CHAPTER ONE CHAPTER ONE CLAUSE, SENTENCE, CLAUSE, SENTENCE, AND PHRASE AND PHRASE In trying to understand what is written in an article, it is very important to know where a sentence starts and where it ends. CLAUSE A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. Example : Seeds of two pumpkin fruits from two different infected plants were planted and observed for disease transmission up to one-month old seedling. The analysis : Seeds of two pumpkin fruits from two different infected plants were planted SUBJECT VERBAL and observed for disease transmission up to one- month old seedling. SENTENCE A sentence may consist of one or more clauses.
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In daily life, one may observe symptoms in the environment, based on which he
makes and diagnosis. These are all made in his head. When he wants to
communicate the symptoms he observed with other people he needs to
formulate the symptoms into a well-worded observation. Similarly counts for
the diagnosis made.
Some examples :
The waxes are microcrystalline, and the crystallines represent excluded
volumes for the diffusion of solutes and water because they are inaccessible.
Diffusion is restricted to amorphous regions and to crystal/cutin interfaces.
Still in his mind, he can make a DIAGNOSIS :
Diffusion in microcrystalline of solutes and water is one of the important.
O B S E R V A T I O NO B S E R V A T I O NSolutes and water is one of the important the result diffusion of microcrystalline
which is restricted to amorphous regions and to crystal/cutin interfaces.
C O N C L U T I O NC O N C L U T I O NThis show that diffusion is restricted to amorphous regions and to
crystal/cutin interfaces.
This is indicates that diffusion is restricted to amorphous regions and to
crystal/cutin interfaces.
This is an indication that diffusion is restricted to amorphous regions and
to crystal/cutin interfaces.
This is a sign that diffusion is restricted to amorphous regions and to
crystal/cutin interfaces.
This mean that diffusion is restricted to amorphous regions and to Take Home Mid Exam 25
crystal/cutin interfaces.
We may include that diffusion is restricted to amorphous regions and to
crystal/cutin interfaces.
So, diffusion is restricted to amorphous regions and to crystal/cutin
interfaces.
Therefore, diffusion is restricted to amorphous regions and to crystal/cutin
interfaces.
G E N E R A L I Z A T I O NG E N E R A L I Z A T I O NIf the waxes are microcrystalline, and the crystallites represent excluded
volumes for the diffusion of solutes and water, diffusion is restricted to
amorphous regions and to crystal/cutin interfaces.
When waxes are microcrystalline, and the crystallites represent excluded
volumes for the diffusion of solutes and water, diffusion is restricted to
amorphous regions and to crystal/cutin interfaces.
R E C O M M E N D A T I O NR E C O M M E N D A T I O NSolutes and water is one of the important the result diffusion of microcrystalline
which is restricted to amorphous regions and to crystal/cutin interfaces
This show that diffusion of microcrystalline because they are inaccessible
The deficiency should be corrected by diffusion such as solute and water
P R E D I C T I O NP R E D I C T I O NIf diffusion of microcrystalline because they are inaccessible
The deficiency should be corrected by diffusion such as solute and water
If diffusion of microcrystalline (will be) they are inaccessible
The deficiency can be corrected by diffusion (should be) restricted to
amorphous regions and to crystal/cutin interfaces
If diffusion of microcrystalline (will be) they are inaccessible
In order to correct this deficiency diffusion (should be) restricted to
amorphous regions and to crystal/cutin interfacesTake Home Mid Exam 26
If diffusion of microcrystalline (will be) they are inaccessible
In order to remedy this deficiency diffusion (can be reduced) restricted to
amorphous regions and to crystal/cutin interfaces
Always Keep in Mind !Always Keep in Mind !
the word IF is only used in making
GENERALIZATION +
Take Home Mid Exam 27
CHAPTERCHAPTER THIRTEENTHIRTEEN
COMPARATIVE SENTENCESCOMPARATIVE SENTENCES
Comparative sentences are used to compare the characteristics of two or more
subjects. The attributes of the subjects are compared in several ways, some of
which are shown in the examples bellow.
