Block Barrier Wall: Stone Veneer/Reinforced Concrete · 2/7/2020 Barrier Wall: Stone Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block ... Install rigid insulation in the cavity or at the interior

2/7/2020 Barrier Wall: Stone Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Barrier Wall: Stone Veneer/Reinforced ConcreteBlockResources

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This solid masonry wall features a structural concrete block backup system with a classic, natural stone façade.

Recommended Building Types

Commercial and institutional buildingsHigh-traffic areas of multifamily residential structuresHigh-end single family homesBuildings requiring a high fire ratingNoisy environments

2/7/2020 Barrier Wall: Stone Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Choosing the Right Masonry System for your Budget

Benefits

Solid, classic stone exterior over a structural concrete block backup system – works well in both naturaland urban settingsGreat design flexibility, with wide range of colors, surface textures, and bond patterns availableMost types of stone have exceptional durability and are long-lastingLow maintenanceconcrete block backup acts as the structure, with vertical and horizontal reinforcement grouted into place.Excellent heat capacityInherently fire proof with fire ratings up to 4 hoursGreat for noisy environments – naturally absorbs soundRough surfaces discourage graffitiOne trade erects both the structural and skin layers of the wall

Special Considerations

Be careful using this wall type in wet environments – the lack of the drainage cavity may reduce the lifecycle of this wallLower life cycle cost offsets higher initial investmentIt’s not always realistic to expect a perfectly uniform appearance – stone is a natural product and youshould expect some variations in color, veining, and surface textureStone can be heavier than brick or block veneers – structural support and foundations may need to belargerInstall rigid insulation in the cavity or at the interior wall face if you need greater insulating capacity

Definition and Assumptions

Backup: Lightweight plain gray concrete block (CMU), 8" x 8" x 16"

Reinforcement: #6 vertical reinforcement at 32" on center. 9-gaugejoint reinforcement at 16" o.c. (every othercourse)

Veneer: Rock-faced (split) sandstone, random ashlar pattern. stone thickness varies from 3" to 4"

Cavity: collar joint, grouted full. Nominal thickness ¾". Bituminous coating on face of backup

Flashing: base flashing

veneer ties: 9-gauge wire hoops adjustable sliding tie system

mortar: Type N, Portland cement/lime, plain gray

Joints: concave tooled

Regional Variations

When masonry veneer is used in areas of high seismic risk, veneer ties are required to attach to wirereinforcement embedded in mortar bed joints in the veneer. Check your local requirements – and savemoney by using normal veneer ties in areas of low seismic risk.

2/7/2020 Barrier Wall: Stone Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Many areas of the western U.S. have good local sources for lightweight aggregate, and the use oflightweight concrete block (CMU) is the norm. In other parts of the country, medium weight and normalweight block are more common.Structural masonry walls in areas of high seismic risk are required to have additional horizontal bondbeams to resist seismic loads. Check with your structural engineer to determine what is required in yourregion.The use of reinforced bond beams can replace the necessity for joint reinforcement in concrete masonrywalls. Understand that some form of horizontal reinforcement is required in all concrete masonryconstruction, including veneer applications.

Fire Rating (hours)

Ungrouted Assembly: 4 hrs

Fully grouted Assembly: 4 hrs

Fire Resistance Ratings of Concrete Masonry Assemblies

Sound Transmission Class (dB)

Ungrouted: 55.5

Grouted 32": 57.2

Fully grouted: 61.9

Fire, Energy & Sound Calculator

STC=(weight of wall)0.223x21.5

Wall Weight (lb/sq. ft.)

Ungrouted: 71 lb/sq. ft

Grouted 32": 82 lb/sq. ft

Fully grouted: 115 lb/sq. ft

ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) 7-05

Energy Rating

R-value: 2.92 (see note below)

Calculation:

Outside Air =0.17Stone 4 inch =0.628 inch CMU 105 pcf, grouted at 32" o.c =1.45Interior Air =0.68Total =2.92

2/7/2020 Barrier Wall: Stone Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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R-Value Calculations and Wall SectionsThermal Mass Advantages of Masonry WallsIndiana Limestone Institute of America

Note: Install rigid insulation and gyp board on the inside face of the wall for greater R-value.

Green/LEED Rating

Energy efficiency, thermal comfort and energy analysis – up to 10 ptsInnovation and design – 1 ptRecycled content – 2 ptsRegional material (where applicable) 2 ptsConcrete Masonry and the LEED ProgramSustainable Concrete Masonry - Assuring a Healthy Future One Block at a Time

Design Tips

Anchored veneer will last longer than adhered veneerDenser stones generally are more durable and more water repellent than lighter-weight or more absorbentstonesThe fully grouted space behind the stone veneer stabilizes the rough and uneven rubble stone of theveneer. It is possible to build this wall type with a drainage cavity behind the veneer, especially if thestone is regularly coursed.Take special precautions when using limestone to prevent alkali staining: isolate limestone from concretebackup materials and from soil.Natural stone is usually stable but will respond to temperature variations; some stones also swell slightlywhen they get wet. Remember to include movement joints to minimize cracking potential.Some new drainage plane products work well in this wall system.stone veneers can be expensive – maximize the visual impact and keep costs down by using stone in onlythe first few stories, or as a short wainscot around the building. Use brick or concrete masonry above thestone.shelf angles may not be required for veneer support at every floor line. Cut down on the number of shelfangles to save money and simplify your construction. If your veneer is shorter than 30 feet above the topof the foundation wall, you may not need relieving angles at all.

Construction Tips

It’s difficult to build most stone veneers with a drainage cavity because of the variable stone thickness.Usually it is easier to apply a water-resistive barrier to the face of the backup concrete block wall, andslush the collar joint full as the stone is being laid.Some masons use temporary tie wires to hold rubble stone or river rock in place until the mortar cures.Ordinary baling wire corrodes quickly and can stain stone. Use stainless steel wires to avoid having toclean rust stains off newly placed stone.Lay sandstone, slates, and other similar stone with the bedding planes horizontal.

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2/7/2020 Barrier Wall: Stone Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Commercial ConstructionCommercial Builders - Construction Construction Contractors. CallNow

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Reinforced Cast in Place Concrete

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Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Reinforced Cast in PlaceConcreteResources

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The excellent insulating value and heat capacity of brick and concrete make this system a good choice forschools and commercial buildings.

Recommended Building Types

Interior partitions, fire separation wallsSchools, commercial and institutional buildingsBuildings requiring high fire ratingNoisy environmentsAreas with frequent rainfall

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Reinforced Cast in Place Concrete

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Choosing the Right Masonry System for your Budget

Benefits

Tough, beautiful brick facing over a structural concrete backup systemDurable, long-lasting wall systemMinimal long-term maintenance.Great design flexibility – use different colors, bond patterns, brick sizes, and surface textures to spice upyour designPoured concrete backup acts as the structure, with vertical and horizontal reinforcement built into the wallCavity system inherently weatherproof – great for moist environmentsExcellent insulating value and heat capacityInherently fire proof with fire rating of 4 hoursGreat for noisy environments – naturally dampens sound

Special Considerations

Lower life-cycle costs offset higher initial investmentThis substantial wall system may require larger foundationsTwo trades required for construction – masonry contractor for the façade, and a concrete contractor forthe backup – which can make jobsite coordination more complexConstruction times are longer than for an equivalent masonry (brick on block) wallCast-in-place concrete is not a desirable interior finish. Will need to provide final finished surfaces afterwall is built

Definition and Assumptions

Backup: Reinforced 8" thick concrete wall. #5 reinforcement at 12 inches o.c. each direction, 2 mats of steel

9-gauge triangular ties in dovetail slots embedded in concrete. Install the dovetail slots vertically @ 24" o.c.Install ties in the slots @ 16" o.c.

Veneer: Cored modular brick 4" x 2-1/3" x 8" (nom.)

