.600 40.500 40.938 40

l.OCO 40.825 40.775 40.750 40.500 40.825 40.650 40.450 40.800 40.800 40.725 40.675 40.600 40.550 40.500 40.825 40.700 40

.900 40

.800 40

.5"5 40

.475 40

.350 40

.750 40

.750 40

.625 40

.520 40

.475 40

.800 40

.625 40

.925 40

.850 40

.850 40

.750 40

.725 40

.650 40

.625 40

.425 40

.845 40

.770 40

.745 40

.695 40

.645 40

June 1,1941

Rate per hour

Hoursper

week

$0,650.550

.375

.875

. oou

.450

.450

.430

.630

.570

.450

.400

.550

.500

.825

.775

.750

.650

.675

.600

.575

.375

.785

.710

.685

.635

.585 40

:

: : i i :

: : : S

S

; : : : i S

SS

SS

3

S

SS

5S

SS

SS

S

SS

S


BAKING INDUSTRY 11T able 8. Union Scales o f Wages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities,

June I, 1942, and June I , 1941 Continued

June 1,1942 June 1,1941

City, type of baking, and occupationRate per

hourHours

perweek

Rate per hour

Hoursper

week

Baltimore, Md ContinuedBread, cake, and sweetsMachine shopsContinued.

Company BContinued.Flour blenders____________ ___________________________ $0,620

.50040 $0.560

.44040

General help________________________________________ 40 40Pan washers_________________________________________ .490 40 .430 40Wrappers and icers, female .425 40 .395 40

40Bread onlyMachine shops:

Company A:Oven operators, dough mixers, shipping clerks....... ............... .875 40 .800Divider operators, wrapping-machine operators, molder

operators, doughnut-machine operators...... ............ ............ .825 40 .750 40Ingredient scalers, oven feeders and dumpers, mixers helpers,

general help, stock clerks...___ _________________ _____ .775 40 .700 40Molders helpers; pan greasers, rackers, and washers; bread

packers and rackers; flour handlers................... .................. .725 40 .650 40Female help . _ ___ . . . . . . . _ .525 40 .450 40

Company B:Dough mixers .863 40 .750 40Dividermen___ ______ _________________ _____________ .748 40 .650 40Ovenmen, moldermen, slicers and wrappers, shipping help. Cooler feeders________________________________________

.719

.6334040

.625

.5504040

Company C:.850 40 .700 40

Batch men__________________________________________ .825 40 .725 40Bench hands________________________________________ .825 40 .625 40Molder operators ________________ _ _ _ _ ___________ .725 40 .650 40Divider operators____________________________________ .725 40 .625 40Bread wrappers, male_________________________________ .675 40 .450 40Dumpers___________________________________________ .650 40 .500 40Oven feeders_________________________________________ .625 40 .450 40Mixers helpers _____________________________________ .600 40 .600 40Bread packers_______________________________________ .600 40 .575 40Molders helpers_____________________________________ .600 40 .550 40Pan greasers_________________________________________ .550 40 .550 40Oven helpers _____________________________________ .550 40 .525 40Pan rackers; bakery helpers, male_______________________ .550 40 .450 40Storekeepers_________________________________________ .500 48 .450 48Bread wrappers, female_______________________________ .450 40 .375 40Bakery helpers, female . ___ _ .425 40 .375 40


]>ers _ . . . _ _ . . . . .725 40 .725 40Mixers_____________________________________________ .625 40 .625 40Pan greasers and helpers_______________________________ .500 40 .500 40Cake wrapper foreladies_______________________________ .475 40 .475 40Cake wrappers______________________________________ .450 40 .450 40

Company B:Mixers_____________________________________________ .850 40O v e n m e n , first el ass .......... .800 40 .700 40leers, male... __________________________________*____ .775 40 .675 40Ovenmen, second class_________________ ______________ .750 40Packers _________________________ __________________ .725 40 .65(6 40Icing mixers____________________ _____________________ .700 40 .650 40Dividers____ ________________ C___________________ .700 40Wrappers, male_____________________________________ .675 40 .600 40Cookie mixers__________ _____________________________ .650 40 .600 40Pan greasers_________________________________________ .550 40 .550 40Flour blenders ______________________________________ .550 40 .500 40Oven feeders, bakery help ___________________________ .550 40 .450 40leers, female. __________________________________ ______ .450 40 .405 40Wrappers, female .. ____ .450 40 .350 40

Doughnuts:Mixers or operators _ _ _ _ .550 40 .500 40Friers, .bench hands .500 40 .450 40Helpers_______ _________________________________________ .450 40 .400 40Helpers, female .400 40 .350 40

Hebrew baking:Agreement A:

Ovenmen . . . . . . . ____ _ 1.333 45 1.267 45Second hands _ __ . . . _____ . . . 1.267 45 1.200 45

Agreement B:Dough mixers ___ _____ .792 48 .729 48Journeymen bakers _ .688 48 .625 48Helpers................................................................................... .563 48 .500 48


12 UNION WAGES AND HOURST able 8. Union Scales o f Wages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities9

June I , 1942, and June i , 1941 Continued


Binghamton, N. Y.Bread onlyMachine shops:

Utilitymen......................... ......................Tray ovenmen..................... ................... .Mixers............................................ ........Traveling-oven feeders, dumpers, molders.Dividers, ingredient scalers.......................Bench hands................ ............................Flour handlers, roll dividers.................... .Wrappers, pan rackers..............................Mixers helpers, cooler pick-up men_____Pan greasers, oven and machine helpers...Female help.................. ...........................