The table below shows mechanical and aphid vector transmission of the
pumpkin mosaic virus
Example :
InoculationInoculation MethodMethod
no. of inoculatedno. of inoculated pumpkin seedlingspumpkin seedlings
no. of infectedno. of infected pumpkin seedlingspumpkin seedlings
mechanical 18 18
aphids 20 6
control 19 0
Analysis :
m e c h a n i c a lm e c h a n i c a lThe nominal of Mechanical in inoculated pumpkin seedlings is same with
in a heavy clay soil.
a p h i d sa p h i d sThe nominal of Aphids in inoculated pumpkin seedlings is higher than
that in infected pumpkin seedlings.
The nominal of Aphids in infected pumpkin seedlings is lower than that in
inoculated pumpkin seedlings.
The Aphids content of inoculated pumpkin seedlings is higher than that in
infected pumpkin seedlings.Take Home Mid Exam 28
The Aphids content of infected pumpkin seedlings is lower than that in
inoculated pumpkin seedlings.
Inoculated pumpkin seedlings have a higher Aphids content than infected
pumpkin seedlings.
Infected pumpkin seedlings have a lower Aphids content than inoculated
pumpkin seedlings.
The Aphids content of inoculated pumpkin seedlings is 20 whereas that of
infected pumpkin seedlings is 6.
The Aphids content of infected pumpkin seedlings is 6 whereas that of
inoculated pumpkin seedlings is 20.
c o n t r o lc o n t r o lThe nominal of control in inoculated pumpkin seedlings is higher than
that in infected pumpkin seedlings.
The nominal of control in infected pumpkin seedlings is lower than that in
inoculated pumpkin seedlings.
The control content of inoculated pumpkin seedlings is higher than that in
infected pumpkin seedlings.
The control content of infected pumpkin seedlings is lower than that in
inoculated pumpkin seedlings.
Inoculated pumpkin seedlings have higher control content than infected
pumpkin seedlings.
Infected pumpkin seedlings have lower control content than inoculated
pumpkin seedlings.
The control content of inoculated pumpkin seedlings is 19 whereas that of
infected pumpkin seedlings is 0.
The control content of infected pumpkin seedlings is 0 whereas that of
inoculated pumpkin seedlings is 19.
Take Home Mid Exam 29
CHAPTERCHAPTER FOURTEENFOURTEEN
FACTS AND FIGURESFACTS AND FIGURES
DEALING WITH NUMBERSIn presenting a study result to an audience, the speaker normally makes use
of number. For speakers of English as a foreign language, there are matters
dealing with numbers that have to be taken into consideration. Some of them
will be discussed in this chapter in detail.
1 The use of the word AND in numbers occurs only between
hundreds and tens. Therefore, we say
For example :
three hundred and twenty for 320
one thousand two hundred and thirty for 1230
However, there is a difference between British and American English in the
way the numbers are spoken. American English does not use AND between
hundreds and tens.
Thus it would be :
three hundred - twenty for 320
one thousand two hundred - thirty for 1230
In delivering his speech, the speaker is advised to use only one English type
throughout his presentation.
2 A number of hundreds or thousands is never spoken in the plural
form.
We do not say :
three hundreds (and) twenty for 320Take Home Mid Exam 30
one thousand two hundreds (and) thirty for 1230
But we must say :
three hundred (and) twenty for 320
one thousand two hundred (and) thirty for 1230
3 Decimals are indicated by a point (.), and not by a comma (,).
Numbers after decimals are spoken separately.
We do not say :
ninety-one point ninety-two for 91.92
three point one hundred eighty-nine for 3.189
But we must say :
ninety-one point nine two for 91.92
three point one eight nine for 3.189
Millions and thousands are indicated by a comma (,).
For example :
six hundred fifty four million three hundred twenty one thousand for
654,321,000
A zero following a decimal point is spoken as O, the same as the letter of the
alphabet.
