Blood, Lymph, & Immune Systems Anatomy, Physiology, Diagnostics, Procedures, and Pathology
Jan 20, 2016
Blood, Lymph, & Immune Systems
Anatomy, Physiology, Diagnostics, Procedures, and Pathology
Some General Terms:
Anaphylaxis Antibody (Ab) Antigen (Ag) Cellular immunity: requires T cells and is usually
slower to develop than humoral Host Humoral immunity-requires antibodies and is
typical a rapid response compared to cellular
More General Terms
Immunopathology: study of disease of the immune system Immune compromise Autoimmunity Anaphylaxis/allergy
Opportunistic infections Serum: thick yellowish fluid that, along with the
cells, make up whole blood (only 8% of body tissues)
Blood Composition
Fluid component Plasma Serum: does not have clotting factors
Cellular component White cells of many types Red cells platelets
Plasma and Serum
Plasma Thin, mostly (92%) aqueous fluid Blood cells are suspected in this Contains proteins, hormones, etc
Serum Same as above except for clotting factors Blood tests measure serum values
Blood Cells
White blood cells (WBC) Leukocyte Inflammatory reaction to injury, defense against
infection & foreign materials Red blood cells (RBC)
Transport and exchange oxygen between the lungs and peripheral tissues
Platelets Part of clotting mechanism, stops hemorrhage
Blood Cells
All start out as general stem cells (marrow) Diaphyses of long bones, skull, ribs, vertebrae,
pelvis, sternum Called hematopoiesis
Differentiate into the 3 types of cells Erythropoiesis Leukopoiesis thrombopoiesis
Erythrocytes
Most numerous blood cell Have no nucleus Biconcave disc shape Immature circulating RBC’s=reticulocytes Contain hemoglobin (Hb) molecules
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Chemical recycling of Hb into hemosiderin
Leukocytes
Many functions Some WBC are in blood, others can migrate
to tissues Categories
GranulocytesHave granules in their cytoplasmMost numerous of the WBC’s
Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
Have granules filled with various chemicals in their cytoplasm
Have a multilobed nucleus polymorphonuclear
3 types Neutrophil = most numerous Eosinophil basophil
Types of Granulocytes
Neutrophils Motile phagocytes Engulf and destroy invading organismsforeign material First cells at injury site
Eosinophils Granules contain numerous chemical mediators that
neutralize other compounds Associated with allergic reactions and parasitic
infections
Types of Granulocytes
Basophils Granules contain histamine and heparin
Agranulocytes
No lobes in their nuclei (mononuclear cells) 2 types
MonocytesEnter tissues to become macrophages (phagocytes)Associated with immunity
LymphocytesB cells, T cells (humoral & cellular immunity)Natural killer cells (fight cancer cells, infected cells)
Platelets
Smallest blood cells Fragments of other cells
Also called thrombocytes Initiate blood clotting
Clotting Mechanism
Tissue injury starts thromboplastin release. Thromboplastin, other clotting factors, and calcium
combine to form prothrombin activator. Prothrombin activator lyses prothrombin into
thrombin Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin Fibrin fibers form a net that traps blood cells into a
gelatinous clot over injury site.
Blood Groups
Determined by the particular antigens (a protein) on the RBC surfaces of a person
Four blood types A, B, AB, O
Two surface antigens A and B
Blood Types
Type O has neither of these Ag’s, both Ab’s Type AB has both of these Ag’s, no Ab’s Type A has only A antigen and Anti-B. Type B has only B antigen and Anti-A
Type O is most common (universal donor) Type AB is least common (universal recipient)
Lymph System
A circulating fluid that contains lymphocytes and monocytes.
Vessels are called lymphatics (vessels) Other anatomical structures:
Lymph nodes (filters) Tonsils (filters in the pharynx) Thymus (makes lymphocytes into T cells) Spleen (filter)
Lymph System
Drain ECF away from tissues and return it to blood.
Filters cellular debris or infectious cells from body tissues
Transports lipids away from GI tract
Lymphatic Route
Plasma transudates out of blood capillaries Becomes ECF ECF enters lymphatic capillaries Is filtered through various lymph nodes Eventually flows through either the right
lymphatic duct into the R. subclavian vein or into the thoracic duct into L. subclavian vein
Immune System