Insulation: 2 inch extruded polystyrene rigid insulation in 3 inch drainage cavity

Flashing: Base flashing and weeps

Mortar: Type N, Portland cement/lime, plain gray

Joints: Concave tooled

Regional Variations

When masonry veneer is used in areas of high seismic risk, veneer ties are required to attach to wirereinforcement embedded in mortar bed joints in the veneer. Check your local requirements – and savemoney by using normal veneer ties in areas of low seismic risk.

Fire Rating (hours)

4 hours

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Reinforced Cast in Place Concrete

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Fire Resistance of Brick Masonry

Sound Transmission Class (dB)

STC 64.6

Fire, Energy & Sound Calculator

STC=(weight of wall)0.223x21.5

Wall Weight (lb/sq. ft.)

139 lb/sq. ft.

ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) 7-05

Energy Rating

R-value: 11.14 with 2" expanded polystyrene rigid insulation (See note)

Calculation:

Outside Air =0.17Brick =0.44Air Gap =0.97Insulation =8.00Gyp board =0.458 inch concrete =0.88Interior Air =0.68Total =11.14

R-value: 13.14 with 2" extruded polystyrene rigid insulation (See note)

Calculation:

Outside Air =0.17Brick =0.44Air Gap =0.97Insulation =10.008 inch concrete =0.88Interior Air =0.68Total =13.14

R-Value Calculations and Wall SectionsThermal Mass Advantages of Masonry Walls

Note: The type of rigid insulation you install affects the wall’s insulating capacity (the R-value).Polyisocyanurate insulation gives you 8.0 R per inch (12.0 R for 1.5" or R16 for 2"). Expanded polystyreneinsulation is worth 4.0 R per inch (6.0 R for 1.5" or 8 R for 2"). Extruded polystyrene yields 5.0 R per inch (7.5

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Reinforced Cast in Place Concrete

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R for 1.5" or 10 R for 2"). Use either thicker insulation or more expensive polyisocyanurate to achieve a higherenergy rating.

Green/LEED Rating

Energy efficiency, thermal comfort and energy analysis – up to 10 ptsInnovation and design – 1 ptRecycled content – 2 ptsRegional material (where applicable) 2 ptsRenewable energy and thermal mass – up to 10 ptsSustainablility / Green Building Design

Design Tips

Place rigid-board insulation in the drainage cavity to maximize interior usable space, and take advantageof the huge thermal mass provided by the concrete backup systembrick veneer expands as it ages, whereas concrete shrinks. Don’t forget to detail control joints in the brickveneer and control joints in the concrete backup

Construction Tips

Back bevel mortar joints to prevent excess mortar from falling into the drainage cavityDovetail slots are expensive for the concrete contractor to install and are often left out. You may need toface-mount dovetail slots using anchors installed into the concrete

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2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Reinforced ConcreteBlockResources

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Designed to stand the test of time, this all-masonry wall system pairs a concrete block structure with brick for abeautiful, durable, and maintenance-free façade.

Recommended Building Types

Schools, commercial and institutional buildingsBuildings requiring a high fire ratingNoisy environmentsAreas with frequent rainfall

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Buildings with a long expected life span. The concrete block structural backup will not burn, rot, rust,mold or be eaten by termites.Buildings in climates with high humidity. Concrete block is not a food source for mold.Choosing the Right Masonry System for your Budget

Benefits

Tough, beautiful brick exterior over a structural concrete block backup systemExtremely durable, long lasting wall systemMinimal long-term maintenanceGreat design flexibility – use different colors, bond patterns, brick sizes, and surface textures to spice upyour designConcrete block backup acts as the structure, with vertical and horizontal reinforcement grouted into placeCavity system inherently weatherproof – great for moist environmentsExcellent insulating value and heat capacityFire proof with gs up to 4 hoursGreat for noisy environments – naturally absorbs soundOne trade erects both the structural and skin layers of the wall

Special Considerations

Lower life cycle cost offsets higher initial investmentThis substantial wall system may require larger foundation

Definition and Assumptions

Backup: Lightweight plain gray concrete block (CMU), 8" x 8" x 16" (nom.)

Reinforcement: #6 vertical reinforcement @ 32" on center. 9-gaugejoint reinforcement/wall ties at 16" o.c.(every other course)

Veneer: Modular clay brick 4" x 2-1/3" x 8"(nom.)

Cavity: 3" air space

Insulation: 2" rigid expanded polystyrene in drainage cavity

Flashing: Base flashing and weeps

Veneer ties: Adjustable pintle and eye veneer ties

Mortar: Type N, Portland cement/lime, plain gray

Joints: concave tooled

Regional Variations

When masonry veneer is used in areas of high seismic risk, veneer ties are required to attach to the wirereinforcement embedded in mortar bed joints in the veneer. Check your local requirements – and savemoney by using normal veneer ties in areas of low seismic risk.Many areas of the western U.S. have good local sources for lightweight aggregate, and the use oflightweight concrete block (CMU) is the norm. In other parts of the country, medium weight and normalweight block are more common.

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Structural masonry walls in areas of high seismic risk are required to have additional horizontal bondbeams to resist seismic loads. Check with your structural engineer to determine what is required in yourregion.The use of reinforced bond beams can replace the necessity forjoint reinforcement in concrete masonrywalls. Understand that some form of horizontal reinforcement is required in all concrete masonryconstruction, including veneer applications.

Fire Rating (hours)

Ungrouted Assembly: 4 hrs

Fully grouted Assembly: 4 hrs

Fire Resistance of Brick MasonryFire Resistance Ratings of Concrete Masonry AssembliesFire Endurance Ratings of Clay Brick Masonry

Sound Transmission Class (dB)

Ungrouted: 55.5

Grouted 32": 57.2

Fully grouted: 61.9

Fire, Energy & Sound Calculator

STC=(weight of wall)0.223x21.5

Wall Weight (lb/sq. ft.)

Ungrouted: 70 lb/sq. ft

Grouted 32": 81 lb/sq. ft

Fully grouted: 114 lb/sq. ft

Energy Rating

R-value: 11.71 using 2" expanded polystyrene insulation (see note below)

Calculation:

Outside Air =0.17Brick =0.44Air Gap =0.972 inch Polystyrene =8.008 inch CMU 105 pcf, grouted at 32" o.c. =1.45Interior Air =0.68Total =11.71

R-value: 13.71 using 2" extruded polystyrene insulation (see note below)

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Calculation:

Outside Air =0.17Brick =0.44Air Gap =0.972 inch Polystyrene =10.008 inch CMU 105 pcf, grouted at 32" o.c. =1.45Interior Air =0.68Total =13.71

R-Value Calculations and Wall SectionsThermal Mass Advantages of Masonry Walls

Note: The type of rigid insulation you install affects the wall’s insulating capacity (the R-value).Polyisocyanurate insulation gives you 8.0 R per inch (12.0 R for 1.5" or R16 for 2"). Expanded polystyreneinsulation is worth 4.0 R per inch (6.0 R for 1.5" or 8 R for 2"). Extruded polystyrene yields 5.0 R per inch (7.5R for 1.5" or 10 R for 2"). Use either thicker insulation or more expensive polyisocyanurate to achieve a higherenergy rating.

Green/LEED Rating

Energy efficiency, thermal comfort and energy analysis – up to 10 ptsInnovation and design – 1 ptRecycled content– 2 ptsRegional material (where applicable) 2 ptsConcrete Masonry and the LEED ProgramSustainable Concrete Masonry - Assuring a Healthy Future One Block at a TimeSustainablility / Green Building Design

Design Tips

Place rigid-board insulation in the drainage cavity to maximize interior usable space, and take advantageof the huge thermal mass provided by the masonry backup system.Our sample design uses 2” insulation in the cavity, but many designers choose to use 1” insulation. Thereason? If you use 1.5” insulation, coupled with a 1” air gap (required by Code), the entire wall can fit ona standard 14” wide foundation if you cantilever the brick a modest 1/8” over the edge of the foundation.You can improve the R-value of this wall by substituting 3” foil-faced polyisocyanurate for 2” expandedpolystyrene insulation in the cavity. This raises the R-Value of the wall from 11.7 to 21.5. It is importantto note that this rigid insulation is continuous. It is penetrated only by thin 9-gauge wire ties to anchor theveneer.Brick veneer expands as it ages, whereas concrete block shrinks. Don’t forget to detail expansion jointsinthe brick veneer and control joints in the concrete block backup.Shelf angles may not be required for veneer support at every floor line. Cut down on the number of shelfangles to save money and simplify your construction. If your veneer is shorter than 30 feet above the topof the foundation wall, you may not need relieving angles at all.

