B.LAW UNIT III

8/8/2019 B.LAW UNIT III

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;%^MBV [CHN IJ AIIF[ CKV

$PC\V % B"

3S-Ntphcbm vdn mcv~|n ij c kimv|ckv ij {chn ij aiif{ cmf l|bma i~v khnc|hr vdn fb{vbmkvbimlnvqnnm {chn cmf cm ca|nnenmv vi {nhh9

CM[? Kimv|ckv ij {chn ij Aiif{?

Bv b{ c kimv|ckv qdn|n lr vdn {nhhn| v|cm{jn|{ $I\" ca|nn{ vi v|c m{jn| vdn p|ipn|vr bm aiif{ vivdn l~rn| ji| c p|bkn-

[chn cmf Ca|nnenmv vi {nhh?

Bm {chn ij aiif{( vdn p|ipn|vr bm vdn aiif{ b{ v|cm{jn||nf j|ie vdn {nhhn| vi vdn l~rn| beenfbcvnhr vdnm vdn kimv|ckv b{ kchhnf{chn( l~v qdn|n vdn v|cm{jn| ij p|ipn|vr bm vdn aiif{ pc{{n{

imhr cjvn| vdn {nhhn| dc{ j~hjbhhnf kn|vcbm kimfbvbim{ {~l{ns~nmvhr b{ kchhnf cmca|nnenmv vi {nhh -

N{{nmvbch{ ij c kimv|ckv ij {chn? Vdn jihhiqbma c|n vdn N{{nmvbch nhnenmv{ c|n mnkn{{c|r ji| kimv|ckvij {chn?

3" Vdn|n e~{v ln cv hnc{v vqi pc|vbn{? vdn|n e~{v ln vqi fb{vbmkv pc|vbn{ $b-n--( {nhhn| cmf L~rn|" vi

njjnkv c kimv|ckv ij {chn cmf vdnr e~{v ln kiepnvnmv vi kimv|ckv- [nkvbim " Cl{ih~vn $I\" S~chbjbnf? C kimv|ckv ij {chn ecr ln cl{ih~vn i| kimfbvbimch-:" N{{nmvbch nhnenmv{ ij c zchbf kimv|ckv? Chh vdn n{{nmvbch{ ij c zchbf kimv|ckv e~{v ln p|n{nmv bm vdnkimv|ckv ij {chn-

Vdn jihhiqbma c|n vdn fbjjn|nmkn{ lnvqnnm vdn {chn cmf Ca|nnenmv vi {nhh c|n c{ jihhiq{?

dvvp?))qqq-ebvn{dg-qnl{-kie


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FBJJN\NMKN [CHN CA\NNENMV VI [NHH

3-V|cm{jn| ij p|ipn|vr

Vdn v|cm{jn| ij iqmn|{dbp pc{{n{ j|ie {nhhn| vi l~rn|

beenfbcvnhr-

Vdn v|cm{jn| ij iqmn|{dbp pc{{n{ j|ie {nhhn| vi l~rn| {~l{ns~nmv vi vdn ji|ecvbimij ca|nnenmv vi {nhh-

- \nenfbn{ ji| l|nckd lr {nhhn|-

Bm kc{n ij l|nckd lr {nhhn|(vdn l~rn| dc{ vdn hnach |badvvi ilvcbm vdn pi{{n{{bim ij vdn aiif{-

Bm kc{n ij l|nckd lr {nhhn|(vdn l~rn|{ |nenfr b{ vikhcbe fcecan{ ji| mim%

pn|ji|ecmkn ij vdn kimv|ckv-

:- \nenfbn{ ji| l|nckd lr l~rn|-

Bm kc{n ij l|nckd lr l~rn|(vdn {nhhn| dc{ vdn hnach |badv

vi {~n vdn l~rn| ji| |nkizn|rij p|bkn ij aiif{-

Bm kc{n ij l|nckd lr l~rn|(vdn {nhhn| kcmmiv {~n vdn

l~rn| ji| |nkizn|r ij p|bkn ij aiif{- Db{ |badv b{ hbebvnf vikhcbe fcecan{-

1-\badv ij |n{chnBm kc{n ij {nhh( vdn {nhhn| dc{mi |badv vi |n{nhh vdn aiif{-

Bm kc{n ij ca|nnenmv vi {nhh(vdn {nhhn| kcm |n{nhh vdn aiif{vi cmr ivdn| pn|{im-

4- Bm{ihznmkr ij l~rn|-

Bj vdn l~rn| lnkien{bm{ihznmv( vdn ijjbkbchc{{bamnn) ijjbkbch |nknbzn|

{dchh dczn c |badv izn| vdnaiif{-

Bj vdn l~rn| lnkien{bm{ihznmv( vdn ijjbkbchc{{bamnn) ijjbkbch |nknbzn|

{dchh dczn mi |badv izn| vdnaiif{-

2- Bm{ihznmkr ij {nhhn|-

Bj vdn {nhhn| lnkien{bm{ihznmv( vdn ijjbkbch c{{bamnn)ijjbkbch |nknbzn| {dchh dczn mi|badv izn| vdn aiif{-