Cake onlyMachine shops:Ovenmen, mixers, utilitymen...................Icing mixers..............................................Scalers, sugar grinders.............................leers, male__________________________Female help............... ..............................

Shipping roomMachine shops:Packers........ ............................ ............. .Loaders............... ................................... .

Birmingham, Ala.Bread and cakeHand shops:

Mixers...............................................................................Ovenmen_______ ________ _________________________Head benchmen, after 6 months; checkers; shipping clerks.Rolling-machine operators, rate A......................................Dividers, molders............................................... .............Benchmen, utilitymen______________________________Rolling-machine operators, rate B.....................................Oven helpers, bake-shop helpers, machine wrappers..........Shipping helpers................................................................

Bread onlyMachine shops:Company A:

Mixers_________ ______________________________Ingredient scalers.........................................................Dividers......................................................................Ovenmen.....................................................................Molders......................... ............. ...............................Feeders, dumpers........................................................Regular helpers............................................................Packers, sales department...........................................Helpers, less than 3 months.........................................Shipping department:

Wrapping-machine operators.................................Checkers, order fillers............................................Packers........... ......................................................Slicers and feeders..................................................

Company B:Mixers.......................................................................Dividermen........... .....................................................Ovenmen.....................................................................Molders......................................................................Second ovenmen.......... ...............................................Machine wrappers.......................................................Packers, checkers........................................................Helpers................................ ....... ................................Slicer feeders................................................................

Company C:Head mixers................................................................Head ovenmen...........................................................Head benchmen, head machinemen............................Mixers.........................................................................Ovenmen................... ................................................Head wrappers...... .....................................................Benchmen, machinemen.............................................Second wrappers........................................................ .Bake-shop helpers........................................................Wrapping helpers....................................................... .Pan greasers............................................................... .

See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).

June 1, 1942

Rate per hour

Hoursper

week

$0.825 40.760 40.750 40.725 40.700 40.675 40.650 40.625 40.600 40.550 40.413 40.750 40.700 40.650 40.575 40.413 40.650 40.600 40

1.700 401,575 402.550 401.550 401.525 401.500 401.500 401.450 403.400 40

.885 40

.810 40

.785 40

.785 40

.710 40

.635 40

.585 40

.560 40

.485 40

.635 40

.610 40

.585 40

.510 40

.885 40

.785 40

.785 40

.710 40

.635 40

.635 40

.610 40

.585 40

.510 40

.885 40

.850 40

.820 40

.785 40

.760 40

.740 40

.730 40

.650 40

.585 40

.510 40

.500 40

June 1,1941

Rate per hour

Hoursper

week

$0.650.525.500.475.450.400.350

.785

.710

.585

.535

.485

.510

.510

.410

.785

.685

.660

.585

.535

.510

.510

.485

.410

404040404040404040

ss

ss

s

ss

ss

ss

ss

ir

. tf

, t

tt


BAKING INDUSTRY 13T able 8. Union Scales o f Wages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities9

June I, 1942, and June I , 1941 Continued


Birmingham, Ala.ContinuedBread only-Machine shopsContinued.

Company CContinued.Shipping department:

Shippers..........................................................................Packers___ ________________________________ _____

Company D:Mixers....................................................................... .... .......Roll-machine men............... ...................................................Roll-machine helpers, moldermen, dividermen, take-off men..Wrapping-machine operators..................................................Oven feeders, dumpers............................................................Pan greasers___________________ _________ ..................Wrapping-room or bake-shop helpers, packers, bread rackers.New helpers___________ __________ __________________

Company E:Dough mixers......................................... - ..............................Dividermen............................................................................Oven operators.......................................................................Bread wrappers.....................................................................Ingredient scalers, checkers.....................................................Molders...... ............................................................................Oven helpers...........................................................................Wrappers helpers...................................................................Shipping help.................... ....................................................Pan r ackers..... .......................................................................


Head mixers...........................................................................Mixers....................................................................................Ovenmen................................................................................Icing mixers............................................................................Ingredient scalers...................................................................Dividermen............................................................................Sugar grinders-......................................................................Oven dumpers.......................................................................-Bake-shop helpers...................................................................Head icers..............................................................................Flour dumpers__________ ______________________ _____Icers, wrappers.......................................................................Shipping clerks.......................................................................

Company B:Mixers, head ovenmen...........................................................Mixers helpers. .....................................................................Ovenmen...............................................................................Scalers, dumpers.....................................................................Pan greasers-..........................................................................Icers, wrappers-......................................................................Stockroom clerks...................... ................................-............

Crackers and cookies:Mixers, machine operators..................... ......................................Sponge peelers, after 6 months; marshmallow mixers. ..................Sponge-oven bakers________ __________ __________________Machine feeders; sweet-oven bakers; stackers; wrapping-machine

operators; checkers, male; coating mixers------------- ---------------Mixers helpers; sponge peelers, first 6 months; sponge-oven

helpers; dough rollers; sweet-oven helpers; icing mixers; syrupcookers.............................. ............................ ...........................