We do not say :
thirty-one point zero three for 31.03
five point zero three one for 5.031
But we must say :
thirty-one point o three for 31.03
five point o three one for 5.031
4 Percentages (%) are spoken as percent with the stress on the
second syllable.Take Home Mid Exam 31
We must say :
twenty-one percent for 21 %
twenty-one point three percent for 21.3 %
twenty-one point o four percent for 21.04 %
5 When expressing totals we can say the following.
For examples :
She is a rich woman because she have much money totaled 234.5
million in 2020.
She is a rich woman because she have much money came to 234.5
million in 2020.
She is a rich woman because she have much money stood at 234.5
million in 2020.
She is a rich woman because she have much money was 234.5 million
in 2020.
6 Fractions are spoken like this :
five sixths for 56
six sevenths for 67
7 Spoken currencies come AFTER the figure.
For example :
$2.69 : two dollar sixty-nine
two dollar sixty-nine cents
Rp 125 : one hundred-twenty five rupiahs
8 Mathematical symbols are read like the following :
SYMBOLSYMBOL SPOKENSPOKENTake Home Mid Exam 32
5 + 3 five plus three
7 - 3 seven minus three
5 x 7 five times seven
10 : 2 ten divided by two
75seven to the power of fiveseven to the fifth powerseven raised to the fifth power
103 ten cubed
√9 the square root of nine3√125 the cube root of one hundred-twenty five
3 + 3 = 6 three e plus three equals six
X > Z X is more than ZX is greater than Z
W < Y W is less than YW is smaller than Y
A ≥ B A is more than or equals BA is greater than or equals B
E ≤ F E is less than or equals FE is smaller than or equals F
9 Approximations are particularly useful when describing graphs
which are not designed to give exact information but rather to show an
overall picture.
1 Rates and ratios are usually spoken or written as follows.
For example :
The Java has a population density of 200 inhabitants per square kilometer,
while that of Sumatra is only 50 per square kilometer.
USING SIGNALSIn presenting our idea(s) we may use signal to tell our readers or listeners
what we are going to say or write next.
Take Home Mid Exam 33
The sample picture can see in attachment, Regeneration of Pimpinella
pruatjan Through Somatic Embryogenesis, page 63, figure 1.
Analysis :
PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION TYPE OFTYPE OF SIGNALSSIGNALS
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. GreetingsToday, I’m going to talk about fresh weight of 1 month calli of pruatjan from several medium formulations.
Introducing the presentation
First of all, let’s look at media planting. Sequencing.Referring to media.
As you can see from the bar graph, leaves weight on media D is higher than leaves weight on media B.
Inviting to focus on the visual.
Now, if we turn to another media, we can see that petioles weight on media O is lower than petioles weight on media L.
Sequencing.Changing the topic to another media.
Finally, let’s look at leaves weight on media M. that is highest weight overall.
Sequencing.Changing the topic to another media.
In conclusion, we can see that every media give different weight on leaves or petioles. Concluding.
Well, that is all I would like to say about fresh weight of 1 month calli pruatjan from several medium formulations.
Closing.
Any comments? Or inquiries? Eliciting questions.
DESCRIBING TRENDSThere are common expressions used to describe trends, upward or
downward movements which may be very great or only very slight. Some of
the most common expressions used to describe trends are :
PURPOSEPURPOSE EXPRESSIONSEXPRESSIONSto indicate upward movement
noun form verb forma risean increase
to riseto increase
Take Home Mid Exam 34
a b c
d
-a climba jump
to go upto climbto jump
to indicate downward movement
noun form verb forma falla dropa declinea decrease
to fallto dropto declineto decrease
to indicated stability and fluctuation
a. to level out, to level offb. to remain stablec. to fluctuated. to reach a peak
d
a b c
Intensifiers and softeners can be expressed in sentences like the following :
Sales were slightly lowerSales dropped slightlyThere was a slight drop in sales
Productivity was dramatically higherThere was a dramatic increase in productivityProductivity rose dramatically