Good Morning
Jun 01, 2015
Good Morning
Blood supply of head and neck
By A. Vamsi krishna II M. D. S
Contents Functional morphology
Embryology
Common carotid artery
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Venous drainage of face
Venous sinuses
Applied anatomy
Conclusion
References
FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY
Junction between endothelial cells in capillaries
Tight junctions- in brain. Permits smaller molecules
Gap junctions- in skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle capillaries. Permits molecules up to 10 nm
Fenestrations- in kidneys, endocrinal glands, intenstinal villi. Permits molecules up to 20-100 nm.
FEATURES
Tunica Intima-Endothelium
Internal elastic membrane
Tunica media
External elastic membrane
Tunica externa
Artery
Usually rippled due vessel constriction
Present
Thick, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers
Present
Collagen and elastic fibers
Vein
Often smooth
Absent
Thin, Dominated by smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers
Absent
Collagen, elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells
Aortic arches
Aortic arches are short vessels connecting ventral and dorsal aortae on each side they run within branchial (pharyngeal) arches are based gradually in the 4th and 5th week, in 6 pairs in total.The first, second and fifth pairs soon disappear
The 1st aortic arch – disappears (a small portion persists and forms a piece of the maxillary artery)
The 2nd aortic arch – disappears (small portion of this arch contributes to the hyoid and
stapedial arteries)
The 3rd aortic arch - has the same development on the right and left side it gives rise to the initial portion of the internal carotid artery
The external carotid is derived from the cranial portion of the ventral aorta
The common carotid corresponds to a portion of the ventral aorta between exits of the third and fourth arches
The 4th aortic arch - has ultimate fate different on the right and left side
On the left - it forms a part of the arch of the aorta between left common carotid and left subclavian artery
On the right - it forms the proximal segment of the right subclavian artery
The 5th aortic arch - is transient and soon obliterates
The 6th aortic arch - pulmonary arch - gives off a branch on each side that grows toward the developing lung bud
On the right side, the proximal part transforms into the right branch of the pulmonary artery and the distal part disappears
On the left side, the distal part persists as the ductus arteriosus during intrauterine life and the proximal part gives rise to the left branch of the pulmonary artery
COMMON CAROTID ARTERY
External Carotid Artery
ECA is one of the terminal branches of the CCA.
Chief artery of supply to structures in front of the neck and in the face.
Generally arises medial and anterior to the ICA
In 15% ECA originates lateral to the ICA, this variation occurs more frequently on the right (3:1)
Branches of ECA Anterior
Superior thyroid Lingual Facial
Posterior Posterior auricular Occipital
Terminal Superficial temporal Maxillary
Medial Ascending pharyngeal
Superior Thyroid Artery
First branch
Arises just below the level of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone
Ends in the thyroid gland.
Hyoid
Superior Laryngeal
Sternocleidomastoid
Cricothyroid
Branches
Lingual ArteryOrigin : Lingual Artery arises from the ECA opposite the tip of greater cornu of the hyoid bone
CourseFirst part of artery lies in the carotid triangle
Second part of artery lies deep to the hyoglossus muscle which separates it from the hypoglossal nerve
Third Part or deep part : runs upwards along the anterior margin of the hyoglossus
Branches of Lingual Artery
Suprahyoid Br
Dorsal Lingual Br
Deep Lingual Artery
Sublingual Artery
Facial Artery
Facial artery is the chief artery of the faceOrigin :Arises from the ECA just above the greater cornu of the hyoid bone
It has two parts, first cervical part in the neck and facial part.
It enters the face by winding around the base of the mandible
At the anteroinferior angle of the masseter muscle, it can be palpated here and is called as an “anaesthetist’s artery”
Branches of Cervical part1. Ascending palatine artery- it supplies to root of tongue & tonsil.
2. Tonsillar.
3. Submental artery- it is a large artery which accompanies the mylohyoid nerve, and supplies the submental triangle and sub lingual salivary gland.
4. Glandular branches that supplies submandibular salivary gland and submental lymph nodes.
Branches of facial part1. Superior labial- supplies to
upper lip & antero-inferior part of nasal septum.
2. Inferior labial- supplies to lower lip.
3. Lateral nasal- to the ala & dorsum of nose.
4. Angular – supplies the lacrimal sac and orbicularis oculi.
Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
A small branch arises from medial side of ECA
Long, slender vessel, deeply seated in the neck
It runs vertically upwards between the side wall of the pharynx, the tonsil, the medial wall of the middle ear and , the auditory tube.
Posterior Auricular Artery
Small and arises above the posterior belly of digastric
It runs upwards and backwards deep to the parotid gland, crosses the base of the mastoid process and ascends behind the auricle.
Stylomastoid branch
Arises from the posterior part of the external carotid, opposite the facial
Ends in the posterior part of the scalp
May arise from Internal carotid artery.