Machine helpers, male; helpers, male; mixing helpers........... .......Checkers, trayers, sponge packers; large-carton makers; large

wafer-machine operators....................................... ...................Packers and bundlers; helpers, female; cappers; icing-machine

feeders; caddy and carton makers. .......... .................................Stock room:

Stock clerks.............................................................................Issue clerks............................................................................Helpers..... ............................................................................

Shipping department:Shippers............. - ..................................................................Helpers.............................................. - ...................................

June 1., 1942

Rate per hour

Hoursper

week

$0.610 40.686 40.880 40.750 40.730 40.700 40.650 40.600 40.550 40.450 40.725 40.650 40.600 40.595 40.575 40.550 40.475 40.450 40.425 40.375 40

.960 40

.885 40

.785 40

.760 40

.735 40

.720 40

.635 40

.610 40

.585 40

.550 40

.535 40

.455 40

.610 40

.730 40

.680 40

.650 40

.585 40

.500 40

.455 40

.585 40

.630 40

.550 40

.525 40

.500 40

.480 40

.450 40

.430 40

.400 40

.520 40

.480 40

.450 40

.500 40

.450 40

June 1,1941

Rate per hour

Hoursper

$0,860 40.785 40.660 40.660 40.635 40.620 40.535 40.510 40.485 40.500 40.435 40.405 40


14 UNION WAGES AND HOURST able 8. Union Scales o f Wages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities,

June I, 1942, and June Z, 1941 Continued

June 1, 1942 June 1,

Rate per hour

Hoursper

weekRate per

hour

$1.068 44 $0,977.886 44 .795.818 44 .727.773 44 .682.750 44 .659.979 48 .938.875 48 .833.833 48 .792.792 48 .750.771 48 .729.708 48 .667.667 48 .625.646 48 .604.625 48 .583.583 48 .542. 5o3 48 .521.521 48 .479.500 48 .458.479 48 .438.458 48 .417.417 48 .375.938 48 .875.833 48 .771.771 48 .708.729 48 .667.688 48 .625.667 48 .604.563 48 .500.533 48 .492.875 48 .875.729 48 .729.667 48 .667.417 48 .417.875 48 .833.667 48 .625.563 48 .521.521 48 .479.417 48 .375.780 40 .680.700 40 .600.675 40 .575.650 40 .550.450 40 .350

.995 40 .945

.875 40 .825

.825 40 .775

.790 40 .740

.740 40 .690

.938 40 .880

.850 40 .800

.813 40 .750

.803 40 .740

.763 40 .700

.743 40 .680

.663 40 .600

.750 40 .688

.775 40 .713

City, type of baking, and occupation Hoursper

week

Boston, Mass.Bread and cake:

Hand shops:Company A:

Foremen, night.................................................................Mixers............. ........................................... .....................Assistant foremen, assistant mixers, ovenmen..................Shippers...........................................................................Benchmen........................................................................

Company B: *Foremen...........................................................................Shippers...........................................................................Second hands...................................................................Head benchmen....... .................................................... __Mixers, cake decorators....................................................Ovenmen, bread and pies.................................................Ovenmen, cake............... .................................................Receivers........................... ..............................................Benchmen, frosting makers.............................................Assistan t shippers...........................................................Filling cooks............. - ......................................................Floorladies........................................................ ..............Helpers_______________________ __________________Cleaners, greasers, machine bread-wrappers.....................Assistant cake decorators, checkers..... ..................... .......F rosters............................................................................

Company C:Foremen..........................................................................Mixers, finishers...............................................................Benchmen.......... .............................................................Ovenmen, cake bakers, doughnutmen.............................Piemen............................................................................Shippers...........................................................................Helpers............................................................................Wrappers, female.............................................................

Company D:_Foremen............ ....... .....................................................Ovenmen, dough mixers. ................................................Benchmen........................................................................Frosters............................................................................

Company E:Dough mixers..................................................................Ovenmen, bench hands...................................................Molders, divider operators, filling cooks........ .................Bakers' helpers, wrapping-machine operators, shippers...Helpers, female. ..............................................................

Cake only:All-around bakers............................................................All-around bakers helpers...............................................Stockmen, flour dumpers................ ...............................Mixers, dougnut-machine operators............................... .Helpers, female.............................................................. .

Machine shops:Company A:

Mixers............................................................................Dividermen----------------------- -------------------------- ------Moldermen, oven feeders, mixers helpers, ingredient

scalers.................... ....................................................Flour blenders, wrappers............... ................................Molders helpers, rackers, pan greasers, packers...............

Company B:Mixers.............. ............. ................................................Ovenmen, dividers, molder operators............................Ingredient scalers, ovenmens helpers, mixers helpers...Benchmen.......................................................................Flour blenders....... .........................................................Baking helpers, pan greasers................................... .......Slicing-machine operators, packers, wrappers, checkers,

rackers:First year..... ........................................................Second to fifth year..............................................5 years and over...................................................

4444444444

40See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).