Bj vdn {nhhn| lnkien{ bm{ihznmv(vdn ijjbkbch c{{bamnn) ijjbkbch|nknbzn| {dchh dczn c |badv izn| vdn aiif{-

30- Anmn|ch * pc|vbk~hc|p|ipn|vr

C {chn b{ c kimv|ckv ph~{kimznrcmkn( cmf k|ncvn{ o~{bm |ne b-n-( abzn{ c |badv vivdn l~rn| vi nmoir vdn aiif{

Cm ca|nnenmv vi {nhh b{en|nhr c kimv|ckv( p~|n cmf{bephn( cmf k|ncvn{ o~{ bm

pn|{im%ce b-n-( abzn{ c |badv



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c{ cacbm{v vdn qi|hf cv hc|anbmkh~fbma vdn {nhhn|-

vi vdn l~rn| cacbm{v vi {~n ji| fcecan{-

$PC\V BB"


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Kimfbvbim cmf Qc||cmvbn{?

Kimfbvbim? Ckki|fbma vi {nkvbim 3


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l" Vdn l~rn| e~{v dczn |nhbnf im vdn {nhhn|{ {gbhh $i|" o~faenmv-

k" Vdn {nhhn|{ l~{bmn{{e~{v ln vi {nhh vdi{n aiif{-

f" Vdn aiif{ {di~hf miv dczn lnnm {ihf ~mfn| c pcvbnmv $i|" v|cfnec|g -

6- Kimfbvbim{ c{ vi en|kdcmvclbhbvr? $[nkvbim 3:$


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- Kim{nmv lr j|c~f? Qdn|n vdn kim{nmv ij vdn l~rn|( bm c kimv|ckv ij {chn( b{ ilvcbmnf lr vdn {nhhn|

lr j|c~f $i|" qdn|n vdn {nhhn| gmiqbmahr kimknch{ c fnjnkv qdbkd ki~hf miv ln fb{kizn|nf im c

|nc{imclhn ntcebmcvbim- Bm {~kd c kc{n vdn fikv|bmn ij kczncv nepvi| fin{ miv cpphr-



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:- Bm kc{n ij ncvclhn{ cmf p|izb{bim{ bm cffbvbim vi vdn bephbnf kimfbvbim ij en|kdcmvclbhbvr( vdn|n b{

cm bephbnf kimfbvbim vdcv vdn aiif{ {dchh ln qdihn{ien-

6S- [vcvn l|bnjhr vdn |~hn{ c{ vi vdn pc{{bma ij p|ipn|vr j|ie vdn {nhhn| vi vdn l~rn| bm c

kimv|ckv( ji| vdn {chn ij aiif{-$I\"

Qdcv b{ encmv lr v|cm{jn| ij p|ipn|vr bm aiif{ cmf qdnm fin{ p|ipn|vr pc{{ j|ie vdn {nhhn| vivdn l~rn|9

Cm{? Encmbma ij p|ipn|vr bm aiif{? Bv encm{ iqmn|{dbp ij vdn aiif{- B v b{ fbjjn|nmv j|ie pi{{n{{bimij vdn aiif{- Pi{{n{{bim |njn|{ vi k~{vifr ij vdn aiif{- Vdn|n ecr ln {bv~cvbim{ qdn|n c pn|{im ecr

ln vdn iqmn| ij kn|vcbm aiif{ l~v miv bm pi{{n{{bim ij vdn {cen $i|" zbkn%zn|{c-

V|cm{jn| ij p|ipn|vr $i|" pc{{bma ij p|ipn|vr? qdn|n vdn bmvnmvbim ij vdn pc|vbn{ c{ vi vdn vben

qdnm vdn p|ipn|vr bm aiif{ pc{{n{ vi vdn l~rn| kcmmiv ln c{kn|vcbmnf j|ie vdn kimv|ckv( vdn |~hn{kimvcbmnf bm {nkvbim


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$b" C{kn|vcbmnf aiif{? C{kn|vcbmenmv b{ vdn p|ikn{{ lr qdbkd vdn aiif{ cm{qn|bma vi vdn

fn{k|bpvbim $i|" s~chbvr {vcvnf bm vdn kimv|ckv( bfnmvbjbnf cmf {nv c pc|v- C{kn|vcbmnf kcm ln c ~mbhcvn|ch

ckv ij vdn {nhhn| b-n-( dn chimn ecr {nv cpc|v vdn aiif{-

Ntcephn? \difn $z{" Vdqcbvn{ $34


9/17

33" Vdn {nhhn| dc{ ntn|kb{nf vdn |badv ij hbnm $i|" {vippcan ij aiif{ bm v|cm{bv-