Construction Tips

Back bevel mortar joints to prevent excess mortar from falling into the drainage cavity. The cavity needsto be open enough to permit water to drain down onto flashing below (ASHRAE 90.1).

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Simplify construction by requesting to use the same mortar type on the veneer as the backup. Type N isusually fine for both, except in high seismic zones where Type S is required.

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2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Steel Stud

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Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Steel StudResources

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This versatile wall system features a long-lasting, low-maintenance brick façade with a steel structure.

Recommended Building Types

Office and industrial buildings, hotels, shopping centers and restaurantsUse where budgets are more important than longevityChoosing the Right Masonry System for your Budget

Benefits

Looks like a solid masonry building but a steel stud backup system usually costs less

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Steel Stud

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Lighter weight than brick on CMU cavity wallMany of the benefits of a masonry façade: durability, low maintenance, high fire rating, and numerousdesign choicesDrainage cavity keeps building interiors dry

Special Considerations

Steel studs flex more than masonry veneer – this can lead to cracks developing in the masonry unless thestuds are designed to strict deflection tolerancesVolatility of steel prices makes it difficult to predict final project costsMultiple trades involved, which makes jobsite coordination more difficultTolerances for steel erection are looser than those for masonry – which can lead to conflicts during veneerconstructionSteel studs can corrode if water penetrates past the drainage cavity or due to condensationInterior surfaces (drywall) prone to vandalism and damage in heavy traffic areasThere is a potential for mold growth on sheathing unless mold-resistant sheathing is used

Definition and Assumptions

Backup: 16 gauge x 6" deep Steel studs @ 16" on center

insulation: Fiber batt between studs

Sheathing: 5/8" exterior grade gypsum board, screwed into studs

Weather resistive barrier: 15 lb. building paper

Veneer: Cored modular clay brick 2-1/3" x 4" x 8" (nom.)

Cavity: 2 inch air space

flashing: Base flashing and weeps

veneer ties: Adjustable 2-piece ties screwed into studs. Spacing: 16" vertical x 16" horizontal

Shelf angle: To support brick at the floor line if building is taller than 30 feet

mortar: Type N, Portland cement/lime, plain gray

Joints: concave tooled

Regional Variations

When masonry veneer is used in areas of high seismic risk, veneer ties are required to attach to wirereinforcement embedded in mortar bed joints in the veneer. Check your local requirements – and savemoney by using normal veneer ties in areas of low seismic risk.

Fire Rating (hours)

2 hours: (includes 3 layers of gypsum board as part of wall system)

Fire Resistance of Brick MasonryFire Endurance Ratings of Clay Brick Masonry

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Steel Stud

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Sound Transmission Class (dB)

STC 56

Architectural Graphic Standards

Wall Weight (lb/sq. ft.)

47 lb/sq. ft.

Energy Rating

R-value: 22.2

Calculation:

Outside Air =0.17Brick =0.44Air Gap =0.97Gyp board =0.45Gyp board =0.456 inch batt insulation =19.00Interior Air =0.68Total =22.16

R-Value Calculations and Wall SectionsThermal Mass Advantages of Masonry Walls

Green/LEED Rating

Energy efficiency, thermal comfort and energy analysis – up to 10 ptsInnovation and design – 1 ptRecycled content – 2 ptsRegional material (where applicable) 2 ptsRenewable energy and thermal mass – up to 10 ptsSustainablility / Green Building Design

Design Tips

Use insulation that is installed in the cavity whenever possible: it is nearly continuous and is much moreeffective than insulation installed between the studs. Studs provide a direct thermal path through the walland reduce insulating efficiency. Studs are denser than the insulation and the cold travels through thestuds and ignores the insulation. This phenomenon can reduce the insulating capacity of a wood stud wallby 40% and by 60% when Steel studs are used.New requirements in energy codes may require that you use rigid insulation in the veneer drainage cavitywhen the structural backup is built of wood stud or steel stud. If your construction project is subject to theInternational Energy Conservation Code (IECC) or the requirements of ASHRAE-2004 or ASHRAE-2007, you might be required to also install a continuous layer of insulation to this wall. IECCrequirements vary by climate, so make sure you understand local conditions and what energy code isrelevant in your area.Use galvanized hardware (including screws) for masonry veneer ties to minimize corrosion potential.

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Steel Stud

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Design the steel stud backup to a deflection limit of L/720 to minimize veneer cracking.Tighten up the tolerances for steel construction to match those for the masonry veneer. Some of thedifference can be taken up in the drainage cavity but there can also be significant conflicts between thesteel erection and masonry trades.shelf angles may not be required for veneer support at every floor line. Cut down on the number of shelfangles to save money and simplify your construction. If your veneer is shorter than 30 feet above the topof the foundation wall, you may not need relieving angles at all.Attach windows and doors to the structural Steel studs, not the masonry veneer.Make sure you have at least ¾" overlap of the door and window jambs onto the brick veneer. Installbacker rod and sealant around all openings and where different materials meet.You must use sheathing to face the steel stud wall at the drainage cavity.Use building paper to cover the sheathing, or use a water resistant sheathing with taped joints.Design Guide for Anchored Brick Veneer Over Steel Studs

Construction Tips

Meet with the general contractor early in the project to make sure the steel erector understands masonryconstruction tolerances.Anchor veneer ties into the steel stud using galvanized screws. Anchorage into sheathing alone is notpermitted.Use two-piece adjustable ties that can slip vertically but are rigid horizontally.

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2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Wood Stud

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Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Wood StudResources

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Often used in residential design, this classic wall system pairs a beautiful, long lasting brick exterior with awood structure.

Recommended Building Types

Single-family and multi-family residential, shopping centers and restaurants, low-rise constructionUse where budgets are more important than longevityChoosing the Right Masonry System for your Budget

Benefits

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Wood Stud

https://www.masoncontractors.org/systems/cavity-wall-brick-veneer-wood-stud/ 2/4

Looks like a solid masonry building but a wood stud backup system costs lessMany of the benefits of a masonry façade: durability, low maintenance, high fire rating, and numerousdesign choicesDrainage cavity keeps building interiors dry

Special Considerations

wood stud construction flexes more than the masonry veneer – this can lead to cracks developing in themasonry unless the studs are designed to strict deflection tolerancesVolatility of wood prices makes it difficult to predict final project costsMultiple trades are involved, which makes jobsite coordination more difficultCarpentry tolerances are looser than those for masonry – which can lead to conflicts during veneerconstructionWood rots if water penetrates past the drainage cavity. If the wood studs rot, the structure is compromisedInterior surfaces (drywall) are prone to vandalism and damage in heavy traffic areasThere is a potential for mold growth on sheathing unless mold-resistant sheathing is used

Definition and Assumptions

Backup: 2" x 4" studs @ 16" on center. Fiber batt insulation between studs.

Sheathing: 5/8” oriented strand board, nailed into studs.Weather resistive barrier over sheathing.

Veneer: Cored modular clay brick 4" x 2-1/3" x 8" (nom.)

Cavity: 1 inch air space

flashing: Base flashing and weeps.