SS

SS

SS

S

S S

o S

SS

SS

&

&&

&

&

SS

SS

SS

SS

&

&

&&

&&

&&

&&



June I , 1942, and June I , 1941 Continued

June 1,1942 June 1,1941


hourHours

perweek

Rate per hour

Hoursper

wdek

Bostoni, .Mass.ContinuedBread onlyMachine shops:Mixers ........ . $0,885 40 $0,785 40

Mixers helpers______________ ______ _ ________________ .830 40 .730 40Benchmen,divider operators, molder operators, ovenmen, wrap

ping-machine operators _ _. .780 40 .680 40Mold firs hfilpftrs * .750 40 .650 40Hackers, helpers_____________ -__________________________ .725 40 .625 40Pan greasers*_______ _____ ________ _____________________ .675 40 .575 40Wrapping-machine floormen_______________ _____ _________ .623 40 .523 40Packers, strippers, baggers________________________________ .600 40 .500 40


Mixers ..r_ __ .925 40 .850 40Ovenmen.......... ..................................................................... .900 40 .800 40Scalers..... ............................................................................... .835 40 i .700 40Ingredient scalers____________________________ _______ .830 40 .700 40Helpers, after 4 months _____ _________ _________ .700 40Table heads............ .................. ............................................ .620 40 .550 40Helpers, first 4 months ___________ . . . _____________ .600 40Packers', icers, wrappers

First 4 months ............. .440 40 .400 40After 4 months________________ ___________ _______ .520 40 .450 40

Company B:Mixers_________ ____________________________________ .850 40 .750 40Icing mixers......... ....................................................... .......... .850 40 .680 40Ovenmen __________________________________________ .800 40 .680 40Ingredient scalers____________________________ ________ .700 40 .650 40Shippers____________ ____________ __________________ .680 40 .600 40Piemen; helpers, first class___ _________________________ .650 40 .620 40Mixers, oven, and scalers helpers . _ ______________ .600 40General helpers _ _________________________________ .570 40 .570 40Shippers helpers_____________________________________ .570 40 .550 40Beginners, girls (after 6 months)________________________ .450 40 .425 40

Pie and pastry:Company A:

Foremen _________ ______ .917 48 .875 48Ovenmen_______________________ _____________ ______ .750 48 .708 48Bench hands______________________ ________ _________ .708 48 .667 48Frosters________________________ __________ _________ .583 48 .542 48Bakery helpers. _ _________________________________ .479 48 .438 48

Company B:Foremen . . . . . . . _ _ .833 48 .833 48Second hands _____ ___ . .. _ .688 48 .688 48Bench hands________________________________________ .625 48 .625 48

Company C:Pie room ovenmen ___________________________________ .825 40 .775 40Soft pie ovenmen, dough mixers, oven firemen____________ .813 40 .750 40Flour handlers______________________ ________________ .763 40 .700 40Pie room helpers . . . . . . . .688 40 .625 40

Hebrew baking:Foremen _ ___ . . . 1.458 48 1.375 48Second hands___________________________________________ 1.354 48 1.271 48Third hands............................. .................................................... 1.250 48 1.167 48

Crackers and cookies:Machine captains________________________________________ .865 40 .825 40Night shippers _ _ _ _ . . . . .825 40Peelers _ _ . .815 40 .750 40Mixers, bakers_______ ___________________________________ .795 40 .755 40Car checker __ .790 40Rollermen, oven firemen__________________ _______ ________ .765 40 .725 40Head carloader _______ ___ . . . .765 40Receivers_______________________________ ______________ .740 40 .650 40Car assemblers, assemblers, shippers _ _. _ .740 40Trongh pullers _ . . . . . . _ _ _____ ___ .735 40 .695 40Tltilitymen . . . . . . . . . . . . ___ _ . . . .725 40 .700 40Car loaders . T .. _ . . . ___ .725 40Stock clerks .705 40Bakers helpers. _ - ___ ___ ___ . . . .695 40 .655 40Boardmen ___ . _ ........ . . . . . .680 40 .625 40Edgers................... ....................................................................... .655 40 .600 40Stockmen..................................................................................... .655 40

520548-43------ 3


16 UNION WAGES AND HOURST able 8. Union Scales o f Wages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities

June I , 1942, and June I , 1941 Continued

June 1,, 1942 June 1,, 1941


hourHours

perweek

Rate per hour

Hoursper

week

Boston, MawContinuedCrackers and cookiesContinued.Flonr-hag nlpanors_________________ _ _________________ $0.630 40 $0,575 40

Utility floormen ............ .................... ... .697 40 .542 40.695 40.650 40.645 40

Sponge packers, female____________________________ _____ .530 40 .475 40Bundiers and labelers, handlers of broken and rejected crackers,wav wrappine-m anhina feed pts _ _ _ ________________ .520 40Dog food department:

Machine captains____________________________________ .815 40 .745 40Mixers, bakers_______________________________________ .790 40 .750 40Reliefmen___________________________________________ .785 40 .750 40Dough feeders_______________________________________ .765 40 .700 40Mixers halpprs, panlring fl norm on .715 40 .675 40Pan feeders*.________________________________________ .680 40 .625 40

Buffalo, N. Y.Bread and cakeHand shops:

Agreement A:D ay-

Oven h$nds, mixers_________________ __________ ___ .955 44 .864 44Bench hands...................................... ............................. .909 44 .818 44Helpers................... ....... ................ ................................ .568 44 .477 44

Night-Oven hands, mixers............................ ............................ 1.000 44 .909 44Bench hands_____________________________________ .955 44 .864 44Helpers______________________________________ ;___ .614 44 .523 44

Agreement B:D ay-

Oven hands, mixers_______________________________ .875 48 .792 48Bench hands. _ . _ __ _ _ _____________________ .833 48 .750 48Helpers_________________________________________ .521 48 .438 48

