Blood

S2: Blood

What is blood?

An average adult human has about 5 L of blood.

What is blood?

It is considered to be a tissue even though (unlike

most of the body tissues) it appears

to be a fluid.

What is blood?

Solid portion Fluid portion

Blood consists of two distinct elements

Consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Called plasma, consists of H2O, dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, and waste products.

45 % of the blood volume

55 % of the blood volume.

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Wha

t is

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d?

Wha

t is

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d?Complete the following template with:

Symptoms on having

problems on the production

of the cell

Definition (function, where is formed, %)

Wha

t is

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d?Platelets (thrombocytes) RBC (erythrocytes) WBC (leukocytes)

Platelets play a key role in clotting blood, which prevents excessive blood loss after an injury.

When a blood vessel is broken due to injury, it releases chemicals that attract platelets.

Platelets break down in the blood within 7 to 10 days after they have formed.

Make up approximately 44% of the total volume of blood.

Are specialized for O2 transport. The O2 carrying capacity of the blood is dependent on the number of erythrocytes and the amount of hemoglobin of each one. Hemoglobin can pick it up, and releases it in the presence of cells that need O2. Also transports some of the CO2 waste.

White blood cells fight infections and cancer.

Leukocytes make up about 1% of your total blood volume, but this may increase to more than double normal levels when your body is fighting an infection.

Platelet Disorders RBC Disorders WBC Disorders Cuts that do not heal or

are slow to heal Blood that does not clot

after an injury Skin that is easily

bruised, nosebleeds or bleeding from the gums

Fatigue and muscle weakness Shortness of breath Trouble concentrating from

lack of oxygenated blood in the brain

Fast heartbeat

Chronic infections Malaise or the

general feeling of being unwell

Blood types

Although all blood is made of the same basic elements, not all blood is alike. In fact, there

are eight different common blood types.

Major ABO Blood Group

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Human blood type is determined by the presence of certain identifiers on the surface of RBC, also called antigens

There are four main ABO blood type groupings: A, B, AB, and O. These blood groups are determined by the antigen on the blood cell surface


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Antibodies (or immunoglobulins) recognize and bind to specific antigens so that the foreign substance can be destroyed by other immune cells.


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Blood Type Antigen Present

Antigen Missing

Antibody Present

A+ A, Rh B Anti-BA- A B, Rh B, RhB+

B-O+

O-AB+

AB-

Complete the following table:

Blood transfusion

If a person is given a wrong blood type,

antibodies will bind to the antigens on blood

cells and initiate a cascade of events that will cause the

blood to clump together, block blood vessels and prevent proper blood flow.


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Complete the following table: Donor

Reci

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t


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Complete the following table: Donor

Reci

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t


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of A

BO

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Type A, B, AB, or O are the physical expression of a person’s genes which means they are phenotypes.

PHENOTYPEDescription of your actual physical characteristics

GENOTYPEHeritable genetic identity


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BO

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In humans, ABO blood group is determined by a single gene on Chromosome 9.


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BO

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In humans, ABO blood group is determined by a single gene on Chromosome 9. The gene has three alleles:A : glycoprotein with A antigen (codominant)B : glycoprotein with B antigen (codominant)O : normal glycoprotein (recessive)


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How to Determine Your Baby's Blood Type Using a Punnett Square

ParentAllele

A B O

A

B

O


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BO

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A man who is blood type AB marries a woman who is heterozygous type B. If they have a children, what would her probable genotypes and phenotypes be?

♀: ♂:

Probability:

Genotype

Phenotype


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of A

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Your baby's blood type chances can be calculated from parent blood types.

1. Write down parent blood types.

♀: A ♂: AB

2. Write down possible allele combinations for each parent blood type

AA or AO AB

3. Make a Punnett square. 4. Calculate probability.

Phenotype: A: 4 ∕ 8 ∙ 100 = 50%

B: 1 ∕ 8 ∙ 100 = 12.5%B: 3 ∕ 8 ∙ 100 = 37.5%


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If the mother of a child is blood type O and the father is B, what would her probable genotypes and phenotypes be?


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of A

BO

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Can an AB mother have a

child with type

blood O?


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A mom is going to have a baby but there is some concern of who is the father. There is two possible candidates and your job is to determine which one is the father.

1.- Determinate the blood type of each member involved in the conflict 2.-Find the father and suport your tesis with a punnett square.


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Sample 1 Mother

Sample 2 Candidate 1

Sample 3 – Candidate 2

Sample 4 – Baby

Anti-A

Anti-B Rh

Blood type

Possible genotyp

es


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of A

BO

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Sample 1 Mother



Sample 4 – Baby

Anti-A

Anti-B Rh

Blood type A+ B+ AB- O-

Possible genotyp

es


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of A

BO

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Sample 1 Mother



Sample 4 – Baby

Anti-A

Anti-B Rh


Possible genotyp

es

3 possible alleles:

A: dominantB: dominantO: recessive


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of A

BO

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Sample 1 Mother



Sample 4 – Baby

Anti-A

Anti-B Rh


Possible genotyp

esAA or AO BB or BO AB OO


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of A

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Candidate 1B

Candidate 2AB

MotherA

BabyO

AA AO BB BO AB

OO

Blood

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