BLOOD[EU301Anatomy&Physiology]

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BLOODDISEDIAKAN OLEH:

WEE SOO LEE

[email protected]


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What is blood

made up of?

An adult human has about 46 liters of blood

circulating in the body.

The red blood cellscontain hemoglobin, a protein that bindsoxygen. Red blood cells transport oxygen to, and remove carbon

dioxide from, the body tissues.

The white blood cellsfight infection.

The plateletshelp the blood to clot, if you get a wound.

The plasmacontains salts and various kinds of proteins.


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IF one takes a sample of blood, treats it with anagent to prevent clotting, and spins it in a centrifuge,

the red cells settle to the bottom

the white cells settle on top of them forming the

"buffy coat".


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BLOOD PLASMA

Blood is a liquid tissue.

Plasma, which comprises 55% of blood fluid, is

mostly water (90% by volume), and containsdissolved proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones,

carbon dioxide,plateletsand blood cells themselves.

Plasma is a pale yellowish fluid with a total volume of

2-3 liters in a normal adult.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose


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COMPONENTS OF BLOOD PLASMA

Water

Plasma protein

- Albumins

- Fibrinogen

- Globulins Plasma electrolytes

- NA+, Cl- , Ca+ .

Nutrients

- Glucose, lipid and amino acid

Waste products

Gases


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BLOOD CELLS

Three types of blood cells:

1) red blood cell (RBCs) or erythrocytes

2) platelets or thrombocytes

3) white blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes


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RED BLOOD CELL (erythrocytes )

Produced by the bone marrow and have a lifespan of3-4 months

The production of red blood cells is stimulated by the

hormone erythropoietin

Have a bi-concave shape with a flattened center, do

not have a nucleus

Contain a protein chemical known as hemoglobin,

which gives it the red color. Hemoglobin contains iron, transport gases such as

oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Red blood cells are highly elastic.
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemoglobin_breakdown.html


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QUIZ ONLINE

http://highered.mcgraw-

hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemoglobi

n_breakdown.html

http://highered.mcgraw-

hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemolysis

_and_crenation.html
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemoglobin_breakdown.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemoglobin_breakdown.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemoglobin_breakdown.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemolysis_and_crenation.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemolysis_and_crenation.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemolysis_and_crenation.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemolysis_and_crenation.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemolysis_and_crenation.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemolysis_and_crenation.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemolysis_and_crenation.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemoglobin_breakdown.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemoglobin_breakdown.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemoglobin_breakdown.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemoglobin_breakdown.html


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RED BLOOD CELL (erythrocytes )

A single drop of bloodcontains millions of red blood

cells.

250 million red blood cells in

every drop of bloodMales the range is

is 4.7-6.1 million cells

per micro liter

Females the range is

4.2-5.4 million cells per

micro liter


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Important in the process of respiration

Carrying O2and CO2around the body

O2 combines with hemoglobin to form oxy-

hemoglobin in the lungs where there is highconcentration of O2.

Break down to release oxygen when there is low

concentration of oxygen in the surroundings.

Carry part of the CO2waste from the cells

I:\EXTRA NOTE PHYSIOLOGY\alveolus.exe

FUNCTIONS OF RED BLOOD CELL
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WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leucocytes )

Immune system and help our bodies fight infection.

White blood cells formed from the stem cell of the

bone marrow.

It has a life-span of a couple of days to a few weeks Colorless without hemoglobin.

It contains a nucleus and has an irregular shape.

Much bigger in size than RBCs.

In a normal adult body there are 4,000 to 10,000

(average 7,000) WBCs per microliter of blood.


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WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leucocytes )

a million white blood cells in every

drop of human blood

5 different types of white

blood cells1) Neutrophils58%

2) Eosinophils2%

3) Basophils1%

4) Monocytes4%5) Lymphocytes4%

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

are also called granulocytes.


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FUNCTIONSOF WHITE BLOOD CELL

White blood cells are responsible for the

defense system in the body.

White blood cells fight infections and protectour body from foreign particles, which

includes harmful germs and bacteria.


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Neutrophils

Neutrophils make up 55%-70% of the total

white blood count in the bloodstream.

They have a segmented nuclei and it is said tobe C shaped.

Neutrophils can be found near sites of

infection or injury where they will stick to thewalls of the blood vessels and engulf any

foreign particles that try to enter the

bloodstream.


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Eosinophils

Eosinophils make up 2%-5% of the total blood

count

Mainly attacks parasites and any antigen

complexes.

Also responsible for allergic response within

the blood


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Basophils

Basophils make up less than 1% of the total

white blood count.

They secrete anti-coagulant and antibodies,.

They are known to have phagocytory features,

immediate immune reaction against external

germs and diseases


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Monocytes

Monocytes only 5%-8% in the total white bloodcount, the largest of the 5 types of WBCs.

They act as tissue macrophages and remove

foreign particles and prevent the invasion ofgerms which cannot be effectively dealt with by

the neutrophils.

They have been known to have phagocyticfunctions


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Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes produce anti-bodies against

toxins secreted by bacteria and infecting

germs. These antibodies will be excreted into the

plasma to kill bacteria in the blood

These anti-bodies will cause the foreignparticles to cluster together, rendering them

easily engulfed by the phagocytes.


