Blood vessel pathology

Blood vessel Pathology

1. Elastic Artery

2. Muscular artery

3. Small Artery < / =2mm

4. Arterioles 20 – 100 microns PR

5. Capillaries 7-8 micron

6. Post capillary venules iflm.

7. Collecting venules

8. Larger veins

Diffusion is not effective above 100 micron Venous system – two third of all systemic

blood MC cause of AV fistula congenital high

out put cardiac failure

Fenestrated endothelial lining – renal glomeruli ,hepatocyte cords

Endothelium highly impermeable in brain Atherosclerosis cause half of all deaths in western

world Between the ages of 40 and 60 – incidence of MI is

5 fold high After menopause risk exceeds in females than in

men Statins inhibits 1. HMGCoA reductase2. CRP level

HTN 60% increased risk for IHD 50% of HTN dies of IHD/CCF 33% dies of shock Prolonged smoking 200% increased risk

for IHD death DM twice chance for MI DM 100% - inc in Gangrene of lower

extremities 20% of cardiac problems arise in the absence

of any risk factors Homocystinemia - > 100 micro mol / L

Monckeberg medial calcific sclerosis

Lipo protein a – apo lipoprotein B 100 part of LDL is attached to apolipoprotein A

Fatty streaks Each 1 mm size Coalesce to form 1 cm long Can appear in aortas of infants Present virtually in all children less than 10

years

Atherosclerotic plaque 0.3 – 1.5 cm Impinge on the lumen of the artery White to yellow Red Brown – if thrombosis super imposed

over the surface of ulcerated plaques Patchy lesions On CS – eccentric

SBP> 140 DBP> 90

SBP is more important than DBP 25% of people in general population are

Hypertensive

Essential Hypertension M235T and T174M variants of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene,

Aldosteronoma – Conn’s syndrome 95% of HTN is idiopathic 5% of HTN Malignant Renal Failure ,

Retinal Haemorrhage

Buerger’s Disease / Throbo angitis obliterans