Night-Oven hands, mixers_______________________________ .917 48 .834 48Bench hands. _ ___________________________________ .875 48 .792 48Helpers_________________________________________ .563 48 .483 48

Bread and cakeMachine shops:Company A:

Foremen__________________________________ __________ 1.025 40 .950 40Oven hands, mixers___________________________________ .950 40 .875 40Bench hands________________________________________ .900 40 .825 40Scalers.____ ________________________________________ .850 40 .775 40Tngredientmen . . . . . . . _ _ _ .800 40 .725 40Oven dumpers________________ _________________ ____ .725 40 .650 40Helpers, pan greasers, packers, checkers, flour dumpers,

blender S___ _____________________________________ .675 40 .600 40Bread and pan stackers________________ _______ _______ .650 40 .575 40leers, wrappers . _ _ .450 40 .375 40

Company B: *Foremen, bread___________________ __________________ 1.013 40 .963 40Foremen, cake............. ............ ................ ........... ................. .975 40 .925 40Wrapping-machine foremen............................................ ...... .950 40Mixers.____________ ____________________________ _ .900 40 .850 40Peel o venmen....................................................................... .900 40 .800 40Assemblymen, traveling ovenmen.............................. .......... .850 40 .800 40Divider men, bench hands............................................ ....... .830 40 .780 40Machinemen, moldermen____________________________ .800 40 .750 40Friedcake-machine men_____________________________ .775 40 .725 40Wrapping-machine operators_____________________ _____ .725 40 .675 40Foreladies, cake____________________ _________ _______ .705 40 .675 40Checkers, bench helpers, oven helpers _ _ .700 40 .650 40Warehouse clerks___ ______________ _______________ .700 40Utilitymen, flour handlers, coolermen, wrapping and slicing

helpers, packers____________________ ______ _____ .675 40 .625 40Pan greasers, machine hand helpers, warehousemen. _ ... .650 40 .600 40Pie-machine boys........................ .......................................... .600 40 .400 40Assistant foreladies___ ___________________ ____________ .525 40 .500 40Cake decorators, female________________________ ______ .500 40Femalefriedcake packers, icers, packers, pie-machine opera

tors.................................................................................... .480 40 .450 40See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).



June I , 1942, and June 7, 1941 Continued

June 1, 1942 June 1, 1941

City, type of baking, and occupation Rate per hour

Hoursper

weekRate per

hourHours

perweek

Buffalo, N. Y.ContinuedBread and cakeMachine shopsContinued.

Company C :5Fnrp.men, working .. ___ , __ __ $1,013.900

40 $0,963 40Mixers.___ _________________________________________ 40 .850 40Ovenmen, assemblymen .850 40 .800 40pividermen, bench bands .830 40 .780 40Maehinemen, mold^rmen r_ .800 40 .750 40Mixers helpers______________________________________ .750 40 .700 40Bench helpers, oven feeders, dumpers, wrapping-machine

operators, checkers_____________________ ____________ .700 40 .650 40Coolermen, wrapping-machine helpers, flour handlers,

packers (male)____________ _________________________ .675 40 .625 40Pan greasers, machine hand helpers __ _ r .650 40 .600 40Female packers, icers, and wrappers: Rate A . .575 40

Rate R _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ _____ _ .500 40 .450 40Company D:

Mixers, cake decorators....... .............................. .................... .925 40 .850 40Ovenmen, assemblymen, friedeake-maohine operators _ _ .875 40 .800 40Pividermen, bench bands .855 40 .780 40Moldcrmen/peelmen _ _ _ _ .825 40 .750 40Receiving-department foremen __ ___ ________________ .809 42 .734 42Mixers helpers, doughnut friers, icing-machine operators......Receiving-department helpers _________________________

.775

.7564042

.700

.6814042

Wrapping-machine operators___________________________ .755 40 .680 40Bench helpers, packers, cookie-machine operators, oven

helpers, flour sifters and blenders...... ....... ........ ................ .725 40 .650 40Machine helpers, bake-shop helpers, doughnut fillers, flour

sifters helpers, flour blenders helpers _ _ .675 40 .600 40Coolermen and fried cake coolers _ ______ _ _ _ .625 40 .550 40Female icers, wrappers, and packers _ _ _ .495 40 .420 40

Cake onlyCompany A:Mixers______________________________________________ .825 40 .750 40Pepositors (scaling machine) .775 40 .750 40Rollette mixers__ . _ _ _ __ _ .775 40Ovenmen ____ . . . _ .750 40 .700 40Clerks______ _______ _______________________________ .700 40Pan greasers, general helpers .675 40 .600 40Rollette cookers and helpers. ______________ ___________ .675 40Foreladies_______________ ________ ___________________ .575 40 .575 40Icing, packing and wrapping:

Rate A__________________________________________ .500 40 .480 40Rate B__.............. ............................................................ .460 40 .430 40

Rollette wrappers, female _____________________________ .460 40Rollette rollers and boxers, female _ _ _ _ _ _ .450 40

Cake onlyCompany B:Mixers, icing mixers___________________________________ .770 40 .725 40Depositors...______ _________________________________ .755 40 .700 40Ovenmen___________________ ______ ________________ .750 40 .725 40Assemblymen___ _________________________________ .700 40 .700 40Shipping-room foremen________ _______________________ .675 40 .600 40Pan washers_________________________________________ .625 40 .575 40Shipping-room men_______________________ ______ _____ .625 40 .550 40Helpers______ _____________ ___________ _________ ____ .625 40Foreladies___ __________ ________ ____________________ .600 40 .500 40Pie-machine operators, wrapping-machine operators, belt

receivers................ ....... ............ ....................................... .470 40 .450 40Icers, packers, wrappers........ ....... ............ ............................. .450 40 .425 40