Occipital Artery
Mastoid Meningeal Muscular
Larger of the two terminal branches
Arises behind the neck of the mandible, and is imbedded in the substance of the parotid gland
It supplies the deep structures of the face
Maxillary Artery
Branches1st part (mandibular) : Lies medial to mandible, it runs along the lower border of
lateral pterygoid muscle
Deep auricular artery
Ant.tympanic artery
Middle meningeal artery
Accessory meningeal artery
Inferior alveolar artery
Branches of first and its supplyBranches
1.Deep auricular
2.Anterior tympanic
3.Middle meningeal
4.Accessory meningeal
5.Inferior alveolar
Foramen transmitting
Foramen in the floor of external acoustic meatus
Petrotympanic fissure
Foramen spinosum
Foramen ovale
Mandibular foramen
Distribution
External acoustic meatus,outer surface of tympanic membrane
Inner surface of tympanic membrane
5th and 7th nerve, middle ear, tensor tympani
Meninges, Structures in the infra temporal fossa
Lower teeth and mylohyoid muscle
Largest artery that supplies the dura
It ascends to the foramen spinosum through which it enters the cranium
Divides into two branches, anterior and posterior.
It supplies the dura mater (the outermost meninges) and the calvaria.
Middle Meningeal Artery
Inferior alveolar artery Runs downword & forward
medial to ramus of mandible to reach mandibular foramina
Before entering mandibular foramina gives off lingual and mylohyoid arteries
In canal gives branches to mandibular teeth
After coming out of canal supply chin via mental artery.
2nd part (pterygoid part) : Artery runs forward &upward superficial to the lower head
of the lateral pterygoid muscle
B. Second part
Branches1.Deep temporal
2.Pterygoid
3.Masseteric
4.Buccal
DistributionTemporalis
Lateral and medial pterygoid
Masseter
Buccinator
3rd part (pterygopalatine):
Terminal portion of the artery passes between the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle
Third partBranches1.Post superior alveolar
2.Infraorbital
3.Greater palatine
4.Pharyngeal
4.Artery of pterygoid canal
5.Sphenopalatine(terminal part)
ForaminaAlveolar canals in the body of maxilla
Infraorbital fissure
Greater palatine canal
Pharyngeal canal
Pterygoid canal
Sphenopalatine foramen
DistributionUpper molar and premolar teeth ; maxillary sinus
Lower orbital muscles, lacrimal sac ,max sinus
Soft palate, tonsil, palatine glands and mucosa,upper gums
Root of nose , pharynx, auditory tube,sphenoidal sinus
Auditory tube, upper pharynx, middle ear
Lateral and medial wall of nose and air sinuses.
Smaller of the two terminal branches
It begins in the substance of the parotid gland, behind the neck of the mandible
Divides into two branches, a frontal and a parietal
Superficial Temporal Artery
Transverse facial branch
Anterior auricular branch
Frontal branch
Parietal branch
Zygomatico- orbital branch
Branches
INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
Origin- It is one of the terminal branch of common carotid artery originates along with external carotid artery at the upper border of thyroid cartilage at the disk of third and fourth cervical vertebra.
Branches Cervical part in the neck
Petrous part in the petrous temporal bone
Cavernous part in the cavernous sinus
Cerebral part in relation to base of brain
Cervical part
It ascends vertically in the neck from its origin to the base of skull to reach the lower end of the carotid canal. This part is enclosed in carotid sheath along with internal jugular and vagus nerve. No branches arises from the internal carotid artery in the neck.
Its initial part shows slight dilation, carotid sinus. Which acts as a baroreceptor.
PETROUS PART Within the petrous part of the temporal bone,in the carotid canal runs upword forword & medially at rt. Angle.
Branches
1) Caroticotympanic- enter middle ear & anastomose with ant. & post. Tympanic branches
2) Artery of the Pterygoid Canal- anastomose with greater palatine artery
CAVERNOUS PART
Within the Cavernous Sinus
Branches 1) Artery to trigeminal
ganglion
2) Superior & inferior Hypophyseal artery
CEREBRAL PART Lies at the base of the brain
after emerging from the cavernous sinus
Branches1.Ophthalmic.2.Anterior Cerebral.3.Middle Cerebral.4.Posterior Communicating.5. Ant. choroidal
On angiogram internalcarotid show ‘S’ shaped figure ( carotid siphon )
Circle of Willis
Veins of The Head and Neck
Venous drainage from the face is entirely superficial
All the venous drainage from the head and neck terminate in the internal jugular vein which join the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein behind the medial end of the clavicle
Veins of the Head and neck
It receive blood from the brain, face and the neck.