Veneer ties: Adjustable galvanized ties anchored to studs. Spacing: 16" vertical x 16" horizontal

mortar: Type N, Portland cement/lime, plain gray

Joints: Concave tooled

Regional Variations

When masonry veneer is used in areas of high seismic risk, veneer ties are required to attach to wirereinforcement embedded in mortar bed joints in the veneer. Check your local requirements – and savemoney by using normal veneer ties in areas of low seismic risk.

Fire Rating (hours)

2 hours (with 2 layers Type X gypsum board)

Fire Resistance of Brick MasonryFire Rated Assemblies (BXUV)Fire Endurance Ratings of Clay Brick Masonry

Sound Transmission Class (dB)

STC 56

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Wood Stud

https://www.masoncontractors.org/systems/cavity-wall-brick-veneer-wood-stud/ 3/4

Architectural Graphic Standards

Wall Weight (lb/sq. ft.)

47 lb/sq. ft.

Energy Rating

R-value: 16.2 with 6” fiber batt insulation

Calculation:

Outside Air =0.17Brick =0.44Air Gap =0.97Gyp board =0.45Gyp board =0.456 inch batt insulation =13.00Interior Air =0.68Total =16.16

R-Value Calculations and Wall SectionsThermal Mass Advantages of Masonry Walls

Green/LEED Rating

Energy efficiency, thermal comfort and energy analysis – up to 10 ptsInnovation and design – 1 ptRecycled content – 2 ptsRegional material (where applicable) 2 ptsRenewable energy and thermal mass – up to 10 ptsSustainablility / Green Building Design

Design Tips

Use insulation that is installed in the cavity whenever possible: it is nearly continuous and is much moreeffective than insulation installed between the studs. Studs provide a direct thermal path through the walland reduce insulating efficiency. Studs are denser than the insulation and the cold travels through thestuds and ignores the insulation. This phenomenon can reduce the insulating capacity of a wood stud wallby 40% and by 60% when Steel studs are used.New requirements in energy codes may require that you use rigid insulation in the veneer drainage cavitywhen the structural backup is built of wood stud or steel stud. If your construction project is subject to theInternational Energy Conservation Code (IECC) or the requirements of ASHRAE-2004 or ASHRAE-2007, you might be required to also install a continuous layer of insulation to this wall. IECCrequirements vary by climate, so make sure you understand local conditions and what energy code isrelevant in your area.Use galvanized hardware (including screws) for masonry veneer ties to minimize corrosion potential.Design the wood stud backup to a deflection limit of L/720 to minimize veneer cracking.Tighten up the tolerances for wood construction to match those for the masonry veneer. Some of thedifference can be taken up in the drainage cavity but there can also be significant conflicts between thewood erection and masonry trades.

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Brick Veneer/Wood Stud

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Attach windows and doors to the wood studs, not the masonry veneer.Make sure you have at least ¾" overlap of the door and window jambs onto the brick veneer. Installbacker rod and sealant around all openings.You must use sheathing to face the stud wall at the drainage cavity.Use building paper to cover the sheathing,or use a water resistant sheathing with taped joints.Be careful supporting brick on wood stud construction. Currently the Building Code limits theseapplications to situations where no more than 12 vertical feet of masonry are being supported.Carefully detail movement joints in the brick veneer – you will need extra joints to separate bricksupported by wood construction from brick supported off the foundation.Provide extra clearance between brick sills and windows for 2 and 3 story construction. Wood shrinkagecombined with brick expansion can lead to serious movement issues on multi-story buildings.

Construction Tips

Meet with the general contractor early in the project to make sure the carpenter understands masonryconstruction tolerances.Anchor veneer ties into the studs using screws or nails to meet Building Code requirements. Anchorageinto sheathing alone is not permitted.Construct wall openings oversized to accommodate a sealant joint around doors and windows. Provideextra clearance between brick sills and windows for 2 and 3 story construction. Wood shrinkagecombined with brick expansion can lead to serious movement issues on multi-story buildings.

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2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/Reinforced Cast in Place Concrete

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Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/ReinforcedCast in Place ConcreteResources

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The excellent insulating value and heat capacity of masonry and concrete make this system a good choice forschools and commercial buildings.

Recommended Building Types

Interior partitions, fire separation wallsSchools, commercial and institutional buildingsBuildings requiring high fire ratingNoisy environments

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/Reinforced Cast in Place Concrete

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Areas with frequent rainfallChoosing the Right Masonry System for your Budget

Benefits

Durable, long-lasting wall systemMinimal long-term maintenanceGreat design flexibility – use different colors, bond patterns, and surface textures to spice up your designPoured concrete backup acts as the structure, with vertical and horizontal reinforcement built into the wallCavity system inherently weatherproof – great for moist environmentsExcellent insulating value and heat capacityInherently fire proof with fire rating of 4 hoursGreat for noisy environments – naturally dampens sound

Special Considerations

Lower life cycle costs offset high initial investmentThis substantial wall system may require larger foundationsTwo trades required for construction – masonry contractor for the façade, and a concrete contractor forthe backup – which can complicate jobsite coordinationConstruction times are longer than for an equivalent masonry (brick/block) wallCast-in-place concrete is not a desirable interior finish. Will need to provide final finished surfaces afterwall is built

Definition and Assumptions

Backup: Reinforced 8" thick concrete wall. #5 reinforcement at 12 inches o.c. each direction, 2 mats of steel

9-gauge triangular ties in dovetail slots embedded in concrete. Install the dovetail slots vertically @ 24" o.c.Install ties in the slots @ 16" o.c.

Veneer: Cored modular brick 4" x 2-13" x 8" (nom.).

Insulation: 2 inch extruded polystyrene rigid insulation in 3 inch drainage cavity.

flashing: Base flashing and weeps.

Mortar: Type N, Portland cement/lime, plain gray.

Joints: Concave tooled.

Regional Variations

When masonry veneer is used in areas of high seismic risk, veneer ties are required to attach to wirereinforcement embedded in mortar bed joints in the veneer. Check your local requirements – and savemoney by using normal veneer ties in areas of low seismic risk.Many areas of the western U.S. have good local sources for lightweight aggregate, and the use oflightweight concrete block (CMU) is the norm. In other parts of the country, medium weight and normalweight block are more common.

Fire Rating (hours)

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/Reinforced Cast in Place Concrete

https://www.masoncontractors.org/systems/cavity-wall-concrete-block-veneer-reinforced-cast-in-place-concrete/ 3/4

4 hours

Fire Resistance Ratings of Concrete Masonry Assemblies

Sound Transmission Class (dB)

STC 62.7

Fire, Energy & Sound Calculator

STC=(weight of wall)0.223x21.5

Wall Weight (lb/sq. ft.)

122 lb/sq. ft.

ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) 7-05

Energy Rating

R-value: 11.89 with 2” expanded polystyrene rigid insulation (See note)

Calculation:

Outside Air =0.174 inch block =1.19Air Gap =0.97Insulation =8.00Gyp board =0.458 inch concrete =0.88Interior Air =0.68Total =11.89

R-value: 13.89 with 2” extruded polystyrene rigid insulation (See note)

Calculation:

Outside Air =0.174 inch block =1.19Air Gap =0.97Insulation =10.008 inch concrete =0.88Interior Air =0.68Total =13.89

R-Value Calculations and Wall SectionsThermal Mass Advantages of Masonry Walls

Note: The type of rigid insulation you install affects the wall’s insulating capacity (the R-value).Polyisocyanurate insulation gives you 8.0 R per inch (12.0 R for 1.5" or R16 for 2"). Expanded polystyrene

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/Reinforced Cast in Place Concrete

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insulation is worth 4.0 R per inch (6.0 R for 1.5" or 8 R for 2"). Extruded polystyrene yields 5.0 R per inch (7.5R for 1.5" or 10 R for 2"). Use either thicker insulation or more expensive polyisocyanurate to achieve a higherenergy rating.