Pie and pastry:Cookers, formen................. ....... .................................. ............... .708 48Bakers (mixers)__________________________ ___________ ___ .625 48 .542 48Ovenmen______________________________________________ .625 48 .458 48Friers, first hands................. ....................................................... .604 48 .375 48Dough cutters, general helpers................................. ............ ....... .521 48Friers, second hands__________________ ______ ____________ .458 48 .333 48Foreladies__ _______________________ ___________________ .396 48Female employees.___ ______ ____________________________ .375 48 .280 48

Hebrew and Polish bakingBread only:D ay-

First hands............................................................................. 1.000 40 .875 40Second hands......................................................................... .900 40 .813 40

Night-First hands _ _ _ _____ _____ _____ 1.120 Z7H

Z7}i.987 37H

37HSecond hands............. ............................................................ 1.013 .933See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).


18 UNION WAGES AND HOURST able 8. Union Scales o f Wages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities9

.June I , 1942, and June I , 1941 Continued


Buffalo, N. Y ContinuedCrackers and cookiesCompany A:

Mixing department:Head mixers............................................................................Mixers..................... ...............................................................Mixers helpers...... .................................................................Flour dumpers.......................................................................

Baking department:Machine captains...................................................................jPgq10fsBakers (traveling and reel ovens)...................... ...................Cutternmen......... ..................................................................Sponge rollermen.................................................................. .Sponge drawmen.................................................................. .Oven firemen..........................................................................Baking clerks.......... ........................................... .............. .Graham ovenmen feeders.......................................................Stackers................. ...............................................................Pan feeders, greasers...............................................................Ritz baking:

Machine captains.............................................................Mixers, rollermen...................... ......................................Mixers helpers............................................ ...................Spray-machine operators, oven feeders, takers-out...........

Cone department:Assistant foremen...................................................................Mixers........ ............................................................................Supervisors.............................................................................Clerks.......... ....... ....... ............ ..............................................Miscellaneous baking and packing workers............................

Icing department:Head mixers................ ....... ....... - .........................................Mixers...................... ....................... ........................ .............Machine set-up men...............................................................Machinemen (mixers helpers)...............................................Working supervisors...............................................................Clerks....... .............................................................................Machine operators..................................................................Packers, feeders, handlers.......................................................

Assembly department:Division heads.............. .........................................................Assemblymen........................................................................Clerks....................- ...............................................................

Packing department:Pan dumpers.......... ..............................................................Checkers, truckers-------------------------------- ----------- -..........Working supervisors, repack girls....... ..................... .............Sponge packers.................................................................... .Tally clerks............................................................................Hand bundlers, machine carton-formers................................Sweet packers; sealers and weighers; carton closers; filling-

machine operators; hand carton-formers; Q formers andstitchers: machine operators................................................

Shipping department:Loading foremen.....................................................................Assemblers... .........................................................................Car loaders............................................................................ .

Crackers and cookiesCompany B:Mixing department:

Head mixers.......................................................................... .Sponge mixers... ............................................... ....................Sweet mixers............ - ............................................................Mixers helpers.......................................................................Flour dumpers........................................................................

Baking department:Machine captains..................................................................Peelers............. ......................................................................Reel-oven bakers................................................................... .Cuttermen.............................................................................Sponge rollermen------------- ------------------------- ---------------Reel-oven take-out men, sponge drawmen, traveling-oven

unloaders.......................................................................... .Traveling-oven loaders............................................ .............Pan feeders, greasers, general help........................................ .

June 1., 1942

Rate per hour

Hoursper

week

$0.925 , 40.875 40.815 40.755 40.915 40.875 40.845 40.825 40.815 40.775 40.745 40.745 40.745 40.695 40.695 40.855 40.755 40.725 40.695 40.875 40.755 40.675 40.675 40.625 40.845 40.795 40.775 40.725 40.635 40.585 40.553 40.545 40.765 40.745 40.725 40.705 40.695 40.645 40.595 40.595 40.555 40

.545 40

.845 40

.775 40

.725 40

.890 40

.810 40

.780 40

.750 40

.660 40

.880 40

.840 40

.810 40

.790 40

.780 40

.740 40

.690 40

.66u 40

June 1,1941

Rate per hour

Hoursper

$0,740.710.625

404040

.740

.700

.670

.620

.680

.620

.600

.550

.770

.720

.700

.650

.470

.670

.570

.520

.490

.480

.470

.770

.700

.650 Sgg

g

ggg

gg;

i gg

gg

: gg

ggg

g: g

g:

g: g

g i

g: g

gggg

:



June 7, 1942, and June 7, 1941 Continued

June 1,1942 June 1, 1941


hourHours

perweek

Rate per hour

Hoursper

week

Buffalo, N. 7 .ContinuedCrackers and cookiesCompany BContinued.