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White Blood Cells Disorders1) Lmphocytopenia

- An abnormally low blood count in the bloodstream- A lack of lymphocytes would correspond to a decrease

in the efficiency of the immune system and coagulation

of foreign particles.

2) Eosinophilia

- Opposite of lymphocytopia ,an over-production in the

number of white blood cells present in the bloodstream.

3) Leukemia

- harmful disease of WBCs.Aa type of cancer that infects the

bone marrow and blood-forming tissues all over the body.

4) Leukopenia

- Reduction in the number of blood neutrophils


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PLATELETS

Blood Platelets are granular non-nucleated

fragments of cytoplasm in the form of oval

discs.

It consists of two parts, a clear outer ground

susbstance occupying the greater part of the

platelet and a central part that contains

granules.


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PLATELETS


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FUNCTIONS OF PLATELETS

Secrete a hormone - serotonin which

constricts torn blood vessels.

Accumulating at sites of injury sticking

together to plug gaps in broken blood vessels.

Activates some proteins in the form of fibers

as a network.

This network traps the escaping RBCs and

forms a clot that will seal the cut blood vessels

and so bleeding is stopped.


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BLOOD CLOTTING

Blood clotting is a body mechanism to stop orminimise blood loss from damaged blood

vessels.

Blood clotting is necessary toa) prevent serious blood loss when a person is

injured

a) maintain blood pressure

b) maintain the circulation of blood in a

closed circulatory system.


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A blood clot consists of

1. a plug of plateletsenmeshed in a2. network of insoluble fibrinmolecules.

I:\EXTRA NOTE PHYSIOLOGY\Blood clotting.exe
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Mechanisms of Blood Clotting


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BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS

Blood transfusions - the transfer of blood or blood components

into a person's blood stream Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping or

agglutination.

The clumped red cells can crack and cause toxic reactions

Blood clumping - immunological reaction

Transfusion will work if a person who is going to

receive blood has a blood group that doesn't have

any antibodies against the donor blood's antigens.

But if a person who is going to receive bloodhas antibodies matching the donor blood's

antigens, the red blood cells in the donated blood

will clump.


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BLOOD GROUP

A blood type(also called a blood group) is a

classification of blood based on the presence or absence

of antigenicsubstances on the surface of red blood cells

(RBCs).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen


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RBC Compatibility chart

In addition to donating to the same bloodgroup; type O blood donors can give to A, B

and AB; blood donors of types A and B can

give to AB.


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ABO BLOOD GROUPING SYSTEM

Blood Group A

If you belong to the blood

group A, you have A

antigens on the surface of

your red blood cells and B

antibodies in your blood

plasma.

Blood Group B


group B, you have B

antigens on the surface of

your red blood cells and A

antibodies in your bloodplasma.


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ABO BLOOD GROUPING SYSTEM

Blood Group AB


group AB, you have both A

and B antigens on the

surface of your red bloodcells and no A or B

antibodies at all in your

blood plasma.


group 0 (null), you have

neither A or B antigens on

the surface of your redblood cells but you have

both A and B antibodies in

your blood plasma.

Blood Group O


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RH FACTORS

If your blood does contain the protein, yourblood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+).

If your blood does not contain the protein, your

blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). It connected to your blood type.

Expectant mothers must know their blood's Rh

factor Baby's life could be in great danger if the

mother's Rh negative blood attacks the baby's Rh

positive blood.


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Rh Factor Blood Grouping System

Rh Positive

Have antigen are called

Rh+.

If you have Rh-positive

blood, you can get Rh-

positive or Rh-negative

blood

Rh Negative

Haven't are called Rh-.

If you have Rh-negative

blood, you should only get

Rh-negative

blood.


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To prevent transfusion reactions the blood is typed

and a cross match is made


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DISORDER OF THE BLOOD CELL

1) ANEMIAIs a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of

blood is reduced.

Is a deficiency of normal haemoglobin in the blood,resulting from a decreased number of RBCs or decreased

amount of haemoglobin.

It is can also be the result of abnormal hemoglobin

production.

Its reduces the ability of the blood to transport O2.

Suffer lack of energy and feel excessively tired and

intolerant cold, skin appears pale.


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2) Hemophilia

Is a genetic disorder in which clotting is abnormal orabsent.

Inherited deficiency of clotting in which bleeding may

occur spontaneously or after only minor trauma.

Most often found in people from northern Europe and

occurs almost in males.

Treatment of hemophilia is injection of the missing

clotting factor taken from donated blood or producedby genetic engineering.


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3) Leukemia

Is a cancer in which abnormal production of more of the white

blood cell types occurs uncontrollably.

The accumulation of the cancerous WBCs in red bone marrow

interferes with the production of RBCs, WBCs and platelets.

As a result the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced,

an individual is more susceptible to infection and blood clotting is

abnormal.

The cancerous white blood cells spread to lymph nodes, liver and

spleen, causing them to enlarge.

It can classified as acute and chronic.

Treatment options included chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell

transplantation, interferon and blood transfusion.

BLOOD[EU301Anatomy&Physiology]

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