BLACK BUGS, AS A PEST OF RICE Chairman Dr. G. RAVI Associate Professor (Entomology), Tamilnadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai. Members Dr. S. MOHAMED JALALUDDIN Professor (Entomology), Tamilnadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai. Dr. A. KARTHIKEYAN Professor (Plant Pathology), Tamilnadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai. Presented by S. Venkatesh babuji 09-602-011
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BLACK BUGS, AS A PEST OF RICE
Chairman Dr. G. RAVI
Associate Professor (Entomology),
Tamilnadu Rice Research Institute,
Aduthurai.
Members Dr. S. MOHAMED JALALUDDIN
Professor (Entomology),
Tamilnadu Rice Research Institute,
Aduthurai.
Dr. A. KARTHIKEYAN
Professor (Plant Pathology),
Tamilnadu Rice Research Institute,
Aduthurai.
Presented by S. Venkatesh babuji
09-602-011
Introduction
• Rice – Important staple crop (>65% in world)
• More than 75 species of insect pest
• Black bug – also an important pest (Ooi, 1981)
Black bugs
• Greenish or pinkish rounded eggs
• Brown or yellow nymphs
• Brownish black to black adults
• Sucking bugs cause serious damage
• Damage symptom – similar to BPH
• Highly attracted towards light
• Emits pungent odor
Taxonomy
Order : Hemiptera
Suborder : Heteroptera
Family : Pentatomidae
Genus : Scotinophara Stal
Species : before = 41 species
now = 60 - 71 spp.
Common Names:
Rice black bug, Malaysian black bug, Node-feeding black bug, Japanese black bug
Two Major sp i.e. S.coarctata and S.lurida
(Ooi, 1981)
Species Differences S. coarctata (Fabricius)
S. lurida (Burmeister)
Species complex
• S. parva
• S. tarsalis
• S. scotti
• S. harvathi
• S. inermiceps
• S. latiuscula
• S. affinis
• S. inermis
• S. ochracea (Reissig et al., 1986)
More…
(Anthony, 2010)
Species Complex
• 11 spp. were common in rice field.
• In India
• S. coarctata Fabricus (Pathak. M. D, et al., 1994)
• S. lurida Burmeister
• S. bispinosa Fabricus
• S. scottii Hovarth
• S. westwoodi Westwood (Ravi et al., 2008)
Species Complex
• In Cauvery delta zone
• S. lurida Burmeister (96%)
• S. bispinosa Fabricus (2%)
• S. scottii Hovarth (1%)
• S. westwoodi Westwood (1%)
Species identified by Heinrichs, IRRI (Ravi et al., 2008)
Black bug in rice production
• Occurrence - First recorded in 1903 (Pathak et al., 1994)
• In Malaysia - 1920s (Corbett and Yusope, 1920)
• 1979 at Phillipines.
• Its entry to india – lacks evidences (Saroja et al., 1993)
• Entry into Tamilnadu recorded in Tiruchirapalli Dt.,
(Uthamasamy. S, 1985)
Habitat
• Abundant in ill drained rice fields.
• Population is low under rainfed conditions and increases with expanded irrigation (Anon., 1983)
• Bugs were sluggish in day time and active in night (Pathak et al., 1994)
• Day time - Adult congregate at base of plants just above the water level
• Night time - Move upwards and sucks the sap
• Crowding was high – full moon day. (Abdul Latif et al., 1982)
• Aestivate in soil (Ravi et al., 2008)
Biology
• Life cycle - 37 days.
• Longivity - 203-210 days
• Female lays 200 eggs in its life span
• Egg - hatch in 4-7days. (Jalaluddin et al, 2010)
• Oviposition - 12-14 days after mating
• Egg mass contains – 40 – 60 eggs (Wilma et al., 2007)
• 90% hatchability (Magsino, 2009)
Egg
• Laid in masses (40-60 eggs in several parallel rows).
• Dry conditions - bug deposits its eggs on the leaves and stem.
• Also laid in cracks on the soil and on roots.
• Egg incubation is 4 to 7 days.