Baking departmentContinued.Tower men _ __ , . . . . . . . . . $0,570.560

40Stackers, female . . . . . . . . 40Scrap girls . . _ , . T. . . . . . . . .510 40

Icing and Cello-bag department:Head icing mixers _ _ _ _ , . r _ . . . . . . .810 40Machine set-up men__________________________________ .740 40Icing mixers Helpers, paper cutters... ................ .......... ........ .720 40Machinemen__*____ 1. T_______________________________ .690 40Checkers, truckers, general helpers______________________ .660 ,40Female help:Working supervisors . . . .. _ . .600 40

Packcrs7 feeders _ _ _ _ __ _ .510 40General help__________________ _ _ _ _____ .470 40

Packing department:Checkers, truckers ____________________ ______ _ __ .660 40Working supervisors _________________ ____________ .610 40

.560 40Hand bundlers, carton-formers (machine and table)________ .520 40Sweet packers; carton-formers, hand; Q formers; cover

strichers; repack girls; breakage girls .510 40General help * _. . _ ~ .470 40

Warehouse:Receiving clerks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .790 40Paper stockmen, general assemblymen .710 40

Butte, Mont.Break and cakeMachine shops:

Foremen, dough mixers___________________________________ 1.226 42 $1,226 42Rench hands . . . . . . . . 1.095 42 1.095 42Gvenmen ... ... _ 1.190 42 1.190 42Wrappers, male_______________ __________________________ .670 44 .670 44Wrappers, female . . . . .......... .... .500 44 .500 44

Charlotte, N. C.Bread onlyMachine shops:

"Foremen __ . . .988 40 .938 40Shipping foremen________________________________________ .925 40 .875 40Mixers, ovenmen________________________________________ .700 40 .650 40"Dividers, molders, wrappers . . _ . .650 40 .600 40Stockroom clerks _ ____________ _ . __ ___ .650 40Shipping packers________________________________________ .600 40 .550 40Twisters, panners, dumpers, wrapping-machine catchers, oven

loaders, pan greasers and rakers, pan packers, flour dumpers____Cake onlyMachine shops:

Foremen_______________________________________________.550.988

4040

.500

.938

404040

Mixers, scalers, ovenmen ... . . . . . . .700 40 .650 40Wrapping-machine operators______________________________ .650 40 .600 40X) ougnnut-mixer operators_______ _________________________ .600 40 .550 40Dumpers, rakers, pan greasers_____________________________ .550 40 .500 40leers, wrappers, packers__________________________________ .425 40 .375 40

Chicago, IU.Bread and cakeHapd shops:

Union A:First hands, spongers, ovenmen ____ _ . _ 1.000 48 1.000 48Second hands________________________________________ .900 48 .900 48Third hands _ ____________ __ _ _________ _ _ .800 48

Union B:Retail-

First hands ...... . .979 48 .865 48Feoond hands , - , - . .938 48 .823 48

Wholesale-First hand**, Tnixers, oven men, spongers . . . .975 48 .875 48Second hands, henen hands, machine hands .925 48 .825 48

Bread onlyMachine shops:Agreement A:

Mixers_______________ ____________ _________ . . . _____ .930 40 .870 40All others................................................................................ .780 40 .720 40


T able 8. Union Scales o f Wages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities, June I, 1942, and June I, 1941 Continued



June 1, 1942 June 1,1941

Rate per hour

Hoursper

weekRate per

hourHours

perweek

Chicago, III.ContinuedBread onlyMachine shopsContinued.

Agreement B:Mixers______________________________________________ $0.920 40 $0.850 40Ovenmen................................................................................ .870 40 .850 40Dividermen____ __________ _______ __________________ .870 40 .800 40Traveling-oven feeders or dumpers, bench hands, moldermen. .820 40 .750 40Bake-shop helpers................................................................... .700 40 .550 40

Agreement C:Mixers..... .......... .............................. ................................... .920 40 .850 400 venmen, dividermen, doormen........................................... .870 40 .800 40Traveling-oven feeders or dumpers, bench hands, moldermen. .820 40 .750 40Mixers helpers.... ......................... ............................ .......... .770 40 .700 40Bake-shop helpers.................................................................. .700 40 .600 40Female help

First year.................................... .................................... .430 40 .430 40Second year...................................................................... .460 40 .460 40After 2 years..................................................................... .500 40 .500 40

Cake onlyMachine shops:Agreement A:

Mixers_________ _______ _____________________ _______ .920 40 .850 40Scalers, bench hands, oven receivers, cookie-machine opera-

tors_______ _______ _________________ _________ ____ .820 40 .750 40Union roll-machine operators; mixers, scalers, and deposi-

tors helpers; wrapping-machine operators; receiving clerks. .770 40 .700 40Cookie-machine helpers; oven feeders; bakery (#1) helpers;

pan greasing and washing-machine operators; icing-machine operators; cake-cutting-machine operators_________ .720 40 .650 40

Bakery (#2) helpers; pan greasing and washing-machinehelpers; shipping-room helpers.......... ................................ . 650 40 .600 40

Foreladies...................................... ........................................ .650 40 .575 40leers, dough handlers, machine operators______ __________ .550 40 .500 40Femalewrappers, packers, box makers, labelers, cookie

packers, and miscellaneous:First year............................................................ ............ .430 40 .430 40Second year........ .......................................................... . .460 40 .460 40After 2 years..................................................................... .500 40 .500 40