It emerges through the jugular foramen, as a continuation of the sigmoid sinus descend down in the neck, first behind then lateral to the internal carotid artery inside the carotid sheath
Internal jugular vein
Tributaries
Is formed by the union of the supraorbital and supratrochlear veins to form the angular vein
Communicate with the cavernous sinus through the ophthalmic vein via the supraorbital
Facial vein
• Runs downwards and backwards behind the facial artery to the lower border of the mandible
• To be joined by the anterior division of the retromandibular vein
Joins the: Pterygoid plexus through deep
facial vein Cavernous sinus through
superior ophthalmic vein
Formed by the union of superficial temporal and maxillary vein from the pterygoid plexus
Passes downwards in the substance of the parotid gland emerging from its lower border & divide into two divisions
Retromandibular vein
Anterior division joins the facial vein
Posterior division: pierces the deep fascia and
join the posterior auricular to form the external jugular.
It empty into the subclavian vein
Retromandibular vein
A short trunk accompany the first part of the artery.
Formed by confluence of the veins of the pterygoid plexus.
It passes backward between the sphenomandibular ligament and the neck of the mandible
Unite with the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular vein.
The maxillary vein
A network of very small veins, lie around and within the lateral pterygoid muscle in the infratemporal region
Receive some of the veins that correspond to the maxillary vein, inferior ophthalmic vein (internal carotid blood) and the deep facial vein.
Pterygoid plexus
Drain into a pair of large, short maxillary veins which join the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular.
Deep facial vein drain the plexus into the facial vein if the maxillary is occluded
Pterygoid plexus
Begins behind the angle of the mandible by the union of the posterior auricular and posterior division of the retromandibular veins.
It descend obliquely, deep to the platysma, receive the posterior external jugular vein
Pierce the deep fascia just above the clavicle and drain into the subclavian vein
External jugular vein
Posterior auricular vein Posterior division of retro mandibular vein
Posterior external jugular vein
Transverse cervical vein
Suprascapular vein
Anterior jugular vein
Tributaries
Anomalies in the usual termination pattern
The external jugular vein was formed by the continuation of undivided
retromandibular vein.
The facial vein presented a normal course from its origin up to the base of the
mandible lying posterior to the facial artery at the anterior border of masseter muscle.
It joined with submental vein in submandibular region and ultimately drained into
external jugular vein. JK SCIENCE Vol. 12 No. 4, Oct-December 2010 203-4
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2011 Feb, Vol-5(1):24-27
Of the 35 specimens that were studied, 29 of the common facial veins were found to confirm to the
normal pattern of formation and drainage. 6 specimens showed variations in their terminations.
In one cadaver, there was no division of the retromandibular veins into the anterior and posterior veins
on both sides. The common trunk of the retromandibular veins joined with the anterior facial veins to
form the common facial veins The external jugular veins were absent bilaterally. The common facial
vein terminated directly into subclavian vein of respective side
Undivided retromandibular vein forming external jugular vein and drainage of common facial vein into internal jugular
In three specimens, the common facial vein opened into the external jugular vein.
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2011 Feb, Vol-5(1):24-27
Venous sinuses
Unpaired sinuses Paired sinuses
Superior sagittal Transeverse
Inferior sagittal Sigmoid
Straight Cavernous
Occipital Superior petrosal
Anterior intercavernous Inferior petrosal
Posterior intercavernous Spheno-parietal
Basilar venous plexus Petro-squamous
Middle meningeal
Superior sagittal sinus It lies within the convex attached margin of the falx cerebri.
The sinus begins at the crista galli and is continuous with the right transeverse sinus.
Communications
With the veins of the scalp through the parietal emissary vein. A vein from the nose through the foramen caecum. Cavernous sinus through superior anastomotic vein.
Thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus may take place due to spread of infection from the nose and scalp.
This will lead to increased intracranial tension resulting in defective absorption of C. S. F.
Inferior sagittal sinus It occupies the posterior two thirds of the lower free margin
of the falx cerebri. It collects blood from the falx ceribri, medial surfase of the
cerebrum and terminates into the straight sinus.
Cavernous sinuses These paired sinuses are situated on each side of the body of
sphenoid bone Extend from superior orbital fissure in front to the apex of
petrous temporal behind.
Structures passing through the sinus
Internal carotid artery Abducent nerve Occulomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Ophthalmic nerve Maxillary nerve
Septic thrombosis of cavernous sinus may be caused by the numerous communications from the dangerous area of face, orbit and pharynx.
If the internal carotid artery is ruptured as a result of fracture of the base of skull.
Manifested by pulsating exophthalmos, oedema of the eye lids and loud systolic murmur.
Applied Anatomy
Facial artery -During the surgical removal of the submandibular salivary gland the incision is made ½ inch below the lower border of the mandible parallel to mandibular branch of facial nerve.
Facial artery can be severed during the attempts to open buccal abscess of the first molar.
