Blood Chapter 10
Jan 18, 2018
Blood
Chapter 10
Features of Blood
pH between 7.35 – 7.45 (slightly alkaline) Sticky Opaque – not translucent Has metallic taste
Plasma
Makes up 55% of the blood Approximately 90% water Dissolved substances
Nutrients Salts Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) Hormones Plasma proteins Waste
Plasma (cont.)
Formed Elements
Makes up 45% of the blood Three types of formed elements (cells)
Erythrocytes (RBCs) Leukocytes (WBCs) Platelets
Formed Elements (cont.)
Erythrocytes Transport oxygen in blood Anucleated (without nucleus) Doughnut shaped Life span: 100 to 120 days 4-6 million RBCs in the body
RBC outnumber WBC 1,000 to 1 Hemoglobin – an iron-containing protein that oxygen
attach to for transportation Iron – The element that gives erythrocytes their red color
Formed Elements (cont.)
Erythrocyte disorders Anemia – a decrease in the oxygen-carrying
ability of the blood May result from:
A lower than normal number of RBCs Deficient hemoglobin content in the RBCs
Sickle-cell anemia – deformed (crescent shaped) RBCs rupture easily and can cause blood clots
Formed Elements (cont.)
Leukocytes 4,000-11,000 WBCs in the body
Less than 1% of total blood volume Nucleated Can move by amoeboid motion WBCs defend the body against damage by
bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells When infection occurs, WBCs double in number
within hours
Formed Elements (cont.) Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes – WBCs that have grains (or dots) Neutrophils – Fight acute bacterial infections
Most common WBC - 40% to 60%
Eosinophils – Kill parasitic worms; increase during allergy attacks 1% to 4%
Basophils – Produces histamine Least common WBC - 0.5% to 1%
Formed Elements (cont.)
Types of Leukocytes (cont.) Agranulocytes – WBCs that do not have grains
Lympocytes – Fight viral infections, fungal infections, and cancer cells
20% to 40%
Monocytes – Fight chronic bacterial infections; makes up long-term “clean-up team”
2% to 8%
Note: Granulocytes end in –phils and agranulocytes end in –cytes
Formed Elements (cont.)
List of the WBCs from most to least abundant Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
Easy way to remember this list Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Formed Elements (cont.)
Abnormal leukocyte activity Leukocytosis – a total WBC count above 11,000
cells/mm3 Leukocytosis indicates a bacterial or viral infection is
present in the body Leukopenia – an abnormally low WBC count
Caused by certain drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents
Leukemia – cancer of the blood cells that starts in the bone marrow
Formed Elements (cont.)
Platelets – Fragments of cells that are used in the clotting process
Hemostasis
Hemostasis – stoppage of blood flow Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes Hemostasis has four phases:
Platelets fill the cut Clotting proteins activate Fibrin forms RBCs and WBCs coagulate with other coagulated
components http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--bZUeb83uU
Hemostasis (cont.)
Disorders of Hemostasis Undesirable Clotting
Thrombus – A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
Embolus – A thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream For example, a cerebral embolus may cause a stroke
Bleeding Disorder Hemophilia – a lack of any of the factors needed for
clotting
Blood Groups
Antigen (or agglutinogen) – a sugar or protein that is attached to the surface of erythrocytes Antigens are sugars in ABO blood groups Antigens are proteins in the Rh blood group
Antibody (or agglutinin) – a protein produced by the body's immune system
Blood Groups
Blood Groups (cont.)
Blood Group Frequency for White Americans
Frequency for Black Americans
Frequency for Asian Americans
Blood that can be received
AB 4 4 5 A, B, AB, O (universal recipient)
B 11 20 27 B, O
A 40 27 28 A, O
O 45 49 40 O (universal DOnOr)
Blood Groups (cont.)
Rh Blood Groups Originated from rhesus monkeys Rh+ - RBCs carry the Rh antigen Rh- - RBCs that do not carry the Rh antigen
Anti- Rh+ antibodies are not automatically present in the blood of Rh- individuals.
If an Rh- person receives mismatch blood (Rh+), their immune system becomes sensitized and begins producing anti- Rh+ antibodies against the foreign blood.
Blood Groups (cont.)
Rh Blood Groups Pregnant women
The same concept occurs in pregnant Rh- women that carry Rh+ babies.
The first pregnancy will result in a healthy baby. The mother is now sensitized by Rh+ antigen. The doctor will treat her with RhoGAM (an immune serum
that prevents this sensitization) during the second pregnancy. Serum – plasma without clotting proteins If mother is not treated, the baby can become anemic, have
brain damage, or die.