Agreement B:Cake mixers, icing mixers, doughnut mixers, ovenmen, first

scalers, head cookers.................................................. ......... .860 40 .760 40Ingredientmen, sfonkmATi, hp.nphmp.n .800 40All shop helpers, second scalers............................................... .720 40 .660 40Dumpers, truckers _ __ . - . __ . _____________ .650 40Female wrapping-machine feeders and pie-machine crew____ .520 40Other female employees

1 to 6 months................................................................... .430 40 .400 407 to 12 months................................................................. . .450 40 .410 401 to 5 years..................................................................... .500 40 .440 40After 5 years .520 40

Pie and pastry:Ingredientmen, ovenmen, cooks, dough mixers............................. .800 40 .680 40Dough breakers, fruit servicemen, male helpers............................ .600 40 .530 40Pie-machine operators____________________________________ .520 40 .490 40Toppers, wrappers, cream-pie fillers, cake icers, fruit cleaners,

female helpers, plate washers, plate sorters, inspectors.............. .460 40 .420 40Bohemian baking:

Small shops:First hands..... '....................................................... .............. 1.042 48 .938 48Second hands............. ............................................................ .979 48 .875 48

Large shops:First hands............... .............................................................. 1.250 48 1.125 40Second hands......................................................................... 1.175 48 1.050 40

Hebrew baking:Foremen, first hands..................................................................... 1.292 48 1.271 48Second hands................................................................................ 1.229 48 1.208 48Third hands.................................................................................. 1.000 48 1.000 48

Italian and Greek baking:Hand shops:

First-class bakers:Rate A............................ ................................................. .786 48 .708 48Rate B . . . ______________________________ .766 48

Second-class bakers:Rate A.............................................................................. .730 48 .652 48Rate B.............................................................................. .709 48



June I , 1942, and June I, 1941 Continued

June 1, 1942 June 1, 1941


hourHours

perweek

Rate per hour

Hoursper

week

Chicago, III.ContinuedItalian and Greek bakingContinued.

Machine shops:First-class bakers________________________________ _____ $0.919 40 $0,850 40S f t c m - i d - e l a s s b a k e r s , , . . . . . _ __ .851 40 .783 40

Polish baking:Retail shops

South Side:Foremen, spongers____ .. . , 1.063 48 .938 48Second hands. ,,. r ... r .938 48 .813 48

West Side:Day work:

Foremen, spongers _ _ . rr. 1.063 48 .958 48Second han*ds ~ T ^ .938 48 .895 48

Night work:Foremen, spongers 1.263 48 1.158 48Second hands _ 1.138 48 1.096 48

Wholesale shops:Day work:

Foremen, spongers___________________________________ 1.125 32 1.125 32Second hands_____________ __________________________ 1.000 32 1.000 32

Night work:Foremen, spongers ........ . . . 1.325 32 1.325 32Second hands, , _ . ____ - 1.200 32 1.200 32

Crackers and cookies:Mixing room:

Mixers __________________ _ _______________ .870 40Raw-material sealers _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ .850 40Mixing-room helpers________________ ________________ .750 40Flour dumpers ___________________________________ .650 40

Sponge baking:Machine captains .950 40Dough feeders, rollmen ' . _ .875 40Ovenmen _ __ .800 40Dough entters ___ . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ .750 40Scrap hoys ... . , .625 40

Sweet baking:Maehine oaptains . . . . . .950 40Machine sheeters, ovenmen_______ ___ .800 40Dough feeders _ . ___ _ . . .. .675 40

Icing department:Machinemen . __ . ........ . .750 40Head mixers _ ______ ____ ____________ .650 40Regular packers ....... . . . . . . .550 40Head samplers . . . . . . . .520 40Stitchers, female; cellophane packers; samplers, helpers;

stickers; trolley packers _ _ .480 40Plain packing:

Stacking-machine captains1 to 3 months ... , , __ _ .525 404 to 6 m onths_______________ ___ ________________ .750 40A ft.er 6 months . . __ . .850 40

Wrapping-machine operators________ ____________ .700 40Bundlers. sponge packers_____________ _ _ ______________ .560 40General helpers, male. .525 40Sweet packers .520 40Carton formers . ... _ .500 40Garten and caddy stitchers, female . . . _ _ _ .480 40Stacker and feeder girls _ . .450 40

Scalers, male _______________________ _____________ .550 40Receiving department:

Flour unloaders ,rx . ___ ____ .720 40Order fillers, stockmen____________ ______________________ .680 40Receiving clerks ___________________ _________________ .675 40Paper cutters, sugar grinders __________ _________________ .625 40

Shipping department:Head shipping clerks _ _ .900 40Men-in-charge, commission department .800 40Men-in-oharge, wholesale department . . . .750 40Stockmen.................................................................................... .600 40 _ ._


22 UNION WAGES AND HOURST a b l e 8. Union Scales o f Wages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities1

June 19 1942, and June I , 1941 Continued

June 1,1942 June 1;, 1941


hourHours

perweek

Rate per hour

Hoursper

week

Cincinnati, OhioBread and cake:

Hand shops:Foremen, first hands ___ _ _ _ _ _ $1,045.963

40 $0,995.913

40Ovenmen, mixers____________________________________ 40 40"Ranch hands__ _ __ . __ TT .900 40 .850 40

Machine shops:Foreman, first h

bls_0735_1943.pdf

Documents

s e c r e t

e n t o f

b o r s t

e d s t

t e s d e p

n c e s p e r

r y o f

t ic s