BlastocystCleavageMorula Zygote Fertilization Ovulation Mature follicle Implantation beginning Developing follicles Uterine wall Ovary Uterus Cervix Vagina.

Blastocyst CleavageMorula Zygote

Fertilization

Ovulation

Maturefollicle

Implantationbeginning

Developingfollicles

Uterinewall

Ovary

Uterus

Cervix

Vagina

Fallopian tube

5 6

4

7

3 2 1

The Germinal Stage of Prenatal Development

Zygote Implantation of the Embryo

Fallopian tube

Ovary

Uterus

Cervix

Vagina

Embryo joinedto uterine wall

Ovary

Blastocyst

Fallopian tube

Conception

ImplantationFirstmissedperiod

Secondmissedperiod

OvumZygoteEmbryo

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Weeks since fertilization

4 weeks 6 ½ weeks

7 weeks 9 weeks

15 weeks

Development During the Embryonic and Fetal Stages

Cell culture

Cells

Chromosome analysisBiochemical tests

Amniotic fluid

CentrifugeUterine wall

Placenta

Chorion

Amnioticfluid

Cell

Full termFetal period (in weeks)Embryonic period (in weeks)

3820 361612876543

Central nervous system

Heart

Period when majorabnormality occurs

Leg TeethArm

Eye

EyeHeart

Brain

Ear Palate Ear

External genitalia

Central nervous system

Heart

Arms

Eyes

Legs

Teeth

Palate

Period when minor defect orabnormality occurs

External genitalia

Ear

Occupation

Cleaning Personnel

Electronic Assemblers

Hair Dressers and Cosmetologists

Health Personnel

Painters

Photographic Processors

Plastic Workers

Printing Personnel

Textile and Garment Workers

Transportation Personnel

Soaps, detergents, solvents

Lead, tin, antimony, trichloroethylene, methyl chloride, resins

Hair-spray resins, aerosol propellants, solvents, dyes

Anesthetic gases, x-rays, laboratory chemicals

Lead, titanium, toluene

Caustics, bromides, iodides, silver nitrate

Formaldehyde, vinyl chloride

Ink mists, methanol, carbon tetrachloride, lead, solvents, trichloroethylene

Formadehyde, dyes, asbestos, solvents, flame retardants

Carbon monoxide, lead

Hazardous Substances

Nutrient

Folic acidVitamin DIronCalciumPhosphorusPyridoxineThiaminZincRiboflavinProteinIodineVitamin CEnergyMagnesiumNiacinVitamin B-12Vitamin A

180 mcg5 g15 mg800 mg1.6 mg1.1 mg12 mg1.3 mg50 g150 mcg60 mg2200 kcal280 mg15 mg2.0mcg800g

Pregnant

400 mcg10g30 mg1200 mg1200 mg2.2 mg1.5 mg15 mg1.6 mg60 g175 mcg70 mg2500 kcal320 mg17 mg2.2 mcg800 g

Percent Increase

+122+100+100

+50+50+38+36+25+23+20+17+17+14+14+13+10

0

Dietary Sources

Leafy vegetables, liverFortified dairy productsMeats, eggs, grainsDairy productsMeatsMeats, liver, enriched grainsEnriched grains, porkMeats, seafood, eggsMeats, liver, enriched grainsMeats, fish, poultry, dairyIodized salt, seafoodCitrus fruits, tomatoesProteins, fats, carbohydratesSeafood, legumes, grainsMeats, nuts, legumesAnimal proteinsDark green, yellow, or orange fruits and vegetables, liver

Nutritional Need Differences Between Nonpregnant and Pregnant Women (24 years old)

Nonpregnant

Source: Data from Reece et al., 1995.

Spine

BladderPubic boneCervixVagina

Coccyx Rectum

Potential width of birth canal

The baby in the uterus before labor Water about to break (The baby's head now rests inside the cervix)

Transition: The baby in the birth canal

The baby about to be born The head rotates sideways after it emerges The delivery of the placenta

STAGE 1

STAGE 2 STAGE 3

Prenatal Risk Factors

Genetic Abnormalities (Down Syndrome, PKU, Huntington’s

Disease, Sickle Cell, etc.)

Teratogen Exposure (alcohol, drugs, AIDS, DES, tobacco,

Thalidomide, etc.)

Maternal Age (Over 40 or under 18)

Maternal Malnutrition

Low SES

Lack of Prenatal Care

Genetic Abnormalities (Down Syndrome, PKU, Huntington’s

Disease, Sickle Cell, etc.)

Teratogen Exposure (alcohol, drugs, AIDS, DES, tobacco,

Thalidomide, etc.)

Maternal Age (Over 40 or under 18)

Maternal Malnutrition

Low SES

Lack of Prenatal Care