BLOOD

BLOODBLOOD

一、一、 CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

Plasma (I.M.) : 55%Hemocytes(cells) ： 45% erythrocytes leucocytes blood platelets* hematocrit(packed red

cell volume, 红细胞压积 ): 45%

Plasma

Leucocytes & Platelets

Erythrocyte

*using anticoagulants

components same as that of plasma but fibrinogen

90% water albumin 10% others : fibrinogen plasma pr. enzymes Ig. etc. Lipid hormones Vitamins inorganic salts metabolites

1. Plasma

serum

Blood clots

Serum

瑞特氏染色（ Wright’s stain ） 、基姆萨染色（ Giemsa ）等。

染液组成伊红

美蓝O2 天青

可显示 :

嗜酸性结构嗜碱性结构中性结构嗜天青结构

•blood smearblood smear stains stains w/ w/ WrightWright or or GiemsaGiemsa

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Platelets

•blood smearblood smear

BLOOD CELLSBLOOD CELLS

Erythrocytes: 4.2 ～ 5.5×1012/L(M) 3.5 ～ 5.0×1012/L(F) *Hb: 120 ～ 150g/L(M) ； 105 ～ 135g/L(F) Leukocytes: 4 ～ 10×109/L neutrophils 50 ～ 70% Granulocytes eosinophils 0.5 ～ 3 % basophils 0 ～ 1% Agranulocytes lymphocytes 20 ～ 30% monocytes 3 ～ 8% Platelets: 100 ～ 300×109/L

Erythrocyte

biconcave discs ， 7.5 ～ 8.5μm ， flexible no nuclei ， no organelles rich in Hb ： 105 ～ 150g/L blood group (ABO; Rh…):

扫描扫描电镜电镜

PLASMALEMMA

RBC CYTOSKELETON

ACTIN FILAMENTS

SPECTRIN血影蛋白

肌动蛋白丝

质膜

Function

Binding & transporting O2 and CO2

In lungs In organs & tissues

CO2+HbO2 HbCO2+O2

Anemia ： R.B.C < 3×1012/L or Hb< 100g/L megaloblastic anemia( 巨细胞贫血 ) : >9 μm iron deficiency anemia: ( 缺铁性贫血 ) <6 μm Osmotic stress abnormal: hypotonic( 低滲 ): RBC swelling ＆ hemolysis

(remain ghost 血影 ) ； hypertonic ( 高滲 ): RBC collapsing

Pathology

0.5 ～ 1.5% containing ribosomes& Mit. (stained by brilliant cresyl blue) increase in anemia Indicator of hematopo-ietic capacity of the bonemarrow.

ReticulocytesReticulocytes

LeukocytesLeukocytes

Spherical, nucleate & colorless Contain specific or nonspecific gralules Amoeboid movement Phagocytosis except

for lymphocytes Involved in defense

against foreign materials

Leukocytes: 4 ～ 10×109/L neutrophil 50 ～ 70% Granulocyte eosinophil 0.5 ～ 3 % basophil 0 ～ 1% Agranulocyte lymphocyte 20 ～ 30% monocyte 3 ～ 8%

A. Neutrophils

• D=10 ～ 12μm;• Nuclear: polymorphous 2 ～ 5 lobes increase w/ the age of the cells.• Specific Granules: 80%, fine (0.3 ～ 0.4μm ) neutrophilic (light reddish)• Azurophilic granules: 20%, larger, purple ( 嗜天青颗粒 )

E.M. S.G.:     medium-dense containing A.K.P, phagocytins lysozymes A.G.: lysosomes containing A.C.P. peroxidase

FunctionFunction

Mobility(chemotaxis): Attracted by polymorpho- nuclear chemotactic factor (released by macrophages) Phagocytose & destroy bacteria: the number of leukocytes↑ acute the % of neutrophils↑ bacteria infection** cell mark: peroxidase and CD15 　 　

B.B. EosinophilisEosinophilis

• D = 10 ～ 15μm;• Nu.: 2 ～ 5 lobes• S.G.: uniformity,large (0.5 ～ 1.0μm ),bright red or orange (acidophilic)

S.G.: ovoid, w/ granule matrix & a elongated crystalloid core

Containing: acid phosphatase,

peroxidase, histaminase.

E.M.E.M.