:" Qdn|n vdn aiif{ c|n ij pn|b{dclhn mcv~|n $i|"

1" Qdnm vdn {nhhn| dc{ abznm c mivbkn vi vdn l~rn| ij db{ bmvnmvbim vi |n{nhh vdn aiif{- Diqnzn| vdn mivbkn lr vdn {nhhn| b{ miv |ns~b|nf bj vdn aiif{ c|n pn|b{dclhn-

4" Vdn l~rn| jcbh{ vi pcr vdn p|bkn qbvdbm c |nc{imclhn vben-

$bb" qdn|n vdn p|ipn|vr bm vdn aiif{ dc{ miv pc{{nf? ${nkvbim 6:$>"

$c" Qdn|n ~mfn| c kimv|ckv ij {chn vdn p|ipn|vr bm vdn aiif{ dc{ pc{{nf vi vdn l~rn|( cmf vdn l~rn|

q|imaj~hhr mnahnkv{ $i|" |nj~{n{ vi pcr vdn p|bkn( vdn {nhhn| kcm {~n vdn l~rn| ji| vdn p|bkn ij vdn

aiif{- $[nkvbim >>$3"-

$l" Qdn|n p|ipn|vr dc{ miv pc{{nf ~mfn| vdn kimv|ckv ij {chn cmf vdn p|bkn b{ pcrclhn im c kn|vcbm fcrb||n{pnkvbzn ij fnhbzn|r cmf vdn l~rn| q|imaj~hhr mnahnkv{ $i|" |nj~{n{ vi pcr {~kd p|bkn( vdn {nhhn|

ecr {~n dbe ji| vdn p|bkn chvdi~ad vdn p|ipn|vr bm vdn aiif{ dc{ miv pc{{nf cmf vdn aiif{ dczn miv

lnnm cpp|ip|bcvnf vi vdn kimv|ckv- $[nkvbim >>$:" Cm ~mpcbf {nhhn| dc{ vdn |badv vi {~n vdn

l~rn| ji| |nkizn|r ij fcecan{ bj vdn {nhhn| b{ |ncfr cmf qbhhbma vi fnhbzn| vdn aiif{ vi vdn l~rn| c{ pn|

vdn vn|e{ ij vdn kimv|ckv7 l~v vdn l~rn| q|imaj~hhr mnahnkv{ $i|" |nj~{n{ vi ckknpv vdn aiif{- C{

|nac|f{ enc{~|n ij fcecan{( {nkvbim 1; ij vdn Bmfbcm kimv|ckv Ckv( 341


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$K" [~bv ji| fcecan{ ji| |np~fbcvbim ij kimv|ckv? ${nkvbim :0" Qdn|n vdn l~rn| |np~fbcvn{ vdn

kimv|ckv lnji|n vdn fcvn ij fnhbzn|r( vdn {nhhn| ecr nbvdn|?%

3" V|ncv vdn kimv|ckv c{ {~l{b{vbma cmf qcbv vbhh vdn fcvn ij fnhbzn|r-


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3- Hbnm kcm ln ntn|kb{nf ji| vdn mim%pcrenmv ij vdn p|bkn( cmf miv ji| vdn ivdn| kdc|an{ f~n

cacbm{v vdn l~rn|-

- Qdn|n dn vcgn{ c {nk~|bvr j|ie vdn l~rn| ji| vdn pcrenmv ij vdn p|bkn bm phckn ij db{ hbnm-

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30S \badv ij {vippcan bm v|cm{bv-Cm{? \badv ij {vippcan bm v|cm{bv? ${nkvbim 6:$3"$l" cmf >0 vi >


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$l" Lr abzbma mivbkn ij db{ khcbe vi vdn kc||bn| $i|" ivdn| lcbhnn bm qdi{n pi{{n{{bim vdn aiif{

c|n-

F~|cvbim ij v|cm{b v?% Aiif{ c|n fnnenf vi ln bm v|cm{bv j|ie vdn vben c|n fnhbzn|nf vi vdn kc||bn| ji|

v|cm{eb{{bim vi vdn l~rn| ~mvbh vdn l~rn| vcgn{ fnhbzn|r ij vdne- Vdn aiif{ c|n {vbhh bm v|cm{bv bj vdnrc|n |nonkvnf lr vdn l~rn|( vdn v|cm{bv kien{ vi cm nmf bm vdn jihhiqbma kc{n{?%

3" Bj vdn l~rn| ilvcbm{ fnhbzn|r lnji|n vdn c||bzch ij vdn aiif{ cv vdnb| fn{vbmcvbim-


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