Green/LEED Rating

Energy efficiency, thermal comfort and energy analysis – up to 10 ptsInnovation and design – 1 ptRecycled content – 2 ptsRegional material (where applicable) 2 ptsRenewable energy and thermal mass – up to 10 ptsConcrete Masonry and the LEED ProgramSustainable Concrete Masonry - Assuring a Healthy Future One Block at a Time

Design Tips

Place rigid-board insulation in the drainage cavity to maximize interior usable space, and take advantageof the huge thermal mass provided by the concrete backup system.Concrete block (CMU) veneer shrinks as it ages. Don’t forget to detail expansion joints in the CMUveneer and concrete backup.Install horizontal reinforcing in the concrete block veneer @ 16 inches o.c. to control cracking.Shelf angles may not be required for veneer support at every floor line. Cut down on the number of shelfangles to save money and simplify your construction. If your veneer is shorter than 30 feet above the topof the foundation wall, you may not need relieving angles at all.

Construction Tips

Back bevel mortar joints to prevent excess mortar from falling into the drainage cavity.Dovetail slots are expensive for the concrete contractor to install and are often left out. You may need toface-mount dovetail slots using anchors installed into the concrete.

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2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/ReinforcedConcrete BlockResources

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This versatile and durable wall is the most economical masonry cavity system.

Recommended Building Types

Schools, commercial, industrial and institutional buildingsBuildings requiring a high fire ratingNoisy environmentsAreas with frequent rainfallChoosing the Right Masonry System for your Budget

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Benefits

Most economical of all the masonry cavity wall systemsTough, beautiful concrete block exterior over a structural concrete block backup systemDurable and long-lastingMinimal long-term maintenanceGood design flexibility, with many different colors, textures and bond patterns availableConcrete block backup acts as the structure, with vertical and horizontal reinforcement grouted into placeCavity system inherently weatherproof – great for moist environmentsExcellent insulating value and heat capacityFire proof with fire ratings up to 4 hours.Great for noisy environments – naturally absorbs soundOne trade erects both the structural and skin layers of the wall

Special Considerations

Lower life cycle cost offsets somewhat higher initial investmentThis substantial wall system may require larger foundation

Definition and Assumptions

Backup: Lightweight plain gray concrete block (CMU), 8" x 8" x 16" (nom.)

Reinforcement: #6 vertical reinforcement at 32" on center. 9-gaugejoint reinforcement at 16" o.c. (every othercourse)

Veneer: Lightweight plain face gray concrete block veneer (CMU), 8" x 4" x 16" (nom.)

Cavity: 3" air space

Insulation: 2" rigid expanded polystyrene in drainage cavity

Reinforcement: 9-gaugejoint reinforcement at 16" o.c. (every other course)

flashing: base flashing and weeps

Veneer ties: double side rod tri-rodjoint reinforcement @ 16" o.c.

mortar: Type N, Portland cement/lime, plain gray

Joints: concave tooled

Regional Variations

When masonry veneer is used in areas of high seismic risk, veneer ties are required to attach to wirereinforcement embedded in mortar bed joints in the veneer. Check your local requirements – and savemoney by using normal veneer ties in areas of low seismic risk.Many areas of the western U.S. have good local sources for lightweight aggregate, and the use oflightweight concrete block (CMU) is the norm. In other parts of the country, medium weight and normalweight block are more common.Structural masonry walls in areas of high seismic risk are required to have additional horizontal bondbeams to resist seismic loads. Check with your structural engineer to determine what is required in your

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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region.The use of reinforced bond beams can replace the necessity for joint reinforcement in concrete masonrywalls. Understand that some form of horizontal reinforcement is required in all concrete masonryconstruction, including veneer applications.

Fire Rating (hours)

Ungrouted Assembly: 4 hrs

Fully grouted Assembly: 4 hrs

Fire Resistance Ratings of Concrete Masonry Assemblies

Sound Transmission Class (dB)

Ungrouted: 52.0

Grouted 32": 54.4

Fully grouted: 59.6

Fire, Energy & Sound Calculator

STC=(weight of wall)0.223x21.5

Wall Weight (lb/sq. ft.)

Ungrouted: 53 lb/sq. ft

Grouted 32": 64 lb/sq. ft

Fully grouted: 97 lb/sq. ft

Energy Rating

R-value: 12.46 using 2" expanded polystyrene insulation (see note below)

Calculation:

Outside Air =0.174 inch CMU =1.19Air Gap =0.972 inch Polystyrene =8.008 inch CMU 105 pcf, grouted at 32" o.c. =1.45Interior Air =0.68Total =12.46

R-value: 14.46 using 2" extruded polystyrene insulation (see note below)

Calculation:

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Outside Air =0.174 inch CMU =1.19Air Gap =0.972 inch Polystyrene =10.008 inch CMU 105 pcf, grouted at 32" o.c. =1.45Interior Air =0.68Total =14.46

R-Value Calculations and Wall SectionsThermal Mass Advantages of Masonry Walls

Note: The type of rigid insulation you install affects the wall’s insulating capacity (the R-value).Polyisocyanurate insulation gives you 8.0 R per inch (12.0 R for 1.5" or R16 for 2"). Expanded polystyreneinsulation is worth 4.0 R per inch (6.0 R for 1.5" or 8 R for 2"). Extruded polystyrene yields 5.0 R per inch (7.5R for 1.5" or 10 R for 2"). Use either thicker insulation or more expensive polyisocyanurate to achieve a higherenergy rating.

Green/LEED Rating

Energy efficiency, thermal comfort and energy analysis – up to 10 ptsInnovation and design – 1 ptRecycled content – 2 ptsRegional material (where applicable) 2 ptsRenewable energy and thermal mass – up to 10 pts.Concrete Masonry and the LEED ProgramSustainable Concrete Masonry - Assuring a Healthy Future One Block at a Time

Design Tips

Place rigid-board insulation in the drainage cavity to maximize interior usable space, and take advantageof the huge thermal mass provided by the masonry backup system.Consider including water repellent coating on the concrete block (CMU) veneer. The structural 8" CMUwall does not need water repellent because it is not exposed to weather.Concrete block shrinks over time. Don’t forget to detail control joints in the concrete block backup andthe veneer to minimize the potential for shrinkage cracks.Concrete masonry is more porous than brick – make sure the drainage cavity is detailed properly to keepwater out of the building.Untreated concrete masonry is too porous to use as a sill or coping. Use specially manufactured wall capunits, cast stone, or metal sills and copings.shelf angles may not be required for veneer support at every floor line. Cut down on the number of shelfangles to save money and simplify your construction. If your veneer is shorter than 30 feet above the topof the foundation wall, you may not need relieving angles at all.

Construction Tips

Remember to always use joint reinforcement in concrete masonry to help control shrinkage cracks – evenin concrete masonry veneer.Back bevel mortar joints to help keep excess mortar from falling down and clogging the drainage cavity.Simplify construction by requesting to use the same mortar type on the veneer as the backup. Type N isusually fine for both, except in high seismic zones where Type S is required.

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/Steel Stud

https://www.masoncontractors.org/systems/cavity-wall-concrete-block-veneer-steel-stud/ 1/4

Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/Steel StudResources

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This versatile wall system features a durable, low-maintenance masonry façade with a steel structure.

Recommended Building Types

Multi-family residential, hotels and office buildings, shopping centers and restaurantsUse where budgets are more important than longevityChoosing the Right Masonry System for your Budget

Benefits

Looks like a solid masonry building but a steel stud backup system usually costs less

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/Steel Stud

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Many of the benefits of a masonry façade: durability, low maintenance, high fire rating, and numerousdesign choicesDrainage cavity keeps building interiors dry

Special Considerations

Steel studs flex more than the masonry veneer – this can lead to cracks developing in the masonry unlessthe studs are designed to strict deflection tolerancesConcrete block veneer shrinks as it ages. It needs control joints at 24'-0" o.c. maxVolatility of steel prices makes it difficult to predict final project costsMultiple trades involved, which makes jobsite coordination more difficultTolerances for steel erection are looser than those for masonry – which can lead to conflicts during veneerconstructionSteel studs can corrode if water penetrates past the drainage cavity or due to condensationInterior surfaces (drywall) are prone to vandalism and damage in heavy traffic areasThere is a potential for mold growth on sheathing unless mold-resistant sheathing is used

Definition and Assumptions

Backup: 16 gauge x 6" deep Steel studs @ 16" on center. Fiber batt insulation between studs.