Nymphs
• Brown and yellow coloured (Reissig et al., 1986)
• 5 nymphal instars - 29-35 days
• Feeds at night
Adults
• Oval-shaped and about 8-9 mm long
• Lives for upto 7 months
• Female lays about 200 eggs
• Guards the eggs until hatching (Reissig et al., 1986)
Biology S. No Stage Min
(days) Max
(days)
1 Eggs in egg mass 40 60
2 Row in egg mass 3 5
3 Hatching % 65 90
4 hatching 4 7
5 I Instar nymph 4 6
6 II instar nymph 6 8
7 III instar nymph 6 8
8 IV instar nymph 7 10
9 V instarnymph 8 10
10
Adult longevity 203 210
(7 months)
(Saroja et al., 1993)
(Ravi et al., 2008)
(Magsino et al., 2009)
(Wilma, 2007)
(Jalaludin et al., 2010)
• Pakistan Philippines
• India Indonesia
• Srilanka (Anon, 1976)
• Bangladesh
• Burma
• Thailand
• Vietnam
• Malaysia
(Corbett and Yusope, 1924)
Distribution
India
China
Vietnam
Japan
Malaysia
Phillippines
Indonesia
Pakisthan
Bangladesh Burma
Distribution
• 1903 – Indonesia
• 1918 – West Malaysia
• 1933 – Thailand
• 1940 – Sri Lanka
• 1967 – East Malaysia
• 1975 – Vietnam
• 1977 – India
• 1979 – Philippines
1903
1918
1933
1940
1967
1975 1977
1979
(Magsino, 2009)
Distribution in Tamilnadu
• Trichy
• Tirur, Tirunelveli
• Vellore
• Thiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Thanjavur (Ravi et al., 2008)
Population Dynamics
• Light trap catches were high in full moon week
(Anon, 1985)
• Study on RRS, Tirur in 1992 elucidate that
• 80 watts black light have high performance than 125 watts, 200 watts, and 40 watts M. V. lamp
(Saroja et al., 1993)
Rice Technology Bulletin, 2000
Population dynamics - ADT
Month Catches(Nos.)
April 09 7077
May 0
June 15
July 0
August 24,890
September 93
October 46
November -
December -
January 10 330
February 3395
March 2380
(Ravi et al., 2008) and (Jallaluddin et al 2010)
Environment favorable for RBB • Irrigated wetland environments
• Vegetative stages of the rice plant
• Continuously cropped irrigated rice areas
• Poorly drained fields
• Densely planted fields
• Presence of alternate hosts/plants
• Lunar phase
(Rice Knowledge bank, IRRI)
Feeding
• Both nymph & Adult feeds base of plant.
• Desaping– predominantly from culm and also from leaf sheath, leaves and panicle.
• Preferred sites stem nodes
• Reservoirs of sap - meet out feeding requirement.
Alternate host
• Zea mays L.
• Colocasia esculenta Schott.
• Hibiscus esculentus L
• Vigna unguilanta L.
• Weeds, Hymenachne pseudointerrupta
• Panicum amplexicaule Rudge Pl. Guian.
• Scirpus grossus L.
• Scleria sumatrensis Retz.
• Typha angustfolia
• Echinochloa crus-galli
(IRRI , Rice Knowledge bulletin)
Damage
• In Phillipines
• Production loss 2.2 million 1992 (Fernandez ,1993)
• 10,000 ha of rice field in 1995 (Apao et al., 1998)
• 6,202 ha in Leyte provinces in 2000 (Tempo, 2004)
Damage
• Tiruchirapalli dt black bug regularly affect 800 ha Uthamasamy. et al., 1985
In Cauvery delta zone (100% loss)
• In summer 2006 Paruthikottai ( Tanjore) 4 acre
• In Andalam pettai 6 acres 2005
• Tsunami bugs
Susceptible stages of Infestation
Damage
• Ten adults per hill can cause losses of up to 35%.
Barrion, 2010
Damage
Damage
• Drying of leaf from the tip
• Reddish brown or yellow
Dead heart
• At early stage of attack.
White ears
• At late stage of the crop period.
Magsino, 2009
Damage
• Plant stunting & reduced tiller number
Damage
• Incomplete and unfilled spikelets at crop maturation
Bug Burn
• Heavy attack ultimately leads to Bugburn
Differentiation between Stem borer and Black bug damage
• The deadheart/ white ear damage caused by black bug cannot be pulled at the bases.
• Deadheart/ white ear in all the plants in a hill
• The symptom “bugburn” occurs, but No honeydew deposits or sooty molds.