An adult female presented with a 22-year history of pain on the right side of her jaw. Digital palpation over the facial artery at the inferior border of the mandible elicited and exacerbated the pain. Surgical exploration revealed a coiled, tortuous facial artery. Removal of the aberrant artery provided complete pain relief.
J Craniomandib Disord1992 Fall;6(4):296-9.
Lingual artery- During surgical removal of the tongue, the first part of artery is ligated in the lingual triangle before it gives any branch to the tongue or tonsil.
Superior thyroid artery- The artery and External laryngeal nerve are close to each other above the gland but diverge slightly near the gland. So the artery is ligated as near to the gland as possible
Superficial temporal artery- crossing the zygomatic arch the artery is palpable through the skin and fascia and easily compressed here to control the temporal hemorrhage.
This vessel is well protected by dense tissue. Its branches anastomose so freely that a partially detached scalp may be successfully replaced as long as one vessel is intact.
Middle meningeal artery- It get injured in head injuries resulting in extradural hemorrhage.
The frontal or anterior branch is commonly involved. The hematoma presses the motor area, giving rise to hemiplegia of the opposite side.
The anterior division can be approached surgically by making hole in the skull over the pterion,4 cm above the zygomatic arch.
Rarely parietal or posterior branch is implicated, causing contra lateral deafness. In this case hole is made 4 cm above and 4 cm below the acoustic meatus.
Common carotid artery- It can be compressed against the carotid tubercle, the anterior tubercle of the transverse process of vertebra C6 which lies at the level of cricoid cartilage.
Carotidynia is a syndrome characterized by
unilateral (one-sided) tenderness of the carotid artery, near the bifurcation.
Carotid Sinus
Present at the termination of CCA. (or beginning of ICA.)
Tunica media is thin, tunica adventia is thick Acts as BARORECEPTOR/PRESSURE
RECEPTOR.
Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) is an exaggerated response to carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation. It results in dizziness or syncope from transient diminished cerebral perfusion.
For these individuals, even mild stimulation to the neck results in marked bradycardia and a drop in blood pressure.
Carotid Siphon of Angiogram
Siphon region is the most common site for atherosclerotic plaque formation in carotid artery
Carotid body situated behind the bifurcation of CCA Act as a chemoreceptor & respond to change in the O2, CO2 and pH
content of the blood
Carotid body paragangliomas are vascular lesions, and this is reflected in their imaging appearance. These lesions splay apart the internal (ICA) and external carotid arteries (ECA), and as it enlarges, it will encase, but not narrow the ICA and ECA.
Head Neck Pathol. Dec 2009; 3(4): 303–306.
Carotid Body
The facial vein is devoid of valves and rests directly on the facial muscle.
The movement of facial muscles might facilitate the spread of septic emboli from the infected area of upper lip and lower part of the nose in retrograde direction.
Cause thrombosis of cavernous sinus with serious complication.
Danger Area of Face
Occlusive disease
It is the obstruction or blockage of the body's blood vessels, including arteries in the head and neck.
Occlusive disease is caused by atherosclerosis The most common symptom of occlusive disease affecting the
brain is a transient ischemic attack (TIA), or "mini stroke."
Temporal arteritis
Temporal arteritis occur when one or more arteries become inflammed, swollen, and tender.
Temporal arteritis commonly occurs in the the arteries around the temples (temporal arteries).
These vessels branch off from the carotid artery in the neck.
PHACE syndrome
Patients can have abnormalities of the arteries that carry blood to the brain either in the head (cerebral) or neck (cervical).
These blood vessels can have abnormal shapes, sizes or paths through the neck and head.
Dysgenesis Narrowing Non-visualization Abnormal course or origin Persistent fetal arteries
Shaken baby syndrome (SBS)
It is a form of child abuse. It refers to brain injury that happens to the child.
It occurs when someone shakes a baby or slams or throws a baby against an object. A child could be shaken by the arms, legs, chest, or shoulders.
What causes the brain injury? Shaking or throwing a child, or
slamming a child against an object, causes uncontrollable forward, backward, and twisting head movement.
Brain tissue, blood vessels, and nerves tear. The child's skull can hit the brain with force, causing brain tissue to bleed and swell.
Mild injuries may cause subtle symptoms. A child may vomit or be fussy or grouchy, sluggish, or not very hungry. More severe injuries may cause seizures, a slow heartbeat, trouble hearing, or bleeding inside one or both eyes
Human Anatomy Vol 3 Head,Neck & Brain - BD Chaurasia’s 4th Edition
Textbook of Anatomy Vol3 - Inderbir Singh 3rd Edition
Anatomy of the Head & Neck - M J. Fehrenbach, S W. Herring 3rd Edition
Operative maxillofacial Surgery - Jhon. D.Langdon & Mohan F. Patel
Textbook of Anatomy- A. W. Rogers
Deaver JB Surgical Anatomy of Human body - Blakiston, Philadelphia
www.wikipedia.org
References