Sheathing: 5/8" exterior grade gypsum board, screwed into studs. Weather resistive barrier over sheathing.

Veneer: 4" concrete block (CMU) veneer, plain gray smooth face

Cavity: 2 inch air space

flashing: Base flashing and weeps

veneer ties: Adjustable veneer ties screwed into studs

Spacing: 16" vertical x 16" horizontal

Veneer reinforcement: 9-gauge ladderjoint reinforcement at 16" o.c.

Shelf angle: At floor lines, for veneer heights greater than 30 feet

mortar: Type N, Portland cement/lime, plain gray

Joints: Concave tooled

Regional Variations

When masonry veneer is used in areas of high seismic risk, veneer ties are required to attach to wirereinforcement embedded in mortar bed joints in the veneer. Check your local requirements – and savemoney by using normal veneer ties in areas of low seismic risk.Many areas of the western U.S. have good local sources for lightweight aggregate, and the use oflightweight concrete block (CMU) is the norm. In other parts of the country, medium weight and normalweight block are more common.Understand that some form of horizontal reinforcement is required in all concrete masonry construction,including veneer applications.

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/Steel Stud

https://www.masoncontractors.org/systems/cavity-wall-concrete-block-veneer-steel-stud/ 3/4

Fire Rating (hours)

1 hour

Fire Resistance Ratings of Concrete Masonry Assemblies

Sound Transmission Class (dB)

STC 56

Architectural Graphic Standards

Wall Weight (lb/sq. ft.)

30 lb/sq. ft.

Energy Rating

R-value: 22.9 with 6” fiber batt insulation

Calculation:

Outside Air =0.174 inch CMU =1.19Air Gap =0.97Gyp board =0.45Gyp board =0.456 inch batt insulation =19.00Interior Air =0.68Total =22.91

R-Value Calculations and Wall SectionsThermal Mass Advantages of Masonry Wall

Green/LEED Rating

Energy efficiency, thermal comfort and energy analysis – up to 10 ptsInnovation and design – 1 ptRecycled content – 2 ptsRegional material (where applicable) 2 ptsRenewable energy and thermal mass – up to 10 ptsConcrete Masonry and the LEED ProgramSustainable Concrete Masonry - Assuring a Healthy Future One Block at a Time

Design Tips

Use insulation that is installed in the cavity whenever possible: it is nearly continuous and is much moreeffective than insulation installed between the studs. Studs provide a direct thermal path through the walland reduce insulating efficiency. Studs are denser than the insulation and the cold travels through the

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Concrete Block Veneer/Steel Stud

https://www.masoncontractors.org/systems/cavity-wall-concrete-block-veneer-steel-stud/ 4/4

studs and ignores the insulation. This phenomenon can reduce the insulating capacity of a wood stud wallby 40% and by 60% when Steel studs are used.New requirements in energy codes may require that you use rigid insulation in the veneer drainage cavitywhen the structural backup is built of wood stud or steel stud. If your construction project is subject to theInternational Energy Conservation Code (IECC) or the requirements of ASHRAE-2004 or ASHRAE-2007, you might be required to also install a continuous layer of insulation to this wall. IECCrequirements vary by climate, so make sure you understand local conditions and what energy code isrelevant in your area.Use galvanized hardware(including screws) for masonry veneer ties to minimize corrosion potential.Design the steel stud backup to a deflection limit of L/720 to minimize veneer cracking.Tighten up the tolerances for steel construction to match those for the masonry veneer. Some of thedifference can be taken up in the drainage cavity but there can also be significant conflicts between thesteel erection and masonry trades.Design relieving angles at each floor line for multi-story buildings to permit the brick veneer to expandindependently of the backup.shelf angles may not be required for veneer support at every floor line. Cut down on the number of shelfangles to save money and simplify your construction. If your veneer is shorter than 30 feet above the topof the foundation wall, you may not need relieving angles at all.Attach windows and doors to the structural Steel studs, not the masonry veneer.Make sure you have at least ¾" overlap of the door and window jambs onto the brick veneer. Installbacker rod and sealant around all openings.You must use sheathing to face the steel stud wall at the drainage cavity.Use building paper to cover the sheathing, or use a water resistant sheathing with taped joints.

Construction Tips

Meet with the general contractor early in the project to make sure the steel erector understands masonryconstruction tolerancesAnchor veneer ties into the steel stud using galvanized screws. Anchorage into sheathing alone is notpermitted

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2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Stone Slab Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Cavity Wall: Stone Slab Veneer/ReinforcedConcrete BlockResources

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Beautiful stone panels over a concrete block backup system create a sophisticated and long-lasting exterior forimportant buildings.

Recommended Building Types

Institutional Buildings, including museums, places of worship, universities and schools; healthcarefacilities; hotels, restaurants and shopping centers; sports stadiums, theatres and casinos; and high-endsingle family and multi-family residentialBuildings requiring a high fire ratingNoisy environments

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Stone Slab Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Choosing the Right Masonry System for your Budget

Benefits

Sophisticated, solid stone exterior over a structural concrete block backup system – works especially wellin urban settingsNearly unlimited design potential, with many different stone types, finishes, and surface texturesavailableMost types of stone have exceptional durability and are long-lastingLow maintenanceconcrete block backup acts as the structure, with vertical and horizontal reinforcement grouted into placeContinuous concrete masonry backup permits anchor attachment anywhere within the field of the wall.Stud backup systems require added structural framing, placed precisely at stone anchorage pointsExcellent heat capacityInherently fire proof with fire ratings up to 4 hoursGreat for noisy environments – naturally dampens soundOne trade erects both the structural and skin layers of the wall

Special Considerations

Lower life cycle costs offset higher initial investmentDon’t expect a perfectly uniform appearance – stone is a natural product and there will be variations incolor, veining, and surface texturestone can be heavier than brick or concrete block veneers – structural support and foundations may needto be larger

Definition and Assumptions

Backup: Lightweight plain gray concrete block (CMU), 8” x 8” x 16”

Reinforcement: #6 vertical reinforcement at 32” on center 9-gaugejoint reinforcement at 16” o.c. (every othercourse)

Veneer: 2” thick limestone panels, honed finish. Face size: 24” wide, stack bond. Alternate 24” tall and 8” tallunits

Cavity: 3 inch air space and 2” extruded polystyrene rigid insulation

flashing: Base flashing and weeps

Veneer ties: Type 304 stainless steel double-split tail anchors

Joint finish: Backer rod and sealant at all joints

Regional Variations

When masonry veneer is used in areas of high seismic risk, veneer ties are required to attach to wirereinforcement embedded in mortar bed joints in the veneer. Check your local requirements – and savemoney by using normal veneer ties in areas of low seismic risk.Many areas of the western U.S. have good local sources for lightweight aggregate, and the use oflightweight concrete block (CMU) is the norm. In other parts of the country, medium weight and normalweight block are more common.

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Stone Slab Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

https://www.masoncontractors.org/systems/cavity-wall-stone-slab-veneer-reinforced-concrete-block/ 3/5

Structural masonry walls in areas of high seismic risk are required to have additional horizontal bondbeams to resist seismic loads. Check with your structural engineer to determine what is required in yourregion.The use of reinforced bond beams can replace the necessity forjoint reinforcement in concrete masonrywalls. Understand that some form of horizontal reinforcement is required in all concrete masonryconstruction, including veneer applications.

