BLACK HOLE

BLACK HOLE

Movie courtesy Wolfgang Steffen, University Guadalajara, Mexico

QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY

• The scales of length and time

are proportional to MBH

Rsh = 2GMBH/c2 ; T MBH

• The maximum color temperature of the accretion disk is Tcol M/ 10M)-1/4

MICROQUASARS HAD TO WAIT THE ERA OF HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS

QUASAR MICROQUASAR

BASED ON PHYSICS, NOT JUST ON MORPHOLOGY

Mirabel & Rodriguez, Nature 1998

SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN QSOs & AGN

•OBSERVED IN ~ 30 QSOs & AGN

•IN RADIO & OPTICAL WAVES

• PROPER MOTION SEEN IN YEARS

•Vapp UP TO 20c

•WHAT IS THE NATURE ?

“PLASMONS” OR SHOCKS ?

A SUPERLUMINAL EJECTION IN A QSO AT THE TIME OF A SUDDEN DIP IN THE 20-100 KeV FLUX

1 arcsec

VLA

Vapp = 1.3c DISTANCE = 12.5 Kpc

cm

THE PLASMA THAT RADIATES IN THE HARD

X-RAYS IS BLOWN IN SUPERLUMINAL JETS

SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN THE GALAXY

1) MOVE ON THE PLANE OF THE SKY ~103 TIMES FASTER

2) JETS ARE TWO-SIDED WHICH ALLOWS TO SOLVE EQUATIONS

3) BETTER AGN AT <100 Mpc. e.g. Collimation @ 30-100 Rsh in M87 (Biretta)

WITH SAME BULK LORENTZ FACTORS AS IN QSOsMirabel & Rodriguez, 1994

GRS 1915+105: EJECTION EVENTSVLA (Rodriguez & Mirabel, 1999)

Fireballs (Mezaros & Rees)

versus

Cannonballs

(Daar & De Rujula)

Also with MERLIN (Fender et al. 01)

Bulk = (1 –

RELATIVISTIC ABERRATION IN ANTISYMMETRIC TWIN JETS

Relativistic upper limit: D < 14 kpc

Same bulk Lorentz factors as in QSOs: 2-10

RELATIVISTIC METHOD FOR DISTANCES IN ASTRONOMY

•IF ANTISYMMETRIC, THE VELOCITY, DIRECTION OF THE JETS, & DISTANCE TO THE SOURCE CAN BE FOUND.

•BUT SPECTRAL LINES SO FAR DIFFICULT TO DETECT,

EXCEPT SS 433 WHERE H, He, AND Fe LINES ARE FOUND

IF THE JETS ARE DOMINATED BY ELECTRON-PROTON PLASMA:

FROM PROPER MOTIONS

FROM DOPPLER FACTOR OF ION LINES

LARGE-SCALE JETS (W50/SS433)

CHANDRA : ARC-SEC TWO-SIDED JET OUTFLOW (Migliari & Fender)

Material half a year downstream is reheated to T > 107 K and re-accelerated

ASCA: HADRONIC JETS WITH V = 0.26c IN THE X-RAYS

Small scale version of Cygnus A ?

POTENTIAL SOURCES OF TeV NEUTRINOS (Waxman et al.; Guetta et al.)

>1016 eV protons interact with synchrotron photons 1-100 TeV neutrino emission

VLA cm:Dubner, Goss, Mirabel)

ROSAT X-rays: (Brinkmann,Aschenbach, Kawai)

1o =

60

pc

RECENT HIGHLIGHT FROM CHANDRA(Presented at the fourth Microquasar workshop in Corsega…next in China)

MOVING X-RAY JETS IN THE QSO XTE J1550-564 (Corbel et al)

• mas/day Vapp = (0.34-0.93)c

• Possible deceleration

• Synchrotron spectrum

~20 QUASARS IN THE GALAXY(Mirabel & Rodriguez, ARAA 1999)

HORIZON IS THE BASIC CONCEPT THAT DEFINES A “BLACK HOLE”

But because an horizon cannot be “seen” or “touch”

it is not possible to “demonstrate” the existence of

a black hole…however during simultaneous

multiwavelength observations we found…

A STRIKING ABSCENCE OF EVIDENCE

FOR A MATERIAL SURFACE IN A

COMPACT OBJECT THAT HAS MASS

à neutronsà neutrons

ttcombustion combustion > > ttchutechute

ACCRETION – JET CONNECTION

MATTER RADIATING IN X-RAYS GOES BEYOND THE HORIZON ?

JETS APPEAR ~5 MIN AFTER DISAPPEARANCE OF THE INNER DISK

ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE FOR A MATERIAL SURFACE

T MBH

QSO 3C 120 AS A SCALE-UP QSO

THEJETS ALSO APPEAR SHORTLY AFTER SUDDEN X-RAY DIPS Marscher et al. Nature 2002

TQSO/ TQSO ~ 5x105

whereas

MQSO/ MQSO ~ 5x106

But these differences

are small compared

with data uncertainties

ACCRETION AND EJECTION IN 3C 120 Marscher et al. Nature 2002