1 BLOOD GAS BLOOD GAS TRANSPORT TRANSPORT PART 2 PART 2 Instructor Terry Wiseth Instructor Terry Wiseth
Feb 25, 2016
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BLOOD GAS BLOOD GAS TRANSPORTTRANSPORT
PART 2PART 2
Instructor Terry WisethInstructor Terry Wiseth
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PHYSIOLOGY OF PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGDIVING
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Aquatic mammals can spend up to 10 minutes under water without breathingex: whales, seals, dolpins etc
Trained free divers (human) can spend a minute or more under water without breathing
PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVING
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGNeeds of O2 for metabolism is provided by:
O2 stored in lungsO2 bound to HbMyoglobinDissolved O2 in body fluids
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGLargest physiological problem in diving
is maintaining heart and brain function
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGDiving reflexDiving reflex
Cardiovascular response to immersion of the head in waterSlowing of the heart rate by several beats per minute
More profound if the water is cold
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGCombines with peripheral
vasoconstriction and reduced metabolism induced by hypothermiaIncreases the chances of survival
for drowning victims in cold water
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGAquatic animalsAquatic animals
Reflexive bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction
Effect is to force skeletal muscle to draw on its store of O2 in myoglobin and then shift to anaerobic glycolysis
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGVarious marine mammals have been
found to have adapted special abilities which help in their respiratory processes, enabling them to remain down at great depths for long periods of time
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGThe Weddell seal only stores 5% of its
oxygen in its lungs, and keeps the remaining 70% of its oxygen circulating throughout the blood stream
Humans are only able to keep a small 51% of their oxygen circulating throughout the blood stream, while 36% of the oxygen is stored in the lungs
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGThe explanation for this is that the
Weddell seal has approximately twice the volume of blood per kilogram as humans
As well, the Weddell seal's spleen has the ability to store up to 24L of blood
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGIt is believed that when the seal
dives the spleen contracts causing the stored oxygen enriched blood to enter the blood stream
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGAlso, these seals have a higher
concentration of a certain protein found within the muscles known as myoglobin, which stores oxygen
The Weddell seal contains 25% of its oxygen in the muscles, while humans only keep about 12% of their oxygen within the muscles
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGNot only does the Weddell seal store
oxygen for long dives, but they consume it wisely as well
A diving reflex slows the pulse, and an overall reduction in oxygen consumption occurs due to this reduced heart rate
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGRegulatory mechanisms reroute blood
to where it is needed most (brain, spinal cord, eyes, adrenal glands, and in some cases placenta) by constricting blood flow where it is not needed (mainly in the digestive system)
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGBlood flow is restricted to muscles
during long dives and they rely on oxygen stored in their myoglobin and make their ATP from fermentation rather then from respiration
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGscuba diversscuba divers
If working at depths greater than 30 meters a diver breathes air at higher than atmospheric pressure and can accumulate dissolved gases in blood and tissues
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGIf diver’s return to the surface is too
rapid the dissolved gas comes out of solution forming bubbles in tissues and blood vessels (mainly N2) “bends”“bends”
Condition is prevented by controlled decompression
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SCUBA DIVERSCUBA DIVER
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Diving animals exhale exhale at the start of a dive
Increased pressure of diving to considerable depths decreases the volumes of gases in the lungs to the point of causing the lungs to collapse
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Reduced air volume in lungs where gases are exposed to capillaries minimizes the transfer of dissolved N2 to the animal’s blood
Bubble formation is not a problem when the animal returns to the surface
PHYSIOLOGY OF DIVINGPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVING
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ENDENDBLOOD GAS TRANSPORTBLOOD GAS TRANSPORT
PART 2PART 2