Fire Rating (hours)

Ungrouted Assembly: 3 hrs

Fully grouted Assembly: 4 hrs

Fire Resistance Ratings of Concrete Masonry Assemblies

Sound Transmission class (dB)

Ungrouted: 53

Grouted 32”: 55

Fully grouted: 60

Fire, Energy & Sound Calculator

STC=(weight of wall)0.223x21.5

Wall Weight (lb/sq. ft.)

Ungrouted: 56 lb./sq. ft

Grouted 32”: 67 lb./sq. ft

Fully grouted: 100 lb/sq. ft

ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) 7-05

Energy Rating

R-value: 11.57 with 2” expanded polystyrene rigid insulation (See note)

Calculation:

Outside Air =0.172 inch limestone =0.30Air Gap =0.972 inch Polystyrene =8.008 inch CMU 105 pcf, grouted at 32”o.c. =1.45

Interior Air =0.68Total =11.57

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Stone Slab Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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R-value: 13.57 with 2” extruded polystyrene rigid insulation (See note)

Calculation:

Outside Air =0.172 inch limestone =0.30Air Gap =0.972 inch Polystyrene =10.008 inch CMU 105 pcf, grouted at 32”o.c. =1.45

Interior Air =0.68Total =13.57

R-Value Calculations and Wall SectionsThermal Mass Advantages of Masonry Walls

Note: The type of rigid insulation you install affects the wall’s insulating capacity (the R-value).Polyisocyanurate insulation gives you 8.0 R per inch (12.0 R for 1.5" or R16 for 2"). Expanded polystyreneinsulation is worth 4.0 R per inch (6.0 R for 1.5" or 8 R for 2"). Extruded polystyrene yields 5.0 R per inch (7.5R for 1.5" or 10 R for 2"). Use either thicker insulation or more expensive polyisocyanurate to achieve a higherenergy rating.

Green/LEED Rating

Energy efficiency, thermal comfort and energy analysis – up to 10 ptsInnovation and design – 1 ptRecycled content – 2 ptsRegional material (where applicable) 2 ptsRenewable energy and thermal mass – up to 10 ptsConcrete Masonry and the LEED ProgramSustainable Concrete Masonry - Assuring a Healthy Future One Block at a Time

Design Tips

Stone anchorage requirements are not prescribed by Building Codes. Anchor hardware needs to beengineered, and depends on the size of the panel as well as the stone type.Stone anchorage design is very conservative. In some cases you can reduce the number of anchorsrequired by conducting anchor strength tests on stone samples identical to those being installed.Be very careful using epoxy connections where they will be subjected to sustained tension loads – manyepoxies will creep and fail over time.Use bent anchors in field-cut kerfs or continuous slots where possible. Pin anchorage can require tightconstruction tolerances.Be careful using thin stone panels, which are prone to breakage and will require more anchors than athicker panel. Some stones (such as marble) will warp over time if the panels are thin.Mortar is acceptable for small-size stone panels. Use a more flexible Type N mortar to minimize thepotential for joint cracking.Use backer rod and flexible sealant in all joints whenever the panel size exceeds 2 feet.Sealants can bleed into surrounding stone – check with the stone supplier and sealant manufacturer forrecommended sealant types and advice on preparing joint surfaces to receive sealant.Use stainless steel hardware for attaching stone panels to the backup structure to minimize corrosion andstone staining.

2/7/2020 Cavity Wall: Stone Slab Veneer/Reinforced Concrete Block

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Isolate dissimilar metals (such as stainless steel and bare steel) with plastic washers or other similarmaterials to prevent galvanic corrosion.

Construction Tips

Fill anchor slots in stone slabs with flexible caulk after placement to prevent water fro collecting andcracking the stone.Don’t fill anchor slots with gypsum cement (plaster of Paris), which can expand and crack the anchor slot.Hidden lintels installed in kerfs cut into the back of the stone lead to stress concentrations and crackstelegraphing through to the wall face.

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2/7/2020 Single Wythe: Reinforced Brick

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Single Wythe: Reinforced BrickResources

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This efficient and economical masonry system allows a single layer of brick to perform as both the structure andthe exposed surface of the wall.

Recommended Building Types

Exterior and interior walls – to provide a finished architectural surface on both facesWarehouses, shopping centers & restaurants, high-rise structures, hotels, schools, fire & police stations,and blast resistant buildingsGreat in drier environments where precipitation is not a major issue.Use when the design calls for brick, but budget is tight.Choosing the Right Masonry System for your BudgetMasonry Construction Magazine: Load Bearing Masonry Rises High in Cleveland

2/7/2020 Single Wythe: Reinforced Brick

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Benefits

Single wall layer provides the structure, exterior surface finish, and the interior surface finishCan be designed as panels, curtain walls, load bearing walls, shear walls, bomb blast walls, fire ratedshelter walls and many othersDo not require back up, shelf angles, or perimeter beams, unlike brick veneerMost economical brick wall typeDurable, long-lastingExcellent choice for interior partitions where noise abatement, fire separation and durability areimportant: offices, schools, hotelsClay brick expands during the first 1 to 2 years after manufacture. When reinforced horizontally andvertically, this expansion places the steel in tension. This "post-tensioning" action creates compression,helping to keep head and bed joints closed and making the wall more water resistantStory Pole Magazine: Reinforced Structural Clay Brick - A Strong, Versatile Solution

Special Considerations

No drainage cavity – can be difficult to make weather-tight. However, the expansion of brick helps themortar joint to be water resistantDo not use batt insulation behind a single-wythe wall. Water may leak through the wall, and wet battshave little or no insulating value. Use rigid insulation board that can tolerate occasional moistureWhere high levels of moisture resistance are required, consider creating a drainage cavity, using thestructural brick as the primary barrier. Place closed-cell rigid insulation against the inside wall face andtape all the insulation joints. Use through-wall flashing at the base of the wall and turn the flashing uponto the inside face of the insulation board. The taped joints along with painted drywall create an airbarrier out of the wall. Since the structural brick takes the entire lateral load, the steel stud can be lightgauge, low grade steel. This type of wall is price competitive with brick veneer over steel stud framing,especially in high wind and earthquake areas.

Definition and Assumptions

Units: Hollow clay brick units, 8" x 4" x 16"

Reinforcement: #6 vertical reinforcement at 32" on center.

Bond beam at top of wall, and below roof joists

flashing: Base flashing and weeps

mortar: Type N, Portland cement/lime, plain gray

Joints: Concave tooled

Notes on the Selection, Design and Construction of Reinforced Hollow Clay MasonryNotes on theSelection, Design and Construction of Reinforced Hollow Clay Masonry

Regional Variations

Structural masonry walls in areas of high seismic risk are required to have additional horizontal bondbeams to resist seismic loads. Type “S” mortar is also required where the wall system is used to resistseismic loads. Check with your structural engineer to determine what is required in your region.

2/7/2020 Single Wythe: Reinforced Brick

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Fire Rating (hours)

Hollow: 2 hours

Hollow, but with cores filled vermiculite, perlite, or shale: 4 hours

Grouted at 32" on center: 2.5 hours

Solid grouted: 4 hours

Fire Resistance of Brick MasonryFire Endurance Ratings of Clay Brick Masonry

Sound Transmission Class (dB)

Grouted at 48" on center: 48.4

Grouted at 40" on center: 51.2

Grouted at 32" on center: 51.6

Grouted at 24" on center: 52.2

Grouted at 16" on center: 53.3

Fully grouted: 56.5

Sound Insulation - Clay Masonry Walls

STC=(weight of wall)0.223x21.5

Wall Weight (lb/sq. ft.)