FunctionFunction

Chemotaxis: attracted by chemotactic factor from the mast cells

Phagocytize: foreign bodies, Ag-Ab complex Release histaminase: inactivate histamine for

weakening allergic reaction Antiparasite    * It is increased in patients infected w/ allergic

reaction or parasite

C. BasophilicsC. Basophilics

• D = 10 ～ 12μm• Nucleus: irregular or S-shaped• S.G.: large (varioussize), basophilic (darkblue), cover nuclear, distribute unevenly &metachromasia

EM & FN

E.M.: S.G. w/ fine grains, containing heparin, histamine, leukotriene F.N.: anticoagulate responsible to allergic reaction

D. MonocytesD. Monocytes Largest, 14 ～ 20μm,bluish-grey staining Nu.: kidney- or horseshoe-shaped w/ delicate net-like Chromatin Cytoplasm: abundant,gray blue, w/ fineazurophilic granules

E.M : A.G.: lysosomes (peroxidase, A.C.P., non-specific esterase); Phagocytic vacuoles F.N. :amoeboid movement& obvious chemotaxisPhagocytosis (mono- nuclear phagocytic system, MPS)differentiate into macrophage (out B.V.)**mark: CD14

E.E. LymphocytesLymphocytes• 3 types: small 6 ～ 8μm;medium-sized 9 ～ 12μm;large 13 ～ 20μm• Small lymphocyte(90%): LM: Round or ovoid; Nu.: sphericity w/ indentation, condensed chromatin, darkstaining. Cytoplasm: scanty, as a thinrim in light-blue w/ azurophilicgranules lacking peroxidase

Large lymphocyte medium lymphocyte

small lymphocyte

Classification* function# T-Cell: 75% cellular immunity B-Cell: 10-15% humoral immunity large granule lymphocyte (K & NK cell)* based on the source, characteristics on cellular membrane, life & function# immunological defence

Classification & Function

Blood plateletsBlood platelets

Megakaryocyte’ s fragment, in clumps

LM: 2 ～ 4μm ， disc-likeor irregular, anucleated. Two regions: ① Granulomere: centrally-located, purple-blue granules. ② Hyalomere: peripherallylocated, in light-blue.

① cell coat: rich inGAG & glycoproteins associated to platelet adhesion; ②M.T. system: a. opening tubule system: to increase the surface area for platelet adhesion. b. dense tubule system: sER , support, collect Ca 2+ and synthesize prostaglandin

E.M.:

③ actin-like M.F: mobile. ④ granules: a. αgranules (special granules): containing blood

clotting factors (12 types found so far), fibrinogen & acidic hydrolases.

b. dense granules: serotonin (5-HT), ADP, ATP, Ca2+ & adrenine

FunctionFunction

1. Hemostasia:　　collagenous　fiber　in　injure　area

　　　　　　　　　platelet　release　serotonin　　　　　　contraction　　　　of　b.v.　　　　　　　　slow　&　stop　bleeding.2. Coagulation: thrombogen coagulation factor III 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　thrombase Fibrinogen　　　　　　　　Fibrin hemocyte　　　　　coagulation

3. Protect　blood　vessel　endothelium,　repairing　endothelium,　prevent　atherosclerosis( 动脉硬化 )

二、二、 HematopoiesisHematopoiesis Hematopoietic organ yolk sac （ early embryo) →Liver / spleen

(6w—5m) → bone marrow (4m and after) Structure of bone marrow red bone marrow: hematopoietic tissue + blood sinusoid yellow bone marrow: adipose tissue + immature hemocyte

Red bone marrowRed bone marrow

hematopoietic tissue: reticular c.t. +hemocytes in various stage, macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells blood sinusoid: discontinuous endothelia,incomplete BM

Hemopoietic stem cell (HSP) and Hemopoietic stem cell (HSP) and Hemopoietic progenitor cell (HPC)Hemopoietic progenitor cell (HPC)

Hemopoietic stem cell self-replication powerful proliferationpotency multi-differentiation Potency Mark:CD34, CDw90

Hemopoietic progenitor c.

Unipotential or bipotential Produce mature blood c. Erythron granulocyte series monocyte series megakaryocyte series

* Lymphocytes derived from lymphatic organs & tissues

Pb:Pb: 原红原红 Be:Be: 早幼红早幼红

Pe:Pe: 中幼红中幼红 晚幼红晚幼红

Erythrocyte seriesErythrocyte series

Mb:Mb: 原粒原粒

Pm:Pm: 早幼粒早幼粒

MbMb

M,Ma,Mb:M,Ma,Mb: 中幼粒中幼粒M1M1 ：：晚幼粒晚幼粒

Neutrophilic Neutrophilic seriesseries

Morphologic criteria of haemopoiesisMorphologic criteria of haemopoiesis

① ① Stages:Stages: the original stage the original stage the infant stage the infant stage the mature stage the mature stage ② ② Cell volumeCell volume::↓, megakaryocytes:↑↓, megakaryocytes:↑ ③ ③ cytoplasm:cytoplasm: ↑ ↑ ，， ratio of Nu./ cytoplasm:↓ratio of Nu./ cytoplasm:↓

④ Nucleus: size↓(RBC: abesent; megakaryocytes↑ ） nucleoli: number & size↓, until disappear chromatin: fine & scanty → coarse & dense;　 staining: pale → deep

⑤ S.G in granulocytes & Hb in erythrocytes:↑ other organelles in red cell↓until disappear

⑥ mitotic ability:↓, until disappear （ but lymphocyte)

Question

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