Hardness Hardness … … Ketahanan Ketahanan bhn bhn terhadap terhadap penetrasi penetrasi pd pd permukannya permukannya . . Bil Bil . . Kekerasan Kekerasan Brinnel Brinnel (HB) (HB) indeks indeks kekerasan kekerasan yg yg diukur diukur dari dari luas luas lekukan lekukan hasil hasil dr dr penekanan penekanan bola bola baja baja atau atau tungsten tungsten karbida karbida . . Bil Bil . . Kekerasan Kekerasan Vicker Vicker (HV) (HV) bentuk bentuk penekannya penekannya piramid piramid dar dar bhn bhn intan intan . .
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PenetratorPenetrator berbentukberbentukcone (Ccone (C--BraleBrale))Bola Bola besibesi dgndgn. .
diameter 1/16diameter 1/16--inch inch hinggahingga 1/2 1/2 --inch.inch.BebanBeban Standard Standard Rockwell tests Rockwell tests iaituiaitu 60, 60, 100 100 atauatau 150 Kg.150 Kg.
Superficial Rockwell Test :Superficial Rockwell Test :MengukurMengukur kekerasankekerasan bahanbahan tipistipis keraskeras..Diamond Diamond bralebrale diberidiberi tandatanda "N"N--BraleBrale". ". BebanBeban teringanteringan adalahadalah 3 Kg 3 Kg dandan diikutidiikuti
dgndgn bebanbeban 15, 30 15, 30 atauatau 45 Kg. 45 Kg. Diamond Diamond penetratorpenetrator (Rockwell C)(Rockwell C)PenetratorPenetrator Bola (Rockwell B)Bola (Rockwell B)Rockwell test Rockwell test lebihlebih mudahmudah dandan lebihlebih cepatcepat
dibandingdibanding BrinelBrinel test. test.
BrinellBrinell Test:Test:BebanBeban 3000 kg 3000 kg dandan waktuwaktu 30 30 dtkdtk, , utkutk. . LogamLogam dandan bhnbhnkeraskeras lain lain nyanya..BebanBeban 500 kg 500 kg dandan waktuwaktu 60 60 dtkdtk, , utkutk bhnbhn nonnon--ferrous ferrous (Brass or AL Mat(Brass or AL Mat’’s)s)TdkTdk dianjurkandianjurkan untukuntuk test test kekerasankekerasan bhnbhn ygyg tipistipis. .
SetelahSetelah Test Test didi lakukanlakukan::mengukurmengukur diameter (mm) diameter (mm) cekungancekungan ygygterbentukterbentuk menggunakanmenggunakan BrinellBrinell Microscope, Microscope, halhal iniini dilakukandilakukan bbrpbbrp kali kali pengukuranpengukuran..PenentuanPenentuan kekerasankekerasan menurutmenurut BrinellBrinell, , menggunakanmenggunakan rumusrumus sbbsbb: :
( )[ ]222/ dDDD
PBHN−−
=π
TipeTipe Material Material ……
METAL…
BESI, COBALT, NIKEL, DLL
PENGHANTAR LISTRIK DAN KONDUKTIVITAS TINGGI
TEGANGAN TINGGI, KEKAKUAN (STIFFNESS), KEKENYALAN (DUCTILITY), PERUBAHAN PLASTIK (PLASTIC DEFORMATION)
BISA DALAM BENTUK MURNI (TEMBAGA, Cu) ATAU CAMPURAN (ALLOY) SPT STEINLESS STEEL (SS)
AISI (The American Iron and Steel InstituteAISI (The American Iron and Steel Institute) ) dandan SAE SAE bersamabersama--samasama memberikanmemberikankodekode dengandengan tambahantambahan huruf2 huruf2 tertentutertentu, , sepertiseperti ::
A = Alloy, A = Alloy, berbasisberbasis PerapianPerapian terbukaterbukaB = B = KarbonKarbon, Bessemer , Bessemer AsamAsamC = C = KarbonKarbon, , berbasisberbasis bajabaja SiemenSiemen MartinMartinD = D = KarbonKarbon, , PerapianPerapian terbukaterbuka asamasamE = E = PerapianPerapian ListrikListrik ((ElektrikElektrik Furnace)Furnace)
SAE - AISI Number Classification1XXX Carbon steels
Low carbon steels: 0 to 0.25 % CMedium carbon steels: 0.25 to 0.55 % C
High carbon steels: Above 0.55 % Carbon
2XXX Nickel steels5 % Nickel increases the tensile strength without reducing
ductility.8 to 12 % Nickel increases the resistance to low
temperature impact15 to 25 % Nickel (along with Al, Cu and Co) develop high
magnetic properties. (Alnicometals)25 to 35 % Nickel create resistance to corrosion at
elevated temperatures.
3XXX Nickel-chromium steelsThese steels are tough and ductile and exhibit high wear
resistance , hardenability and high resistance to corrosion.
4XXX Molybdenum steelsMolybdenum is a strong carbide former. It has a strong effect on hardenability and high temperature hardness. Molybdenum also increases the tensile strength of low
carbon steels.
5XXX Chromium steelsChromium is a ferrite strengthener in low carbon steels. It increases the core toughness and the wear resistnace of the
case in carburized steels.
86XX87XX93XX94XX97XX98XX
Triple Alloy steels which include Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), and Molybdenum (Mo).
These steels exhibit high strength and also high strength to weight ratio, good corrosion resistance.
UmurUmur pakaipakai ygyg lama (Life cycle lama (Life cycle characteristics )characteristics )
TIPETIPE--TIPE LOGAM SS TIPE LOGAM SS ……
LogamLogam sptspt: chromium, nickel, molybdenum, : chromium, nickel, molybdenum, titanium, niobium titanium, niobium dandan logamlogam lain lain nyanya seringseringsebagaisebagai bhnbhn. . tambahantambahan untukuntuk menhasilkanmenhasilkanlogamlogam SS SS dgndgn grade grade tertentutertentu..
PadaPada umumnyaumumnya logamlogam SS SS didi katagorikankatagorikan sbgsbg::AustenitAustenitFerriticFerriticMartensiticMartensitic dandan DuplexDuplex
BESARBESARRINGAN, TAHAN KOROSI, MUDAH DI PROSES PD RINGAN, TAHAN KOROSI, MUDAH DI PROSES PD SUHU RENDAH DAN MURAHSUHU RENDAH DAN MURAHTEGANGAN RENDAH (LOW STRENGTH), ULETTEGANGAN RENDAH (LOW STRENGTH), ULETISOLATOR YG BAIKISOLATOR YG BAIKTERMOPLASTIK DAN TERMOSETTERMOPLASTIK DAN TERMOSET