Grouted at 48" on center: 38 lb/sq. ft

Grouted at 40" on center: 49 lb/sq. ft

Grouted at 32" on center: 51 lb/sq. ft

Grouted at 24" on center: 54 lb/sq. ft

Grouted at 16" on center: 59 lb/sq. ft

Fully grouted: 77 lb/sq. ft

ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) 7-05

Energy Rating

R-value: 2.8 (See note)

Calculation:

2/7/2020 Single Wythe: Reinforced Brick

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Outside Air =0.178" Clay Brick, hollow =1.92Interior Air =0.68Total =2.77

R-Value Calculations and Wall SectionsThermal Mass Advantages of Masonry Walls

Note: Install rigid insulation and gyp board on inside face of wall for greater R-value. Add 3" rigid insulationat the inside wall face to increase the R-valueto 15.8

Green/LEED Rating

Energy efficiency, thermal comfort and energy analysis – up to 10 ptsInnovation and design – 1 ptRecycled content – 2 ptsRegional material (where applicable) 2 ptsSustainablility / Green Building Design

Design Tips

Add a layer of rigid insulation at the interior wall face as a moisture barrier and to provide additional Rvalue. Use flashing and weep holes here requiredCareful attention to moisture management is necessary.

To make walls more weather resistant, consider the following:

Avoid designing raked joints, which tend to collect waterUse rigid insulation to provide additional R value and moisture barrier with flashing and weeps, whererequiredUse breathable water repellents (silane- or siloxane-based) to help masonry walls shed water, but don’texpect such products to provide a “waterproof” wallWater repellent coatings will help protect the mortar joints, a common source of moisture in single wythebrick wallsInclude good sills and good wall caps to minimize moisture infiltrationRemember to design flashing and weeps at the base of walls, over openings, bond beams, and otherfeatures that might tend to collect water within the wallBe sure to include regular expansion joints to minimize brick expansion cracksNew mortar diverter products, placed in bed joints above flashing, can help to keep mortar droppings offflashingDesign Guide for Structural Brick Veneer

Construction Tips

Do not clean walls with sandblasting methods, which tend to open the pore structure at the brick faceBecause brick expands over time, there is usually no need to installjoint reinforcement in clay masonrywallsexpansion joints are required only at larger intervals (up to 60 ft.) whenjoint reinforcement is installedBrick expansion joints have to be free and clear of all material (including mortar, reinforcement, fillerboard, and debris) through the wall thickness to provide a space into which the brick may expand

2/7/2020 Single Wythe: Reinforced Brick

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Use full face-shell bedding and mortar with water retention according to the brick initial rate ofabsorption (IRA). Use high water retention mortar for bricks with high IRA and low water retentionmortar with low IRA.

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2/7/2020 Single Wythe: Reinforced Concrete Block

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Single Wythe: Reinforced Concrete BlockResources

Open 3D Model (get SketchUp)Download drawing as .jpg or .dwgPrint this wall systemAsk a question

This efficient and economical masonry system allows a single layer of concrete block to serve as the structureand the exposed surface of the wall.

Recommended Building Types

Warehouses, industrial buildingsInterior partition wallsChoosing the Right Masonry System for your BudgetGuidelines for Single Wythe Walls

Benefits

2/7/2020 Single Wythe: Reinforced Concrete Block

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Single wall layer provides the structure, exterior surface finish, and (in some designs) interior surfacefinishMost economical wall typeDurable, inherently fire-proof with fire ratings up to 4 hoursExcellent choice for interior partitions where noise abatement, fire separation, and durability areimportant: offices, schools, hotels

Special Considerations

No drainage cavity – can be difficult to make weather-tight without coating the exterior wall face.Do not use batt insulation behind a single-wythe wall. Water may leak through the wall, and wet battshave little or no insulating value. Use rigid insulation board that can tolerate occasional moisture.Exercise caution when using this wall system in climates with above average precipitation.

Definition and Assumptions

Units: Lightweight plain gray concrete block (CMU), 8" x 8" x 16"(nom.)

Reinforcement: #6 vertical reinforcement at 32" on center 9-gaugejoint reinforcement at 16" o.c. (every othercourse)

flashing: Base flashing and weeps

mortar: Type N, Portland cement/lime, plain gray

Joints: Concave tooled

Regional Variations

Designers in the Pacific northwest have learned how to use single-wythe concrete masonry wallseffectively for shopping centers, restaurants, hotels, schools, fire and police stations. In these applications,an opaque elastomeric coating is used to form a weather barrier on the outside wall face. (See MasonryInstitute of Oregon: www.mioctio.org)Many areas of the western U.S. have good local sources for lightweight aggregate, and the use oflightweight concrete block (CMU) is the norm. In other parts of the country, medium weight and normalweight block are more common.Structural masonry walls in areas of high seismic risk are required to have additional horizontal bondbeams to resist seismic loads. Check with your structural engineer to determine what is required in yourregion.The use of reinforced bond beams can replace the necessity forjoint reinforcement in concrete masonrywalls. Understand that some form of horizontal reinforcement is required in all concrete masonryconstruction, including veneer applications.Type S mortar is required for areas of high seismic risk: check with your structural engineer to determinewhat is required for your region.

Fire Rating (hours)

Ungrouted CMU: 2 hrs

Grouted at 32" on center: 3 hrs

Fully grouted CMU: 4 hrs

2/7/2020 Single Wythe: Reinforced Concrete Block

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Fire Resistance Ratings of Concrete Masonry Assemblies

Sound Transmission Class (dB)

Ungrouted: 46.2

Grouted 32": 49.5

Fully grouted: 56.3

Fire, Energy & Sound Calculator

STC=(weight of wall)0.223x21.5

Wall Weight (lb/sq. ft.)

Ungrouted: 31 lb/sq. ft

Grouted 32": 42 lb/sq. ft

Fully grouted: 75 lb/sq. ft

Energy Rating

R-value: 2.3 (see note)

Calculation:

Outside Air =0.178 inch CMU 105 pcf, grouted at 32" o.c. =1.45Interior Air =0.68Total =2.3

R-Value Calculations and Wall SectionsThermal Mass Advantages of Masonry Walls

Note: Adding insulation to the ungrouted cells raises the R-value from 2.3 to 4.65. If you need a greater R-value, add furring and rigid insulation to the inside face of the wall.

Green/LEED Rating

Energy efficiency, thermal comfort and energy analysis – up to 10 ptsInnovation and design – 1 ptRecycled content – 2 ptsRegional material (where applicable) – 2 ptsRenewable energy and thermal mass – up to 10 ptsConcrete Masonry and the LEED ProgramSustainable Concrete Masonry - Assuring a Healthy Future One Block at a Time

Design Tips

2/7/2020 Single Wythe: Reinforced Concrete Block

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Add a layer of rigid insulation at the interior wall face as a moisture barrier and to provide additional Rvalue. Use flashing and weep holes where required.Careful attention to moisture management is necessary.

To make walls more weather resistant, consider the following:

Maximum resistance to rain penetration is achieved when an opaque, elastomeric coating is used. In wetclimates, lightweight units should not be exposed to weather but should be treated with opaque coating.Medium weight units that are manufactured with integral water repellents perform best in creating amoisture resistant system. This system must also include a water repellent admixture used in the mortar aswell as a high grade, deep penetrating, breathable water repellent applied to the exterior surface of thewall.Avoid using highly permeable units, such as split face, ground face, and lightweight units that use pumiceaggregate. These block types are very difficult to protect with spray-applied water repellents. An opaqueelastomeric coating can be used to weatherproof these types of units.Use white Portland cement or marble chips to achieve color variations rather than pumice, which is veryporous and absorptive.Include good sills and good wall caps to minimize moisture infiltration.Remember to design flashing and weeps at the base of walls, over openings, bond beams, and otherfeatures that might tend to collect water within the wall. In high seismic areas where the walls arereinforced and grouted, the use of internal wall flashing is impractical.Or, consider fully grouting all cells to make a barrier wall system.Be sure to include regular expansion joints and horizontal joint reinforcement to minimize shrinkagecracks.mortar diverter products, placed in bed joints above flashing, can help to keep mortar droppings offflashing.

Construction Tips

Do not clean walls with sandblasting methods, which tend to open the pore structure at the block face.Use full face-shell bedding and mortar with a high water retention to avoid shrinkage cracking at mortarjoints.

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